NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

MAYOR OF SAN MARCOS

Faculty of Geological, Mining, Metallurgical Engineering
Geographical y

E.A.P. METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
METALOGRÁFICA
PROFESSOR:

Ing. Edgardo Juan Tabuchi Matsumoto

COURSE:

Physical Metallurgy

MEMBER:

Puris Condor Joan Rodolfo 15160259

 OPTICAL METALLOGRAPHY MICROSCOPY

SAMPLE INSPECTION
Microscopy is used in the inspection of samples achieving in the inspection of samples.
achieving an artificial enlargement that facilitates the visualization of small features. Its
Function contrasts with that of microscopy, which involves inspecting a sample with the sole
help of the human eye.

The optical microscope is used for inspection, allowing the enlargement of microstructures.
up to 1,000 times. The electron microscope with up to 500,000 magnifications is used
typically in failure analysis, in R&D laboratories and educational institutions.

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
In metallographic studies, four types of microscopes are used, depending on the
nature of the piece and the objective of the research, which are described below.
Optical microscope
Different filters are used in the optical microscope to enhance contrast and emphasize.
specific characteristics based on the properties of the material. This is achieved with increases
which usually range between 2.5 and 1,000. In materials science, reflected light is the most common type
common used in light optical microscopes. The optical microscope is also used
light transmitted, although mainly in mineralogy samples.

Stereomicroscope
The stereomicroscope is a variant of the optical microscope designed for observations of
under magnification of a sample, where reflected light on the surface of the sample is used.

Scanning electron microscope

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that generates
images of a sample by scanning the surface of the sample with a beam of
focused electrons. The electrons interact with the atoms in the sample, producing
various signals that translate into information about the topography of the surface and the
composition of the sample.

Transmission electron microscope

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses a beam of electrons transmitted to
through an ultra-thin sample, interacting with the sample as it passes through it. The
generated signals translate into various types of information, including information about the
type and orientation of individual crystals.
USE OF THE LIGHT OPTICAL MICROSCOPE

Sample preparation
The state of the surface of the sample will affect
the light reflected or transmitted. An acceptable level
this effect is defined according to the type and size of
the relevant feature for the exam.

It is essential to properly prepare the sample

to achieve the required quality and contrast in
the surface.

2. Light source
The image of the surface is based on the interaction between light and the surface. Different
light sources such as LED, halogen or mercury, along with different types of lighting
Like coaxial, ring light or spotlight will cover a wide variety of surfaces.
inspect in terms of surface characteristics; e.g.: roughness, color, and alignment.
Proper lighting is essential for investigating a complex topology.

3. Filters
Bright field (BF) contrast is the most common contrast technique. Only
distinguish details with differences in reflectivity from each other.

Other contrast techniques such as dark field (DF), differential interference contrast
(DIC) or polarized light (POL) allow observing details different from those detected with the
contrast BF.

The choice of filters in an optical microscope depends on the nature of the surface and
of the characteristics and details to investigate.

Polarized light
It is used:
- to contrast the structure of optical anisotropic metals whose etching is difficult, such as
the case of titanium or alloys of tin, beryllium or uranium.
to identify numerous intermetallic compounds and slag inclusions by their effects
characteristic anisotropics.
to differentiate between optical anisotropic phases and optical isotropic phases.
to examine optical isotropic metals if their surface can be shown to be optically active
al engraving (e.g.: anodized).
Differential interference contrast
With the use of differential interference contrast (DIC), the relief is appreciated, and for example,
Special types of intermetallic phases are detected by referring to their morphology.

Fluorescence
The parts of the sample that are not fluorescent remain dark and are easy to see; e.g.:
the fractures or pores when using a fluorescent dye on the molding material.

4. Optical Microscope
An optical microscope is amicroscopebased onlensesoptics. Sizewell known
as a light microscope (which uses labout the 'photons'the bright field microscope. The development
This device is often associated with the works ofAnton van Leeuwenhoek. Lthe microscopes of
Leeuwenhoek contained a single small lens andconvex, mon a board, with a
mechanism to hold the material that was to be examined (the sample or specimen). This use of a
the only convex lens is known assimple microscopein which theforget, entabout others
optical devices.

Parts of the optical microscope and their functions:

Ocularlens located near the observer's eye. Captures and enlarges the image formed in the
objectives.
Objective:lens located in the revolver. It enlarges the image, it is a vital element that allows
see through the eyepieces.
Condenser: lens that concentrates thelight raysabout the preparation.
Diaphragm:regulates the amount of light that reaches the condenser.
Focus:direct the light rays towards the condenser.
Tube: it is the dark chamber that holds the eyepiece and the objectives. It can be attached to the arm.
through a zipper to allow focusing.
Revolver: It is the system that carries targets of different magnifications, and that rotates to
to be able to use either one, aligning them with the eyepiece.
Macro and micrometric screws: They are focus screws, moving the stage or the tube.
up and down. The macrometric allows for wide movements for a
initial focus and the micrometric, very short displacements, for the more focus
necessary. They can include a locking mechanism that secures the plate or the tube to a
determined height.
Platinum: It is a horizontal platform with a central hole, on which is placed the
preparation that allows the passage of rays coming from the light source
located below.
Holding clamps: *Two clamps are used to hold the slide on the stage and one
rack system that allows movement of the preparation. It can be fixed or attached to the arm
for a zipper to allow focusing.
Arm: It is the structure that holds the tube, the plate, and the associated focusing screws.
tube or to the plate. The connection to the base can be articulated or fixed.
Base or foot: It is the bottom part of the microscope that allows it to stand upright.
 Main elements of a basic microscope

Microscopes of this type are usually more complex, with several lenses in the objective such as
in the eyepiece. The purpose of these lenses is to reduce chromatic aberration and aberration
spherical. In modern microscopes, the mirror is replaced by a lamp that provides a
stable and controllable lighting.

Compound microscopes are used to study thin specimens, as their

Depth of field is very limited. They are generally used to examine crops.
crushed preparations or a very thin sheet of whatever material it may be. It usually depends on
the light that passes through the sample from below and special techniques are usually needed for
increase the contrast of the image.

The resolution of optical microscopes is restricted by a phenomenon called diffraction.

that, depending on the numerical aperture (NA) of the optical system and the wavelength of the
light used sets a defined limit to optical resolution. Assuming that the
if optical aberrations were negligible, the resolution would be:

Separator power, immersion objectives, and useful increase

Separator power
From the theory of diffraction on the formation of images using a microscope is
the minimum distance between two separately visible points is:

Where λ is the wavelength of the monochromatic light in which the object is observed and A is the
opening of the microscope.

Immersion objectives
The optical liquid medium that fills the space between the object and the lens is called
immersion liquid. Its refractive index is close to that of glass (water is used,
glycerin, cedar and juniper oils, monobromonaphthalene, among others.
Although all the components that make up a microscope are important, the objectives
They are of utmost importance, since the image ultimately depends greatly on its
quality. The best lenses are those that are corrected for aberrations.
 METALLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

SAMPLE INSPECTION
Microscopy is used in the inspection of samples achieving the inspection of samples achieving
an artificial enlargement that facilitates the visualization of small characteristics. Its function
contrasts with that of microscopy that involves inspecting a sample with the sole help of the
human eye.

The optical microscope is used for inspection, allowing microstructures to be expanded up to

1,000 veces. El microscopio electrónico con hasta 500,000 aumentos se utiliza normalmente en
fault analysis, in R&D laboratories and in educational institutions.
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

Four types of microscopes are used in the metallographic tests, depending on the nature of
the piece and the purpose of the investigation, which are described below.
Optical microscope
Different filters are used in the optical microscope to improve contrast and emphasize specific
characteristics based on the properties of the material. This is achieved with increases that
normally range from 2.5 to 1,000. In materialography, reflected light is the most common type
used in light optical microscopes. The transmitted light optical microscope is also used,
although mainly in mineralogy samples.

Stereo microscope
The stereomicroscope is a variant of the optical microscope designed for low magnification
observations of a sample, where the light reflected on the surface of the sample is used.

Scanning electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that generates images of a
sample by scanning the surface of the sample with a focused electron beam. The electrons
interact with the atoms in the sample, producing several signals that translate into information
about the surface topography and the composition of the sample.

Transmission electron microscope

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses an electron beam transmitted through an
ultra-fine sample, interacting with the sample as it passes through it. The generated signals are
translated into various types of information, including information about the type and
orientation of the individual crystals.
USE OF OPTICAL LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Sample preparation
The state of the surface of the sample will affect the
reflected or transmitted light. An acceptable level of
this effect is defined according to the type and size of
the characteristic relevant to the exam.

It is essential to prepare the sample correctly to

achieve the quality and contrast required on the
surface.

2. Light source
The surface image is based on the interaction between light and surface. Different light sources
such as an LED, halogen or mercury, together with different types of lighting such as coaxial,
light ring or point of light will cover a wide variety of surfaces to be inspected in terms of
surface characteristics; p. Eg: roughness, color and alignment.
Correct lighting is essential to investigate a complex topology.

3. Filters
Lightfield contrast (BF) is the most common contrast technique. Only details with differences in
Reflectivity can be distinguished from each other.
Other contrast techniques such as dark field (DF), differential interference contrast (DIC) or
Polarized light (POL) allows you to observe details different from those detected with the BF.
contrast.
The choice of filters in an optical microscope depends on the nature of the surface and the
characteristics and details to investigate.
Polarized light
Used:
To contrast the structure of optical anisotropic metals whose engraving is difficult, such as
titanium or tin, beryllium or uranium alloys.
To identify numerous intermetallic compounds and slag inclusions by their characteristic
anisotropic effects.
To differentiate between optical anisotropic phases and optical isotropic phases.
To examine optical isotropic metals if their surface can be shown optically active when
engraving (e.g. anodized).
Differential interference contrast
With the use of differential interference contrast (DIC), the relief is appreciated and, for
Example, special types of intermetallic phases are detected when referring to their morphology.

Fluorescence
Parts of the sample that are not fluorescent remain dark and are easy to see; e.g.: fractures or
pores when using a fluorescent dye in the drawing material.
4. Optical Microscope
An optical microscope is a microscope based on optical lenses. It is also known as a light
microscope (which uses light or "photons") or a light field microscope. The development of this
device is usually associated with the works of Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Leeuwenhoek microscopes
consisted of a single small convex lens, mounted on a plate, with a mechanism to hold the material
to be examined (the sample or specimen). This use of a single convex lens is known as a simple
microscope, which includes the magnifying glass, among other optical devices.

Parts of the optical microscope and their functions:

Eyepiece: lens located near the eye of the observer. Captures and enlarges the image.
formed in the objectives.
Objective: lens located on the revolver. Enlarge the image, it is a vital element that allows
you to see through the eyepieces.
Condenser: lens that concentrates the light rays on the preparation.
Diaphragm: regulates the amount of light that reaches the condenser.
Focus: directs the light rays towards the condenser.
Tube: it is the dark chamber that holds the eyepiece and the lenses. It can be attached to the
arm by a zipper to allow focus.
Revolver: It is the system that carries the objectives of different magnifications, and rotates.
to be able to use one or the other, aligning them with the eyepiece.
Macro and micrometric screws: They are focusing screws that move the stage or tube up and down.
down. The macrometric allows wide displacements for an initial approach and the
micrometric, very short displacements, for the most precise approach. They can include a
locking control that fixes the plate or tube at a certain height.
Stage: It is a horizontal platform with a central hole, on which the preparation is placed.
which allows the rays from the source of lighting located below.
Clamps: Two clamps serve to retain the slide on the stage and a rack system that allows
the preparation to move. It can be fixed or attached to the arm by a zipper to allow focus.
Arm: It is the structure that holds the tube, the stage and the focus screws associated with
the tube or stage. The union with the base can be articulated or fixed.
Base or foot: It is the lower part of the microscope that allows it to stand.
 Main elements of a basic microscope

Microscopes of this type are usually more complex, with several lenses in the lens and in the
eyepiece. The objective of these lenses is to reduce chromatic aberration and spherical
aberration. In modern microscopes the mirror is replaced by a lamp that offers stable and
controllable lighting.

Composite microscopes are used to study thin specimens, since their depth of field is very
limited. They are usually used to examine crops, crushed preparations or a very thin sheet of
material. It usually depends on the light that passes through the sample from below and usually
Special techniques are needed to increase the contrast of the image.

The resolution of optical microscopes is restricted by a phenomenon called diffraction that,

depending on the numerical aperture (NA) of the optical system and the wavelength of the light
used, sets a defined limit to the optical resolution. Assuming that the optical aberrations were
negligible, the resolution would be:

Separating power, immersion objectives and useful increase

Separating power
From the theory of diffraction on imaging using a microscope it is obtained that the minimum
the distance between two visible points separately is:

Where λ is the wavelength of the monochromatic light in which the object is observed and A is
the opening of the microscope.

Immersion objectives
the liquid optical medium that fills the space between the object and the target is called the
immersion liquid. The refractive index of this is close to that of glass (water, glycerin, cedar and
juniper oils, monobromonaphthalene, among others) are used.
Although all the components that constitute a microscope are important, the objectives are of
the utmost importance, since the image, in short, depends largely on its quality. The best
Objectives are those that are corrected for aberrations.