☕ Java Programming Fundamentals
(Detailed Guide)
1. Introduction to Java
What is Java?
o A high-level, object-oriented programming language.
o Compiled (into bytecode) → runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
o Famous motto: “Write once, run anywhere.”
How Java Works:
1. You write code in .java file.
2. Compile:
3. javac Program.java
(creates Program.class bytecode file).
4. Run:
5. java Program
2. Basic Syntax
✅ Hello World
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, Java!");
}
}
Output:
Hello, Java!
🔑 Explanation:
public class Hello → Every program starts with a class.
main → entry point of program.
System.out.println → prints text with a new line.
3. Variables & Data Types
✅ Declaring Variables
public class Variables {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String name = "Alice"; // Text
int age = 25; // Whole number
double height = 5.7; // Decimal
boolean isStudent = true; // True/False
System.out.println(name + " is " + age + " years old.");
}
}
Output:
Alice is 25 years old.
4. Operators
✅ Arithmetic
int a = 10, b = 3;
System.out.println(a + b); // 13
System.out.println(a - b); // 7
System.out.println(a * b); // 30
System.out.println(a / b); // 3
System.out.println(a % b); // 1
✅ Comparison
System.out.println(10 > 5); // true
System.out.println(10 == 5); // false
✅ Logical
boolean x = true, y = false;
System.out.println(x && y); // false
System.out.println(x || y); // true
System.out.println(!x); // false
5. Control Flow
✅ If-Else
int age = 18;
if (age >= 18) {
System.out.println("You are an adult.");
} else {
System.out.println("You are a minor.");
}
✅ For Loop
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Number: " + i);
}
✅ While Loop
int count = 1;
while (count <= 3) {
System.out.println("Count: " + count);
count++;
}
6. Data Structures
✅ Arrays
String[] fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"};
System.out.println(fruits[1]); // banana
✅ ArrayList (dynamic array)
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Lists {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
names.add("Alice");
names.add("Bob");
names.add("Charlie");
System.out.println(names.get(0)); // Alice
System.out.println(names.size()); // 3
}
}
✅ HashMap (dictionary in Java)
import java.util.HashMap;
public class Maps {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMap<String, String> capitals = new HashMap<>();
capitals.put("Japan", "Tokyo");
capitals.put("France", "Paris");
System.out.println(capitals.get("Japan")); // Tokyo
}
}
7. Methods (Functions in Java)
public class Functions {
public static void main(String[] args) {
greet("Bob");
}
static void greet(String name) {
System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
}
}
Output:
Hello, Bob
8. OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)
class Person {
String name;
int age;
// Constructor
Person(String n, int a) {
name = n;
age = a;
}
// Method
void greet() {
System.out.println("Hi, I'm " + name + " and I'm " + age + " years
old.");
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p1 = new Person("Alice", 25);
p1.greet();
}
}
Output:
Hi, I'm Alice and I'm 25 years old.
9. Exception Handling
public class Errors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int num = Integer.parseInt("abc");
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Invalid number");
}
}
}
Output:
Error: Invalid number
📝 Practice Exercises (Java Beginner Level)
1. Print your name, age, and favorite hobby in one line.
2. Write a program that takes two integers and prints their sum.
3. Create an array of 5 favorite foods and print the last one.
4. Write a method that checks if a number is even or odd.
5. Create a HashMap of 3 countries and their capitals, then print one capital.
