1.
Arithmetic Operators
These operators are used to perform mathematical calculations within SQL queries.
● Addition (+): Adds two numbers.
● Subtraction (-): Subtracts one number from another.
● Multiplication (*): Multiplies two numbers.
● Division (/): Divides one number1 by another.
● Modulo (% or MOD): Returns the remainder of a division. (Note: The specific symbol for
modulo might vary depending on the SQL database system you're using).
Example:
SELECT 10 + 5; -- Addition
SELECT 20 - 8; -- Subtraction
SELECT 6 * 3; -- Multiplication
SELECT 15 / 4; -- Division
SELECT 17 % 5; -- Modulo (remainder is 2)
2. Logical Operators
These operators are used to combine or negate conditions in the WHERE clause of a SQL
query. They return a boolean value (TRUE or FALSE).
● AND: Returns TRUE if both conditions are TRUE.
● OR: Returns TRUE if at least one condition is TRUE.
● NOT: Negates a condition (returns TRUE if the condition is FALSE, and vice versa).
Example:
SELECT *
FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'Sales' AND Salary > 50000; -- Both conditions
must be true
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE City = 'New York' OR City = 'Los Angeles'; -- At least one
condition must be true
SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE NOT Category = 'Electronics'; -- Returns products that are NOT
in the Electronics category
3. Comparison Operators
These operators are used to compare two values. They also return a boolean value (TRUE or
FALSE).
● Equal to (=): Checks if two values are equal.
● Not equal to (<> or !=): Checks if two values are not equal. (Note: The specific symbol for
"not equal to" might vary depending on the SQL database system).
● Greater than (>): Checks if the left value is greater than the right value.
● Less than (<): Checks if the left value is less than the right value.
● Greater than or equal to (>=): Checks if the left value is greater than or equal to the right
value.
● Less than or equal to (<=): Checks if the left value is less than or equal to the right value.2
● BETWEEN: Checks if a value is within a specified range.
● LIKE: Checks if a value matches a specified pattern.
● IN: Checks if a value matches any value in a list.
● IS NULL: Checks if a value is NULL (empty).
● IS NOT NULL: Checks if a value is not NULL.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE Price > 100; -- Greater than
SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-03-31'; -- Within a
range
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE LastName LIKE 'S%'; -- Starts with "S"
SELECT *
FROM Employees
WHERE Department IN ('Sales', 'Marketing'); -- In a list
SELECT *
FROM Addresses
WHERE City IS NULL; -- Is empty
Important Notes:
● Database System Variations: Some of the operators or their specific symbols might have
slight variations depending on the SQL database system you are using (e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle, etc.).
● Operator Precedence: Just like in mathematics, SQL operators have precedence. This
determines the order in which operations are performed. You can use parentheses () to
explicitly control the order of operations.
