Api - Section 2a
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ScribdTranslationsSECTION 2A - MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION OF VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS BY MEANS OF
MANUAL TANK MAIL METHOD
2.2A.I Scope ........ 1
2.2A.2 Reference publications ........ 1
2.2A.3 Security ..... 1
2.2A.4 Definitions ........ 2
2.2A.5 Meaning ........ 2
2.2A.6 Equipment ............ 2
2.2A.6.1 HEIGHT MEASURING TAPES ……. 2
For height measurements, a steel tape (see Figure 1), of convenient length, 3/8 or
1/2 inch wide and 0.008 to 0.012 inches thick, graduated in feet and inches to
eight inches, or in feet, tenths, and it is recommended to use hundredths of a foot. (For tapes
metrics, refer to the IP Petroleum Measurement Manual, Part 2, Section 1) The graduations
They must be accurate within 1/6 of an inch or 0.005 feet (or to the nearest millimeter) throughout
the part of the tape that will be used.
2.2A.6.2 TAPES FOR CIRCUMFERENCE MEASUREMENT …… 3
For circumference measurements, a soft steel tape is recommended (see the
Figure 2) of convenient length in relation to the circumference of the tank. The tape of
work usually has a length of 100, 200, 300 or 500 feet and must not exceed X inches
width and approximately 0.01 inches thick. The tape can be graduated in feet, with a
additional length of 1 foot at the zero end of the tape and graduated in tenths and hundredths
in feet, or it can be graduated in feet, tenths, and hundredths of a foot along its entire length (for
Measuring tapes, refer to the IP Oil Measurement Manual, Part 2, Section 1). All the
Work tapes must be calibrated with a master tape (see 2.2A.7).
2.2A.6.3 Accessory equipment ........ 3
2.2A.7 Calibration of the working tape with the master tape ....... 4
2.2A.8 General Practices .................................. 5
2.2A.9 Tank status before calibration ……….. 5
2.2A.IO Descriptive Data ........................ 5
2.2A.11 Tolerances …… 5
2.2A.11.1 Unique circumferential measurements must be read and recorded to 0.005 feet
closest (or to the nearest millimeter), which is equal to half the distance between two
adjacent division marks of a hundred feet on the tape. Therefore, all measurements
Circumferences must be recorded up to the third decimal.
2.2A.11.2 The measurements of vertical tanks must be read and recorded with the precision of
11'6 inches (or the nearest millimeter).
2.2A.11.3 Thermometers should be read at the nearest temperature of 1 °F (or 0.5 °C).
2.2A.11.4 The thicknesses of the tank plate must be determined at the Y64 of an inch more
close (resolution of 1 millimeter and read to the nearest 0.5 millimeters).
Deadwood must be determined and located through measurements taken at 1/8.
to the nearest inch (or 3 millimeters).
2.2A.I2 shell plate thickness 5
2.2A.I3 Measurements of vertical tanks ...... 10
2.2A.I4 Circumferential measurements ........ 12
2.2A.14.I Preparation ........ 12
2.2A.14.2 Physical Measurements ........ 13
2.2A.I5 Measurement of dead wood ........ 15
2.2A.16 tank funds ..... 18
2.2A.16.1 The bottoms of tanks that are flat, level, and stable under loads of
Variable liquids will not affect the tank's capacity.
2.2A.16.2 The funds of tanks that adjust to geometric shapes (for example,
inclined segment, cone below, crown above, hemispherical, semi-ellipsoidal and spherical
volumes that can be calculated from linear measurements or measured by
liquid calibration by incremental filling, as desired.
2.2A.16.2.1 When volumes must be calculated, measurements should be made in the
points shown in the corresponding illustration in Figures 13-14.
2.2A.16.2.2 Any detailed difference in the shape that affects the volume, that does not
show in the belt report, like the knuckle radii, it must be measured and recorded with
sufficient detail to allow the calculation of the actual volume.
2.2A.16.3 When there are conditions at the bottom of the tank with slope or irregular shape
and where the correct capabilities cannot be determined precisely at
For linear measurements, the calibration of liquids is preferred.
2.2A.16.4 If liquid calibration is used, incremental fillers are introduced.
volumes in the tank, from the lowest point at the bottom to a point by
on which calculations can be made based on dimensional measurements. The
the procedure must continue to a depth in the tank sufficient to surpass all
the irregular shapes or unstable conditions as described in API 2555 Standard (ASTM
D1406)
2.2A.16.5 For tanks operated with the bottom completely and continuously covered with
water, any slope or irregularity, but not the instability, of the bottom can be
ignored.
An alternative method to calibrate the lower zone is to perform level elevations.
at several points along the bottom through a study of the bottom. It
You must carry out a physical inspection of the bottom of the tank, whenever possible, after
that the tank has been hydrotested, to establish the amount of slope from the
tank casing up to the center of the tank. The elevation at the point should also be measured.
from the attack directly beneath the measurement hatch.
2.2A.16.7 Because the nature of some funds is very irregular, the readings of the
surveys should be taken at many points to better determine the shape. When carrying out a
full survey elevation, the elevations must be observed along the radii
every 45 degrees. Along these radii, obtain elevations at equal intervals
spaced no more than 10 feet (or 3 meters) from the center of the tank to its cover.
2.2A.17 Floating roofs ....... 18
2.2A.I7.1 General ........ 18
2.2A.17.2 Weight of the floating ceiling ....... 18
2.2A.I7.3 Determination of dead wood ........... 18
2.2A.17,4 Deduction of the floating roof displacement ....... 18
2.2A.18 Isolated tanks ....... 18
2.2A.19 Development of the tank capacity table: Calculation procedures .... 21
Sound engineering and mathematical principles must be used in all calculations for the
development of capacity tables. These principles should include those included in this
document for your application to a particular job:
The capacity tables must be prepared at 60 °F (15 °C) and must take into account the
correction of the tension of the liquid head, the dead wood, the correction of the
slope and, if applicable, the tolerance of the floating ceiling.
Note: Although the base temperature of the tanks is 60 °F (or 15 °C), the density of the liquid
what is used to calculate the correction of the liquid head tension and the tolerance of the
The floating roof should be the average density observed for that specific tank.
b. For the allowed temperature, the temperature expansion factor must be applied
as a separate factor (see Appendix D).
All incremental or total volume calculations must be carried out to seven figures.
significant. (See Appendix C for computer entry guidelines).
d. All dead wood must be accurately accounted for in terms of volume and the
location, to allow an adequate margin for the volumes of liquid displaced by
various objects or accessories and the assignment of these effects at various elevations within the
tank.
The preparation of capacity tables for vertical tanks is based on a maximum height.
of liquid no greater than the height of the casing. The volume inside the tank that is by
above that level will not be taken into account in the capacity tables. An example of this
Ignored volume is the space beneath a cone ceiling up to the level of the upper edge.
of the upper ring.
The capacities of the tanks must be expressed in gallons, barrels, cubic meters, liters.
and others (Tables 5 and 6 and Appendix B).
Each element of the belt report is evaluated to determine its accuracy before the
processing.
As a matter of principle, it is recommended that all newly created capacity tables
prepared show the date on which they are effective. The basis for establishing that date, in
specific cases depend on the individual circumstances and the needs of the parties
interested parties. However, it is intended that the effective date be established, taking into account
count the circumstances that include, among others, the following:
The date when a new tank was calibrated for the first time.
The date on which an old tank was recalibrated.
3. The date when the tank was recalculated.
2.2A.19.1 CAPACITY TABLE REQUIREMENTS …. 22
The following parameters must be considered for the development of capacity tables.
a. Expansion and contraction of the steel tank shell due to the liquid head
(ver 2.2A.19.5).
b. Expansion and contraction of the steel tank shell with temperature [recommended
its application regardless of the calculations in the capacity table (see 2.2A.19.6)].
c. Inclination from a vertical position (see 2.2A.19.7).
d. Tank bottoms that are irregularly shaped (see 2.2A.16).
and. Effective within the height of the tank (see Figure 12).
2.2A.19.2 CALIBRATION OF THE MASTER TAPE AT 60 ° F …….. 22
2.2A.19.2.1 The master tape for calibrating the measuring tapes (in operation) of
tank must be identified with a Calibration Report at 68 ° F by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) that certify the accuracy of the master tape within 0.001
feet (approximately 1/64 of an inch, 1 millimeter resolution and read to 0.5 millimeters more
close) for every 100 feet of length. The Calibration Report will include the factors and
formulas necessary to correct the length of the tape for use at 60 ° F (15 ° C) under tension
different from that used during calibration.
2.2A.19.2.2 The oil industry uses 60 ° F (or 15 ° C) as the standard temperature for
petroleum-derived products. The master tape must be corrected at this temperature.
through the following equation:
Correction factor = 1 + [(Ts - Tc) x C] --------- (1)
Correction factor = 1 + [(60 - 68) x 0.00000645]
1 + (-8 x 0.00000645)
= 0.9999484
Where:
Tc = Calibration temperature of the master tape (normally 68 °F).
Ts = standard reference temperature (normally 60 °F).
C = Coefficient of expansion for mild steel 0.00000645 FT / FT / Degree Fahrenheit.
2.2A.19.3 CONVERSION OF OUTER CIRCUMFERENCES TO INNER …… 22
The plate thicknesses used in the calculations must be those reported in the records.
of field measurement. Where possible, the thickness should be measured by thickness
ultrasonic. method. Values for plate thickness taken from drawings.
It can be used when necessary.
Inner circumference = Pi x (D-2t) ------- (2)
Where:
t = thickness of the steel.
D = outer diameter, both in consistent units.
2.2A.19.4 DEDUCTIONS FOR CIRCUMFERENCE TAPE RISKS …….. 22
2.2A.19.4.1 In the event that the belt is prevented from coming into contact with the tank housing
at all points along its trajectory through projections from the casing of
tank, such as belts to the limit or overlapping joints, the amount of increase in circumference
Due to the tape, it rises to such projections. The circumferences measured in a given ring
they must be corrected by deducing the sum of the increases in circumference at each location
tape ascent.
2.2A.19.4.2 The deduction for ribbon increase can be calculated from the equations of
correction of tape increase 3 and 5 in
2.2A.19.4.3 and 2.2A.19.4.4, or measured with a caliper when it is practical to do so.
Due to the very small adjustment for the increase of the tape in a low projection, as
A flap joint or a stop strap, it is not practical to measure precisely the
correction with a caliper; therefore, the tape increase correction method is
preferred for such projections.
2.2A.19.4.3 The belt lift correction equation for the stop
Similar straps or projections are the following:
Where:
N = number of belts to the limit or projections per ring.
t = amount of increase (thickness of the straps or projections); in inches.
w = width of straps or projections, in inches.
d = nominal diameter of the tank, in inches.
2.2A.19.4.4 The correction equation for belt increase for return joints is the
next
a. The application of the modified Equation 3 to the ascent of the belt at the points of
union is described with reference to Figure 17. In Figure 17, the locations of the plates in
the lap joint is shown as it is placed by the plates in the rings above and
below. Overlap joint. The position of the plate in the ring, if there is no joint, is shown.
through the broken lines in relation to the plates on the flap.
b. The circumference measured at the hip joint must be corrected to the trajectory.
true circumferential that the tape would take if there were no joint. How is it
As shown in Figure 17, this requires a correction of only half of the tape increase.
With the width, w, eliminated, the equation becomes:
c. It is also shown in Figure 17 that no deductions are required for the wood.
dead in the overlap joints, since the deductible and additive volumes in the joints of
the tabs are the same.
2.2A.19.5 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF STEEL TANK SHELLS BY HEAD
LIQUID …….. 25
2.2A.19.5.1 The expansion and contraction of the deposits must be taken into account.
steel tanks due to the liquid head.
It is not necessary to make this adjustment for tanks with a capacity of less than 500 barrels.
2.2A.19.5.2 The effect of the liquid head can be introduced into the capacity table of the
following ways:
a. Reduce the fitted circles to a zero tension condition using the equation
6 (ver 2.2A.19.5.3) and applying the effects of expansion of the liquid levels that increase
progressively in successive levels.
b. Tying the tank with the maximum liquid level and destroying the tank through courses
to decrease the levels of liquid.
2.2A.19.5.3 The circumference measurements of the field will be adjusted to the "empty tank" or without
tension. Then, volume calculations should proceed with the adjusted volumes for
show a progressively growing capacity, including the effects of expansion, to
successively higher levels by rings. The tied circumferences need to be corrected to a
zero tension condition through the following equation:
ΔC = correction of the circumference to the empty tank or unstressed condition.
W = weight of the liquid per unit of volume.
h = head of the liquid above the tied elevation.
C = circumference tied before the correction.
E = modulus of elasticity of the metal in the tank shell.
t = thickness of the shell in the tied elevation.
Note: All units must be consistent. For example, in the customary system, ΔC, C, h,
y t can be in inches; W, in pounds per cubic inch; and E in pounds per inch
square.
The corrected corrugated circumference is then tensioned on a 'solid ring' base.
expanding the circumference without tension for each ring by the height of the liquid above
of the circumferential elevation necessary to fill each ring.
Volume correction for increase, ΔV:
ΔV = additional volume of the tank as a result of the expansion of the tank shell
due to the increase in the load of an increase of one unit above the ring.
W = weight of the liquid per unit of volume.
d = nominal diameter of the tank.
E = modulus of elasticity of the metal in the tank shell.
h1, h2, etc = height of the shell rings.
t1, t2, etc = thickness of the shell rings.
Note: All units must be consistent. For example, in the customary units, ΔV
can be in cubic inches; W. in pounds per cubic inch; d, h, and t, in inches; and E, in
pounds per square inch. The corresponding increment for .ΔV is 1 inch. If the table
Capacity is adjusted in increments of 1/4 inch, ΔV must be divided by 4.
2.2A.19.6 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF STEEL TANK SHELLS BY
TEMPERATURA …….. 27
2.2A.19.6.1 The expansion and contraction of steel tank deposits must be calculated
without heating. It may be necessary to estimate the operating temperature and calculate the
volume corrections for the expansion of the tank shell due to the increase in the
temperature. Such temperature estimates must be verified after the
tanks are in service. The correction procedure to calculate the volume that is
will add to the total volume calculated for the tanks based on flanges in non-conditions
heated is the following:
Correction of the cross-sectional area,
Where:
ΔTs = Temperature of the steel tank minus 60 °F. (All measurements of the
The circumference of the steel tanks are at 60 ° F.
2.2A.19.6.1.1 For uninsulated metal tanks, the cover temperature can be
calculate in the following way (see Appendix D):
Where:
TL = liquid temperature.
Ta = ambient temperature.
For insulated metal tanks, the temperature of the cover can be taken
as very close to the temperature of the adjacent liquid, in which case, Ts = TL •
2.2A.19.6.2 When applying these principles to vertical cylindrical tanks, the cross-sectional area
Transversal horizontal can be taken as a function of the tank calibration. The
coefficient determined from Equation 8 (see 2.2A.19.6.1) is based on an expansion
thermal for low carbon steel by degree Fahrenheit.
Note: The correction of the cross-section (Equation 8) should be modified for tanks of
stainless steel based on the coefficient of expansion for stainless steel type.
2.2A.19.6.3 The third dimension, height, necessary to generate volume is a function of
measurement and should be considered separately. The volumes reflected in the tank tables
they derive from the incremental height of the times of the area. Therefore, the K factors for
the correction of areas has the same proportion as the volume corrections and is
they can be applied directly to the volumes of the tank table.
2.2A.19.6.4 The temperature correction factor of the cover must be applied to the
volumes obtained from the capacity tables that are at 60 °F and are not related to
the corrections designed to account for volume expansion and contraction of
product itself. Depending on certain requirements, this temperature correction factor
the casing can be incorporated into the capacity table for an operating temperature
specify.
2.2A.19.6.5 With the application of online computers, the correction factor of
temperature can be continuously updated to reflect changing conditions of
liquid and environment. This updated factor can be used to determine the actual volume in
the tank (refer to the calculation example in D.2 of Appendix D).
2.2A.19.7 Effect of inclination on the cylindrical portion of the tank. ....... 27
2.2A.19.8 Floating roofs ....... 28
2.2A.19.8.1 Calibration of liquids for floating roof displacement ........ 28
2.2A.19.8.2 Measurement procedure for floating roof displacement ........ 28
2.2A.19.8.3 Liquid level above position B ....... 28
2.2A.l9.8,4 Capacity table with floating roof treated as dead wood ....... 29
2.2A.19.8.5 Table of gross capacity or open tank capacity ............... 29
2.2A.19.9 Summary data in the capacity table ....... 30
2.2A.19.10 Recalibration Requirements ....... 30
2.2A.19.11 Certification of capacity tables ....... 30
2.2A.19.11 CERTIFICATION OF CAPACITY TABLES
2.2A.19.11.1 The certification of a capacity table guarantees that all measurements and
calculations be carried out in accordance with this standard. It is recommended that this certification be
carried out by recognized contractors in the specialized field of calibration or by a
person or persons who can demonstrate their compliance with this standard.
In the certification process, it is the responsibility of the contractor and/or of the
individual and the owners of the tanks to document and clearly specify any
Deviation from the standard. Any deviation from the standard that results in a nonconformity.
with the standard makes the capacity table unsuitable for transfer use
of custody.
APPENDIX A-GUIDELINES FOR RECALIBRATION OF
STORAGE TANKS .......................... 31
Figures
1 - Measuring tape for height and Bob ...... 2
2 - Straps for measuring circumference. ..... 3
3 - Tape guides for articulated parts ............ 4
4 - Registration form for Deadwood ........... 6
Locations of 5 measurements for welded vertical tanks ......... 9
6 - Measurement locations for riveted tile arrangement .... 10
7 - Measurement locations for bolted tanks ............ 11
8 - Measurements of welded vertical tanks ........... 12
9 - Measurements of the bolted vertical tank ..... . 14
10 - Measurements of riveted vertical tanks ............. 15
11 - Effective roof of the inner cone at the height of the tank ............. 16
12 - Effect of floating interior ceiling at the height of the tank ............ 17
13 - Spherical Segment (Dished), Hemispherical and Semi-Ellipsoidal
Fund gauges, convex and accessible for vertical tanks ........... 19
14 - Downward conical measurements and accessible of the vertical tanks ... 20
15 - Floating roof diagram at rest (A) and floating (B) ............. 21
16 - Floating pontoon roof made of atypical steel with a unique central cover .......... 25
17 - True circumference versus ribbon trajectory at the absent axial return joint
From the circumferential articulation .................... 26
--B-1: construction composed of vertical cylindrical tanks .................... 35
--B-2-NIST calibration informational document ..............................
. 36
--E-1-Locations of measurements in vertical cylindrical concrete
Underground tanks ........................................ 54
--E-2-Measurement locations in rectangular steel or concrete
Underground tanks ...... .......... .................. 55
--F-1-Diagram of decision for external floating roof tanks ........... 58
--F-2-Decision framework for fixed roof tanks ........... 58
--F-3-Graph for internal floating roof tanks .................... 58
Tables
1 - Suggested registration form 'A' for vertical riser measurements
The cylindrical tanks... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7
2 - Suggested registration form 'B' for vertical riser measurements
The cylindrical tanks... .......... 8
3 - Elevations for circumference measurements in various positions of
Vertical cylindrical tanks .......................... 13
4 - Circumferential tolerances ........... 13
Capacity table of version 5-Customary .................... 23
6 - Capacity table of the SI version .. .. ..... .. .. ... 24
A-1-Variations of the inner diameter of the lower course of the tank ....................... 31
