National University of Engineering

REPORT OF
MC216 C LABORATORY
Teacher:
Ing. Alejandro Salazar
Bobadilla
Members:
Challhua Reynoso, Valentín
20154005G
García Chávez, Gabriel
20154004K
Theme:
Analysis and Essay of
Molding Sands
Course:
Manufacturing Processes

OBJECTIVE
2016-II
 National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

The main objective of this laboratory is:

Determine the passing percentage of the different

sizes of the aggregate (fine and coarse) and with this data
build a distribution curve.

Calculate if the aggregates (fine and coarse) are present

within the limits to make a good design of
mix.

Determine during an analysis the grading that exists.

in the screening within a sample of aggregates.

Identify the fineness index within a process of

sifting.

Know and relate the mechanical properties of the

sand with its humidity percentage.
 National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
Grain size analysis of the sand:
Fine aggregates commonly consist of natural sand or crushed stone.
with most of its particles smaller than 5 mm The fine aggregates
must comply with certain rules to provide optimal engineering use: must
consist of durable, clean, hard, resistant particles and free of
absorbed chemical products, clay coatings and other materials
factors that could affect the hydration and adherence of the paste
cement
The aggregate particles that are crumbly or susceptible to
Cracking is undesirable. The requirements of the ASTM C 33 standard,
allow a relatively wide range in the fine aggregate granulation,
but the specifications of other organizations are sometimes more limiting.
The most suitable grain size for fine aggregate depends on the type of
work, on the richness of the mix, and on the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

Sand Fineness Module

The fineness modulus (FM) of coarse aggregate or fine aggregate is obtained,

according to the ASTM C 125 standard, adding the accumulated percentages in
weight of the aggregates retained on a specified series of mesh and
dividing the sum by 100. The meshes used to determine the
The fineness module is 0.15 mm (No.100), 0.30 mm (No.50), 0.60 mm
(No.30), 1.18 mm (No.16), 2.36 mm (No.8), 4.75 mm (No.4), 9.52 mm (3/8”)
19.05 mm (3/4”), 38.10 mm (1½”), 76.20 mm (3”), and 152.40 mm (6”). The
fineness module is an index of the fineness of the aggregate, the greater it is
fineness modulus, the coarser the aggregate will be.

Different aggregate particle sizes may not have the same modulus of
fineness. The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate is useful for estimating the
proportions of fine and coarse aggregates in concrete mixes.
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
% % SIMPLETIME RES.
RES.
HUMIDITYDRYPROBE DE COMPRESS
CUT
D O A PERMB. ON
148.1
3 3.55 147.0 56S1.4 1.2
2
150.2
4 6.3
151.0
63.5S1.4 1.55
152.0
5
5 5.65
152.0
60.7S1.32 1.75
2
153.0
1
6 6.15
152.1
64.2S1.23 1.75
9
154.0
7 5.75
154.0
59S1.25 1.8
155.0
8 6.751 59 S1.2 1.9
156.2
157.0 59.14
9 7.75
157.0S
1.3 1.8
158.0
10 8.7
158.0
64S1.2 1.0

Sand test of
molding
 National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Analysis of sands of
molding
OPENING OF THE
DOUGH Sieve
MALLA K
NUMBER (GRAMS)
EN MM

0 6 3.360 3

12.52 30 0.590 20

5.63 40 0.420 30

4.62 50 0.297 40

7.6 70 0.210 50

7.64 140 0.105 100

38.01
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

EQUIPMENT USED

Sand test of
molding

Permeameter
Effort Meter

Drying Lamp
National Engineering University
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Sand analysis of
molding

Elutriator Electronic Scale

Sieve Game
National Engineering University
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

CALCULATIONS AND
RESULTS
Sand analysis of
molding
Distribution of
grain size:
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Distributive Graphics
40
35
30
25
20
Mass in grams
15
10
5
0
6 30 40 50 70 140

Sieve number

Cumulative Graph
40
35
30
25
20
Mass in grams
15
10
5
0
6 30 40 50 70 140

Sieve number
National Engineering University
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Calculation of the Fineness Index:

For this, we rely on the following data from

frame and the following defined expression:

MASA ∑ Masa×K
(GRAMS)
K IF=
i i
TotalMass
0 3
12.52 20
5.63 30
4.62 40
7.6 50
7.64 100
38.01
 National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Influence of grain size on:

The surface finish of the obtained piece
According to the application of sand in molding, the
sands with special qualities are those that possess
contact with the model as they are finer and
they generate a better finish in the preparation of the
model compared to a sand size
larger, which is used as fill sand.

00 27.6
×1
times
+4.540
62
0×25+
×
4.61207.+ ×0+5.6
33
IF=
38.01
Size of
Type of Sand IF according to AFS
grain
Very thick Under 18 1 to 2mm

Thick Between 18 and 35 0.5 to 1mm

Media Between 35 and 60 0.25 to 0.5 mm

Fine Between 60 and 150 0.10 to 0.25 mm

Very fine > 150 Less than 0.10mm

tests that determine the breaking loads due to

compression or tension. But in general, the way of
the grains can influence cohesion, a sand
angular grain has lower cohesion than
a round grain, due to the latter
the contact surfaces are larger. So
we can affirm that the larger the grain size the
cohesion can increase due to the
contact surfaces would also be larger.
Two sand samples that have the same index
Regarding fineness, can they have different granulation?

Yes, because the fineness index is a summation.

which depends on two random variables and are based on
in proportions, the sum of the
 National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

products may be the same but the addends can be

completely different what I would do differently the
granulometry for two sand samples with equal
fineness index.
What is the difference between contact sand and the
filling sand.
According to the use in molding, contact sand is
prepared arenas with special qualities that
they are used to form a small layer on the
model. And the filler ones are old sands.
coming from the demolding that is used for
complete the filling of the mold after the
contact arena.
Foundry sand test
Calculation of the amount of water to add
For a mass of 500 grams of sand with 10%
of the bentonite.

% WEIGHT OF
DAMP WATER
D GRAMS 500 times humidity
3 15.46 Water Weight=
100− dehumidification
4 20.83
5 26.31
6 31.91
7 37.63
8 43.47
9 49.45
PERMEABILITY
HUMID D Calculation of permeability
D
3 54.58
Using the data from
4 48.13 result in the laboratory
according to the previous table.
5 50.35
6 47.60
7 51.80
8 51.80
9 51.68
10 47.75
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

V×H
Permeability=
t×
A
×p

V =Volume of air displaced 2000cm3

p=Water pressure ( 10cm of water)
t=Time of eviction from the air in me.
H= Height of the test tube ( 5cm )
2
A=Área de la probeta(19.63 cm )
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Permeability
56

54

52

Permeability 50

48

46

44
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

% Humidity

Mechanical Resistance
1.9

1.7 Res. Compression

1.5 Polynomial (Res.
Compression
Resistance
1.3 Court Res.
1.1 Polynomial (Court Ruling)

0.9
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% Humidity

The percentage of humidity with values

optimal in the resistance tables and
permeability, they are found around
7% humidity.
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Permeability Time
66
64
62
60

Permeability time 58
56
54
52
50
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Humidity

Drying Percentage
10

6
% of Drying
4

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Humidity
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

CONCLUSIONS
At the beginning of the experience, we prepared samples of
500 gram sand each, with a 10%
bentonite, which were used in the test each with
different percentage of humidity.
During the test, for the mechanical properties
we use sand cylinders with a diameter of 50mm and
height of 50mm. During the drying process, work was done with
portions of the sample of 20 grams.
After the experience in the laboratory, the collection
of data and the preparation of results, it turns out
it is pertinent to state that a good sand analysis,
granulometry and a sand test support the process
for molding any piece.
Additionally, we can mention that during the preparation
From the results, we notice a greater influence of the index.
regarding the finish of the model and the resistances
mechanics.
Likewise, the moisture of the sand in the different
experiences and their relation to the extracted properties
makes us think that these are not directly related or
inversely to each other, but we can assert that
there is a range in which they are optimal.
National University of Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 [Link]
[Link]

 [Link]/matcon/lab03/[Link]

 [Link]/~publio17/laboratorio/essay_ar
[Link]

 [Link]/geotechnics/03_teaching/02_laboratory/
manual.../particle_size_distribution.pdf

 [Link]/u_dl_a/tales/documents/liq/gu
No text provided for translation.

[Link]/?
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