MAGNETIZATION CURVE, TRANSFORMATION RELATIONS

OBJECTIVES

Recognize the primary and secondary windings of the transformer.

Obtain the magnetization curve.
Study the magnetic properties of the core and its behavior.
Study the proper assembly for accurate measurement.
Measurement in cold of the resistances of the transformer windings.
Always keep the safety rules in mind for the proper handling of the
instruments.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

Magnetization curve

Also known as 'Hysteresis Curve of

"Magnetization" which is the result of magnetizing
A material is one that represents magnetism.
in the material as a function of the force
magnetizing. These curves are obtained because
The permeability of ferromagnetic materials is not constant.

Explanation of magnetization curves

At first, a small increase in the

motive magnetic force produces a huge
increase in the resulting flow. After
certain point, the subsequent increases in
the magnetomotive force, produce
relatively little increase in the flow.
Finally, an increase in strength
the driving magnet almost doesn’t produce change
some.

The region of the magnetization curve in

that the curve is flattened is called the region of
saturation and it is said that the nucleus
is saturated. In contrast, the region where
the flow changes very quickly it is called the unsaturated zone of the curve and it is said that the
the nucleus is not saturated. The transition zone between the unsaturated region and the saturated one,
At times it is called the "knee" of the curve.

The core must be operated in the unsaturated region of the magnetization curve.
since the resulting flow must be proportional, or approximately proportional, to the
applied magnetomotive force.
Transformation relationship (n)

It is the value of the consent that results from

divide the number of turns of the
primary winding (N1) and of the winding
secondary (N2).
n = N1/N2

In a vacuum transformer (without

load), the electromotive forces
induced (E1 and E2) have a relationship
direct, so the transformation relationship with E1 and E2 can also be determined.

n = E1/E2

Another way to determine the transformation relationship is by starting from the intensities.
nominal currents of the primary winding and the secondary winding (I1 and I2), based on the
inverse relationship that electromagnetic forces hold with.

n = I2/I1 n = N1/N2 = E1/E2 = I2/I1

These last equations not only allow us to obtain the transformation ratio n by
different means, but allow obtaining the values of voltage, current, and number of
turns in the windings (N1 and N2) if the value of n is known and one or more of the others
parameters.

Correction factor

The correction factor of a transformer, whether a power transformer or a

current transformer, it is the product of the correction factor of ratio and the factor of
correction of angle for a specific power factor in the primary circuit. The factors
correction of the transformer can be incorporated into the measurement multiplier for
improve the accuracy in measurement.

Correction factor of ratio

It is the relationship between the actual or measured transformation ratio and the relationship.
theoretical or marked on the transformer.

Phase angle correction factor

It is the relationship between the theoretical power factor and the measured power factor.
It is a function of the phase angle of the instrument transformer and the factor of
power of the primary circuit being measured.
EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE EXPERIENCE

Transformer.
Milliammeter 0 to 600 mA.
Current transformer.
Graduated ruler (vernier).
Moving coil voltmeter.
AC power supply
variable alternating current source cables.
Moving iron ammeter
Enamelled wire 5 m.
Rheostat or load resistance.

EXPERIENCE

Determine the primary and secondary with the correction factor

PROCEDURE

1- Verify the terminals of each winding and identify the winding that operates with the highest
voltage, this is possible, only knowing which winding has the highest resistance
ohmic.
2- Normally, transformers that operate with currents greater than 5
amperes, they have a description of the operating voltages of each winding; therefore
we will make so much use of this data.
3- We apply the corresponding voltage to the chosen winding, which in our case is the
of higher voltage; we will use the alternating current source for this.
We measure the induced voltage in the other winding and compare it with the data from the
manufacturer.
5- We repeat the steps by changing the windings, noting down and comparing the readings.
obtained.

READINGS, CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

MANUFACTURER DATA Voltages Nominal voltage of the winding Rated voltage of the winding
of the windings high voltage low voltage
It is still unknown what the 440 volts 120 volts
primary
FIRST CASE SECOND CASE
Assuming the 120v winding as primary Assuming the 440v winding as primary
Voltage applied to the primary 120 v Voltage applied to the primary 440 v
Voltage measured at the secondary 435v Voltage measured at the secondary 121.5v

The second case is assumed to be valid since it meets the manufacturer's data.
the secondary voltage in this case is higher due to the correction factor that we will find at
continuation:

From the manufacturer Measured in the laboratory

Transformation relationship (n) 440/120 = 3.667 440/121.5 = 3.621
Correction factor non-measured / non-manufacturer 3.621/3.667 = 0.987

Plot magnetization curve

PROCEDURE

1- For our case, we will use the current transformer with a factor of
conversion of 0.5, to measure the current consumed by the primary of our
transformer, we will also use the alteña power source. It must be taken into account
take into account the good connection of the equipment for a good reading.
We recorded the ammeter readings in a table and calculated the actual current.
making use of the conversion factor used.
3- We plotted the magnetization curve (E vs i).
4- Calculation of the conversion factor (fc) of the current transformer; as we know
this instrument has two scale lines, one reduction scale and another scale of
expansion, in addition to a 5A output for the ammeter.
To find the fc we simply divide the chosen scale by the output of the
ammeter
fc = amplification scale (may vary)/output to the ammeter (5)
fc = 2.5/5 = 0.5

READINGS, CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
E (V) 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
I (A) 0.225 0.245 0.26 0.29 0.315 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50
I*fc (A) 0.045 0.049 0.052 0.058 0.063 0.068 0.076 0.084 0.092 0.1
 magnetization curve
0.12
curve of
0.1
emanation, 0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145

Determine the transformation relationship

PROCEDURE

1- We wound a new winding on the main pole of the transformer, the pole
the principal will be the one where the primary and secondary winding are also located, for
we use the enameled copper wire.
2- We apply different voltages to the primary winding, we measure the outputs in the
secondary and the new winding (E3), for each case. We make a table and write it down.
the reading
3- We calculate the transformation ratio by finding the average of the readings, since
we know the number of turns of winding 3 (new winding).

READINGS, CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS

Voltage readings on each winding

No. 1 2 3
E1 (V) 140 215 235
E2 (V) 60 90 100
E3 (V) 6.97 10.47 11.58

Calculating the ratio (E3/N3); N3=13

No. 1 2 3
E3 6.97 10.47 11.58
Relationship3 (E3/N3) 0.536 0.805 0.89
Calculating the N2 ratio (E2/Relation3)
No. 1 2 3
E2 (V) 60 90 100
Relationship3 0.536 0.805 0.89
E2/Relation3 = N2 111.94 111.80 112.35
Average of turns N2 in the 3 readings 112.03
Number of turns N2 112

Calculating the relationship N1 (E3/Relation3)

No. 1 2 3
E3 (V) 140 215 235
Relationship3 0.536 0.805 0.89
E3/Relation3 = N1 261.19 267.08 264.04
Average of coils N1 in the 3 readings 264.1
Number of turns N1 264

QUESTIONNAIRE

What is magnetization intensity?

Magnetization, magnetizing, or imaning of a material is the density of

magnetic dipole moments that are magnetized by the metal:

In most materials, magnetization occurs when a field is applied.

magnetic to a body. In a few materials, mainly ferromagnetic ones,
Magnetization can have high values and exist even in the absence of an external field.
A body can also be magnetized by making it spin.

What is magnetic flux density?

Magnetic induction or magnetic flux density, symbolized as B, is the flux

magnetic that causes an electric charge in motion per unit area normal to the
direction of flow. In some modern texts, it is referred to as field intensity
magnetic, since it is the real field

The unit of density in the system

The international unit is the tesla. It is given.
for:

How does the permeability of a ferromagnetic material vary?

Ferromagnetic materials can be magnetized much more easily than others.

materials. This characteristic is indicated by a high relative permeability m /m r.
An increase in the magnetic field causes a variation in flux different from the variation.
which would cause a decrease equal to the magnetic field. This attribute indicates that the
relationships that express magnetic induction and permeability (m) as functions of
magnetic field, they are neither nonlinear nor uniform.

What is the purpose of determining the transformation ratio in single-phase transformers?

and three-phase?

The transformation ratio indicates the increase or decrease experienced by the voltage value.
output with respect to the input voltage, this means the relationship between the voltage
the output and the input.
The relationship between the induced electromotive force (Ep) and the applied to
primary winding and the induced electromotive force (Es), the obtained
in high school, it is directly proportional to the number of turns of
the primary (Np) and secondary (Ns) windings, according to the equation:

Characteristics of ferromagnetic materials

They can be magnetized better than other materials. This characteristic is indicated by
a great relative permeability.

They have a very high maximum intrinsic magnetic induction Bmax.

The ease with which they become magnetized is very different depending on the value of the magnetic field.
applied. This feature leads to the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and the
magnetic excitation (H) is not linear. This relationship is represented in the curve of
magnetization of the material.

An increase in the magnetic field causes a different change in flux than the change
that would cause an equal decrease of the magnetic field.

They maintain the immanence when the field is suppressed and tend to oppose the inversion.
of the sense of immanation once magnetized.

Types of cores for single-phase and three-phase transformers

Core type this type of core is represented in the figure, indicating the
cut A-1 the cross-section designated as S (cm2). This core
it is not solid, but rather it is made up of a package of sheets
superimposed, and electrically isolated from each other. To place them and be able to
place the finished winding around the core, cuts are made,
alternating placing a U section with an I section. The next upper layer
change the position I with respect to the U.

Armor-type nucleus this type of core is more

perfect, so dispersion is reduced, it is represented in the
figure, in views. Note that the lines of force in the part
central, around which the coils are bifurcated
down and up to the sides, so that everything
The outer contour of the nucleus can have half of the part.
central. This applies to both lateral branches as well as to both heads. To assemble the
the armored core is also built in pieces, some in the shape of E and others in the shape of
They are placed alternately to prevent the joints from aligning.

Characteristics of the transformer core being tested

It is made of an iron alloy.

It is of armored type
The windings are located in the central column of the core
Due to use, the insulation between the sheets of iron is not very good.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

When we make the different types of connections with the transformers, the
A fundamental factor will be to take into account the polarity of the transformers.
The protection of a transformer is formed by the appropriate combination of a
good design and suitable components that make the scheme safe due to their cost
protection.
Knowing the transformation ratio of a transformer is essential for
calculate the equivalent circuits reflected either to the primary or secondary, since it
know that both the voltages and the impedances are directly affected by the
transformation relationship.
For two transformers with the same characteristics and the same polarization
they will have the same polarity.
In an ideal transformer, the power we have in
the input is equal to the power we have in the
output, this means that:
But in reality, in real transformers there are small losses.
that manifest in the form of heat. These losses are caused by the materials
what makes up an electric transformer.

THEORETICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN - Electric Machines.

-IRVING L. KOSOW - Electric Machines and Transformers.

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