Python Programming – Full Notes
Units 1 to 5 – Comprehensive Notes for Exam Preparation
Unit 1 – Python Basics
What is Python? Mention its features.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, object-oriented programming language known for its simplicity and readability.
Features include: interpreted execution, dynamically typed, extensive libraries, cross-platform compatibility, and
support for multiple paradigms (procedural, object-oriented, functional).
What are identifiers in Python? What are the naming rules?
Identifiers are names given to variables, functions, classes, etc. Rules: must begin with a letter or underscore, can
contain letters, digits, underscores, case-sensitive, and cannot be a keyword.
Define variable. How are variables created in Python?
A variable is a named memory location that stores data. In Python, variables are created by assignment, e.g., x =
10. Type is inferred dynamically.
Unit 2 – Control Flow
What are Boolean values? What are logical operators in Python?
Boolean values are True and False. Logical operators are and, or, and not.
Explain if, if-else, and if-elif-else with examples.
if executes a block if condition is true. if-else executes one block if true, another if false. if-elif-else checks multiple
conditions sequentially.
Unit 3 – Functions, Arrays, Strings
What is a function? Why are functions needed?
A function is a reusable block of code designed to perform a specific task. Functions improve modularity,
reusability, and readability.
Explain scope of variables: local vs global.
Local variables are defined inside a function and accessible only there. Global variables are declared outside
functions and can be accessed throughout the program.
Unit 4 – Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries
What is a list? How is it created?
A list is an ordered, mutable collection of elements. Created using square brackets, e.g., numbers = [1, 2, 3].
What is a dictionary? How is it created?
A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. Created using curly braces, e.g., student = {'name':
'Alice', 'age': 20}.
Unit 5 – OOP, Files, Exceptions
What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
OOP is a paradigm based on the concept of objects that contain data (attributes) and methods (functions). It
emphasizes reusability, modularity, and abstraction.
Explain the four main principles of OOP.
Encapsulation: hiding implementation details. Abstraction: showing essential features only. Inheritance: deriving
new classes from existing ones. Polymorphism: ability of methods to perform differently based on context.
