3rd Semester Social Internship Report

On
SURVEY AND STUDY REPORT ON WATERLOGGING AND
FLASH FLOODS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS &
INNOVATIVES SOLUTIONS TO EASE THE PROBLEMS.

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Industrial and Production Engineering

Submitted to –
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by –
NIMIKHA GOGOI (2481101379)
RAMAKINKAR CHOUDHURY (2481101380)
RESHMIN TAHIRA AHMED (2481101381)
SUBARNA PRITAM KASHYAP (2481101382)
BUBUL DEKA (2481101383)

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

ASSAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JALUKBARI
SESSION 2025

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 CERTIFICATE FROM
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that 2nd semester internship report entitled “Survey and Study Report on
Waterlogging and Flash floods in Metropolitan areas & Innovative solutions to ease the
problems.”
Submitted by
NIMIKHA GOGOI (2481101379)
RAMAKINKAR CHOUDHURY (2481101380)
RESHMIN TAHIRA AHMED (2481101381)
SUBARNA PRITAM KASHYAP (2481101382)
BUBUL DEKA (2481101383)

Is accepted in partial fulfilment if the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Industrial and Production Engineering under Assam Science & Technology
University, Guwahati.

Signature of mentor Signature of HOD Signature of Internal

Date: Date: Examiner:
Date

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 DECLARATION FROM THE AUTHOR

We, NIMIKHA GOGOI (2481101379), RAMAKINKAR CHOUDHURY (2481101380),

RESHMIN TAHIRA AHMED (2481101381), SUBARNA PRITAM KASHYAP
(2481101382), BUBUL DEKA (2481101383), sincerely declare that:

1. The manuscript is not copied from any source; however, sources (listed at the reference list have
been consulted to write some pages of the report in my own language).
2. All information contained in this report is correct to the best of the knowledge and belief of the
author.

NAME ASTU ROLL NO. SIGNATURE

NIMIKHA GOGOI 2481101379

RAMAKINKAR CHOUDHURY 2481101380
RESHMIN TAHIRA AHMED 2481101381
SUBARNA PRITAM KASHYAP 2481101382
BUBUL DEKA 2481101383

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to the successful
completion of this report titled “SURVEY AND STUDY REPORT ON WATERLOGGING
AND FLASH FLOODS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS & INNOVATIVES SOLUTIONS
TO EASE THE PROBLEMS”
First and foremost, we extend my heartfelt thanks to my mentor, Dr. MANASH BHUYAN, whose
valuable guidance, encouragement, and constructive feedback played a crucial role in shaping this
work. Their continuous support throughout each stage of the report made this study more
meaningful and insightful.
We are deeply grateful to my group members for their teamwork, dedication, and cooperation.
Their efforts in collecting data, analysing findings, and discussing ideas were instrumental in
completing this project successfully.
Special thanks are due to all the respondents who participated in the survey and shared their honest
experiences. Their inputs provided the foundation for this study and helped us gain a deeper
understanding of the challenges faced by students during the pandemic.
Finally, I express my gratitude to the Department of Mechanical Engineering for providing the
resources and academic support necessary for carrying out this report.

NAME ASTU ROLL NO. SIGNATURE

NIMIKHA GOGOI 2481101379

RAMAKINKAR CHOUDHURY 2481101380
RESHMIN TAHIRA AHMED 2481101381
SUBARNA PRITAM KASHYAP 2481101382
BUBUL DEKA 2481101383

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 ABSTRACT

Flash floods and waterlogging have emerged as pressing urban challenges in

Guwahati, a rapidly growing city in Northeast India. Characterized by hilly terrain,
high rainfall, and unplanned urban expansion, Guwahati experiences recurrent
flooding that disrupts daily life, damages infrastructure, and poses serious health
and environmental risks. The primary causes include encroachment of natural water
channels, inadequate drainage systems, deforestation, and poor solid waste
management, which collectively reduce the city’s capacity to absorb and channel
rainwater. This report examines the social and environmental implications of flash
floods and waterlogging in Guwahati, with emphasis on the vulnerabilities of
marginalized communities, the strain on public health, and the economic impact on
urban livelihoods. It also highlights the role of civic awareness, sustainable urban
planning, and community participation in mitigating these challenges. The findings
underline the need for integrated flood management strategies that combine
infrastructural improvements with ecological conservation to build a more resilient
and inclusive urban environment.

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 CONTENT

PARTICULARS Pg
No
Certificate from Mechanical I-II
Engineering Department

III

Declaration by the authors IV

Acknowledgement V

Abstract VI

CHAPTER CONTENT
I INTRODUCTION 1-7
1.1 Introduction flash floods and 1
water logging
1.2 Overview of causes of flash 1
flood and water logging
1.3 Historical Trends of Water 2
Logging and Flash Flood
1.4 Real world Data of Flash Floods 6
and Water Logging
1.5 Main Reasons of Flash Floods 6
and Water Logging
1.6 Response of The Government 7

II Identification Of Problems 8-10

2.1 Inadequate Drainage System 8
2.2 Unplanned Urbanisation 9
2.3 Low Lying Topography
2.4 Climate and Rainfall Issues

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 III Survey on Water Logging and 11-21
Flash Floods
3.1 Situation Overview: Maniram 11
Dewan Road, Chandmari,
Guwahati
3.2 Situation Overview: MG Road, 12
Uzan Bazar
3.3 Situation Overview: Lachit 12
Nagar
3.4 Situation Overview: GS Road, 17
Paltan Bazar
3.5 Situation Overview: Lankeshwar 21

IV Suggested Measures and 22-25

Possible Solutions
4.1 Sustainable Drainage System 4.1
4.2 Pumping System 22
4.3 Multifunctional Green Spaces 23

V CONCLUSION 26-27
5.1 Overview 26
5.2 Future aspect 27

REFERENCES 28

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 CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Flash Floods and Water Logging

Flash floods are sudden and intense inundations of water caused by heavy rainfall over a short
period, often leading to rapid rises in water levels in rivers, streams, or urban areas. They are
characterized by their swift onset, high velocity, and potential for significant destruction, typically
occurring in regions with steep topography or inadequate drainage. Water logging, on the other
hand, refers to the prolonged accumulation of water on land surfaces due to poor permeability,
blocked drainage systems, or excessive runoff, resulting in saturated soils and standing water that
disrupts daily life without necessarily involving flowing currents. In urban settings like Guwahati,
these phenomena are interconnected, exacerbated by monsoon patterns, and pose recurring
challenges to infrastructure, economy, and public health.

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1.2 Overview of the Causes of Flash Flood and Waterlogging

Guwahati, the largest city in Assam and a key gateway to Northeast India, is particularly vulnerable
to flash floods and waterlogging due to its geographical location in the Brahmaputra River valley,
surrounded by hills that channel runoff from neighboring Meghalaya. The city's rapid urbanization,
with a population exceeding 1 million, has led to encroachment on natural wetlands, rivers like the
Bharalu and Basistha, and deforestation in hilly areas, worsening drainage issues.

1.3 Historical Trends of Water Logging and Flash Floods

Historical trends indicate that Guwahati experiences severe water logging and flash floods
annually during the monsoon season (June to September), with monthly rainfall peaks ranging
from 200 mm to 400 mm over the last decade, triggering inundation events. For instance, in August
2024, a 90-minute downpour of 60 mm—representing nearly 25% of the city's average monthly
rainfall—caused unprecedented flooding, submerging roads and homes across multiple wards.

1.4 Real World Data of Flash Floods and Water Logging

Real-world data highlights the escalating frequency and severity of these events. In 2022, floods
in Assam, including Guwahati, resulted in approximately 24,507 km² of vegetation loss and 33,902
km² of inundation out of the state's total area of 78,438 km², with urban areas like Guwahati bearing
a disproportionate impact due to poor infrastructure. More recently, on May 20-21, 2025, heavy
overnight rainfall paralyzed the city, causing widespread water logging that submerged major
roads, led to traffic chaos, power outages, and required emergency responses from authorities.

Another event on May 29, 2025, affected areas such as Anil Nagar, Nabin Nagar, Beltola, Hatigaon,
Rukminigaon, and Wireless, with runoff from Meghalaya hills compounding the issue and
necessitating interventions by the Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC). Economically, these
events cause substantial losses; urban flooding globally results in billions in damages annually,
and in Guwahati, it disrupts commerce, education, and transportation, with reports of vehicles
submerged and residents relocated using boats by the State Disaster Response Force (SDRF).

1.5 Main Reasons for Flash Floods and Water Logging

The primary causes include intense monsoon storms, inadequate storm water drainage systems
clogged by silt and waste, and human activities like hill cutting and river encroachment, which
reduce natural water absorption capacity. Socially, these hazards disproportionately affect low-
income communities in low-lying areas, leading to health risks from contaminated water,
psychological stress, and barriers to access essential services.

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1.6 Response of the Government

In response, the Assam government has launched initiatives like "Mission Flood Free Guwahati,"
involving drainage upgrades and pumping stations, and a 2024 partnership with Dutch firm Royal
HaskoningDHV for advanced flood management strategies.

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 CHAPTER: 2
IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS

2.1 Inadequate drainage system

2.1.1 Problem: Existing drains are under-capacity, clogged, not well maintained or poorly designed.
2.1.2 Explanation: In many cities and towns, the existing stormwater drainage systems are either
under designed or poorly maintained. This is the main reason why waterlogging and flash floods
are occurring in most of the places, especially in Guwahati. Many drains have insufficient carrying
capacity to handle peak rainfall. Improper slope or gradient causes water stagnation instead of
outflow. Frequent blockages occur due to accumulation of silt, debris and garbage.
2.1.3 Impact: The poor drainage system causes flash floods and waterlogging leading
to severe traffic disruptions, structural damage to roads or buildings and inconvenience to the
public.

Fig. 2.1 Waterlogging in Guwahati due to poor

drainage system (Source: Nagaland Tribune)

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2.2 Unplanned urbanization

2.2.1 Problem: Construction over natural drainage channels and weight lengths blocks water flow.
2.2.2 Explanation: The rapid and unregulated urban development has led to blockage of natural
drainage channels. One of the common issues in urban areas is that as there is scarcity of lands so
people build their homes and buildings wherever possible. They construct buildings and roads over
wetlands, lakes and floodplains. The impervious surfaces, that is, concrete, asphalt etc. reduce
infiltration and increase runoff. The drainage plans are often ignored in housing layouts. Also,
many people live in poor housing qualities like slums and near railway tracks where there are
almost no drainage system and even if drains are present, they are clogged or poorly designed.
2.2.3 Impacts: This causes overloading of stormwater drains, frequent flooding of residential areas
and the degradation of natural landscape that help absorbing and storing excess water. Thus,
increases a region's vulnerability to flooding as water runs off the land more quickly and in larger
volumes.

Fig. 2.2 Flash flood in Guwahati (Source: The Hills Times)

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2.3 Low-lying topography

2.3.1 Problem: Areas located at lower elevations become natural collection spaces for rainwater.

2.3.2 Explanation: Water always flows towards the lower gradient or level. If outlets are absent
for water to flow out, then it stagnates. The roads without proper camber or slope prevent rainwater
from draining and if potholes or natural depressions are present then the water accumulates.
2.3.3 Impacts: This problem results in continuous waterlogging in these depressions causing water
to be accumulated for a while. It also causes damage to pavement layers and roads, weakening of
foundations and increased mosquito breeding.

Fig. 2.3 Waterlogging in Assam due to potholes

(Source: The Assam Tribune)
2.4 Climate and rainfall issues

2.4.1 Problem: Irregular and extreme rainfall events exceed the design capacity of urban drainage
systems.
2.4.2 Explanations: Most stormwater drains are designed for average rainfall values, not for cloud
bursts or extreme events leading to waterlogging and flash floods. The climate change has

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increased the frequency of heavy short duration rainfall. Lack of rainwater harvesting and storage
aggravates this problem.
2.4.3 Impact: This leads to frequent flash floods, prolonged waterlogging, strain on public
infrastructure and economic losses due to property damage.

Fig. 2.4 Heavy rainfall causing flash floods and waterlogging

(Source: The Hills Times)

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 CHAPTER:3
SURVEY ON WATERLOGGING AND FLOOD

Here’s a concise yet compressive survey on snapshot on the waterlogging situation in Assam,
spanning August 2025, focusing on how roads and drainage systems are being compromised:

3.1 August 4, Maniram Dewan Road, Chandmari, Guwahati, Assam 781003

A three-hour heavy rainfall in the evening brought Guwahati to standstill. On August 4th, 2025,
the Maniram Dewan Road in Chandmari, Guwahati was heavily waterlogged due to heavy
monsoon showers. The region, which has over the years been recognized as one of the city's most
flood-susceptible sections, saw roads submerged. due to poor and choked drainage systems. Traffic
movement was greatly affected, with traffic jams persisting for hours and pedestrians being put to
inconvenience, with many of them having to push through the polluted water. Inhabitants also
spoke of water entering low-lying buildings and shops, further causing them inconvenience. The
construction going on pertaining to the Ambari–Bamunimaidam flyover worsened the scene, with
constricted road space and broken due to poor and choked drainage systems. Traffic movement
was greatly affected, with traffic jams persisting for hours and pedestrians being put to
inconvenience. The incident again underscored the necessity for long-term remedies like enhanced
stormwater management, periodic desilting of drains, and greater integration of drainage planning
into urban infrastructure planning

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3.2 Situation Overview: MG Road Uzan Bazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001
On recent assessment, Uzan Bazaar, historic riverside neighbourhood along the Brahmaputra and
home to one of Guwahati’s oldest fish markets has witnessed recurrent flooding and drainage
challenges. Though not among the most severely waterlogged zones, local accounts and historical
data affirm that the fish market and adjacent areas have periodically been submerged when river
levels rise or during heavy rains.
In conversation with the neighborhood on waterlogging: “Block outlets, lack of proper planning
and delayed cleaning make the situation worst, affecting the daily life of residence and disrupting
smooth transportation in the neighborhood”. Locals have also complained about the city's drive to
concrete the riverfront beautification that has resulted in the cutting of old trees and natural buffers,
further diminishing flood-absorbing capacity.
Even though it is situated beside the river, most natives still rate Uzan Bazar comparatively less
flood-risky than inner-city locations, although how much this stands depends upon rainfall
intensity and backflow in the drainage.

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3.3 Situation Overview: Bylane Number 8, Lachit Nagar, Guwahati 781007 Assam
During interaction, I analyzed the waterlogging and inundation problems of the inhabitants of
Lachit Nagar, which is a low-lying urban settlement in Ward No. 36 of Guwahati. The area is
commonly flooded knee-deep with water even during short rainfall there was one report wherein
after a short rain shower, residents woke up to find their streets covered with thick sludge, and
movement was unsafe and drains useless. In interviews, it emerged that most roads continue to be
congested because of irregular waste disposal and stagnant trash dumped. Lachit Nagar's
waterlogging is also attributed to backflow from the Bharalu River and poor drainage infrastructure.
Some of the people say that while frequent repair activities have been performed on the roads,
these still flood every monsoon with floodwater. Not only does this daily life hinder daily life, but
health issues are also a cause for concern. Residents explained how the constantly waterlogged
area acts as a mosquito breeding ground, provoking health fears over vector-borne illnesses.

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3.4 Situation Overview: August 1, 2025, GS Road, Paltan Bazar, Guwahati 781008, Assam
The stagnant water visible in the background indicates poor drainage, which is often worsened by
plastic waste clogging the drains particularly in this area. Paltan Bazar, Guwahati’s bustling
transportation and commercial hub anchored by the railway station and ASTC terminus, has
increasingly suffered from severe waterlogging a symptom of chronic infrastructural neglect and
unplanned urban growth. During the monsoon, streets often flood due to congested drains clogged
by garbage and encroachments, partially caused by vendors illegally occupying footpaths and
dumping waste directly into stormwater channels. The streets, which were already pockmarked
and in disrepair, contribute to the water buildup by hindering drainage. Indicative of the size of the
problem, the Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) began de-silting works in the vicinity of
the fish market and inner drains of Paltan Bazar prior to the monsoon during May 2025 to enable
improved flow of water and minimize flash flood hazards.

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3.5 Situation Overview: August 25,2025, Lankeshwar, Guwahati, 781014, Assam
Jalukbari a major academic and transit hub bounded by NH31 and NH37 regularly suffers from
waterlogging during monsoon spells. A notable stretch through Sundarbari, connecting several
educational institutions such as Assam Engineering College, Gauhati University, and ASTU,
develops deep, water-filled potholes every rainy season, forcing thousands of students and
commuters to navigate treacherous road conditions. Residents report that clogged drains often
blocked by garbage or debris from street vendors cause water to stagnate, further deteriorating
road surfaces and creating unsafe walking conditions for pedestrians. Jalukbari falls within a
broader citywide pattern of flawed drainage exacerbated by encroachment on wetlands, unplanned
urbanization, and blocked natural waterways factors recognized as key contributors to Guwahati’s
escalating urban flooding crises.

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 CHAPTER:4
SUGGESTED MEASURES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

As urbanization increases, cities face challenges in managing rainwater, leading to frequent

flooding and a major disturbance to the people living in that area. The effective solutions to reduce
waterlogging by examining best practices and case studies. This report aims to provide actionable
recommendations for reducing waterlogging and enhancing urban resilience.

4.1 Sustainable drainage system

Assam is the most vulnerable state in India to climate change, found the council on energy,
Environment and Water (CEEW) in its national Climate Vulnerability Index.

There has been some effort made in the past few years to mitigate urban floods. Like maintaining
feeder drains, construct new drains, enhance road infrastructure etc.

There are glaring challenges and problems in all facets of drainage system in metro cities. The
deforestation and encroachment on surrounding hill slopes have accelerated the volume and flow
of rainwater reaching the city drains and clog them. Also drains shrunk due to encroachment,
natural siltation, earth filling, growth of vegetation and hyacinth and dumping solid waste.

Also, unlined drains, irregular sections due to soil erosion and their intersection with service
pipelines and low bridges or culverts prevents the swift flow of excess floodwater out of the city.
As a result, the drainage system which was not designed to carry a high volume of water becomes
overwhelmed with water from several sources within hours and cause waterlogging.
Water-absorbing Road is designed to allow rainwater to pass through its surface, preventing water
from pooling and reducing runoff. These include porous pavements, pervious concrete and
vegetative swales- all of which promote groundwater recharge and create attractive landscaping
features. Porous pavements typically consist of materials that have gaps or pores which allow water
to infiltrate into the ground below. This can help mitigate flooding, improve water quality by
filtering pollutants, and replenish groundwater levels. These roads are often used in sustainable
urban planning to manage stormwater effectively. These roads are made from materials with high
void content such as permeable concrete, which has little to no fine aggregate. Rainwater passes
through the gaps or pores in the pavement and then into a base and subbase layer of open-graded
aggregates below the surface and the water eventually infiltrates into the underlying soil, helping
to replenish groundwater supplies.

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4.2 Pumping system

Some areas are naturally at the lower elevation compared to their surroundings. So, during rainfall,
runoff water from higher areas collects in these potholes or depressions. Some areas are naturally
at a lower elevation compared to their surroundings, so during rainfall, runoff water from higher
areas collecting these potholes are depressions. If there are no natural or artificial outlets for water
to flow out, then water stagnates causing waterlogging. Thus, there are some solutions that can be
applied for this problem are already in practice in some states of our country. Pumping stations
that can be used to lift stormwater and discharge it into higher level drains, canals or rivers when
natural gravity flow is not possible. This method is already being used in Chennai and Kolkata,
where the pumping stations are used to drain waterlogged areas into nearby rivers. There are other
solutions where roads should be designed with a camber or gradient. Camber means slight slope
from the center towards edges. This will prevent water from collecting in the middle of the road
and guiding the water efficiently to side drains. For example, Indian Roads Congress standards
specify camber slopes for proper drainage. Also, we can build sump pits and recharge wells. These
small pits or wells are constructed in low-lying areas that collect excess runoff water and allow it
to percolate into the ground. This improves groundwater recharge and reduces surface stagnation.
Many Indian cities already use percolation wells along roadsides to drain stormwater.

4.3 Multifunctional Green Spaces

Multifunctional green spaces are vibrant and dynamic areas that serve multiple purposes,
transforming cities into livable, sustainable, and resilient hubs. These innovative spaces not only
bring people together, fostering community and social connections, but also play a crucial role in
managing stormwater runoff, reducing urban heat islands, and providing habitats for local wildlife.
By incorporating features like green roofs, urban gardens, and green corridors, cities can reap a
wide range of environmental benefits, including improved air quality, biodiversity conservation,
and climate regulation. Moreover, multifunctional green spaces can have a profound impact on the
local economy, boosting property value, supporting local businesses, and creating jobs. By
prioritizing community-led design, sustainable practices, and inclusive planning, cities can create
green spaces that are not only beautiful and functional, but also equitable and accessible to all,
ultimately enhancing the quality of life for urban residents and making cities more desirable places
to live, work, and thrive. By incorporating green roofs, raingardens, bioswales and strategic urban
tree canopy management in urban areas can reap the rewards of improved stormwater control while
also enjoying the amenity, ecological and climate adaptation benefits of these green features.
Green roofs are also known as vegetative roofs that are partially or completely covered with
vegetation and soil. They provide a layer of greenery in urban environments, reduce stormwater
runoff, alleviating pressure on urban drainage system. Bioswales are designed with a shallow
depression or channel to collect and guide stormwater. Bioswales are like nature's own filtration
system

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 CHAPTER:5
CONCLUSION

Our waterlogging and flooding internship study in Guwahati uncovered how urban flooding has
become a chronic threat as well as an entrenched civic problem. The locales we canvassed
Maniram Dewan Road, Chandmari, Uzan Bazar, Lachit Nagar, Paltan Bazar, and Jalukbari each
evidenced different aspects of the same dilemma. In Chandmari, infrastructural strain due to
flyovers and inadequate drainage caused grave inconveniences. Uzan Bazar, although historically
less vulnerable to flooding, is losing its resilience to concretization and wetland destruction. Lachit
Nagar was a glaring example of how poor drainage and tardy civic works aggravate the tribulations
of residents, particularly in low-lying areas. Paltan Bazar, the busiest transit point of the city,
showcased the convergence of encroachment, garbage mismanagement, and decaying roads in
exacerbating waterlogging. While Jalukbari mirrored the vulnerability of education centers and
arterial roads, where direct loss of mobility, student life, and livelihood occurs due to flooding.

In all of these places, some common motifs emerged: choked and undersized drains, encroachment
onto natural wetlands, uncontrolled urban expansion, and reactive instead of proactive measures
from citizens. The constant cycle of short-term desilting and fleeting relief has not delivered long-
term solutions. Alongside this, residents' resilience their ability to adjust, survive, and hold
authorities accountable highlighted that waterlogging is not merely an infrastructural issue but also
a human rights and public health issue.

This internship experience has shown us that addressing Guwahati’s flooding crisis requires an
integrated approach: robust drainage redesign, wetland and riverfront conservation, stricter waste
management, and genuine community engagement in planning. Only when urban development
balances infrastructure growth with ecological sustainability can Guwahati hope to build resilience
against the growing menace of floods and waterlogging.

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