Vaults:

Edge dome - In the context of thearchitecturethe vault of

the edge consists of aarch(structure that serves as a cover)
concavefacing inward) formed by the intersection of two
barrel vaultswith the samearrowIts master arches
we limit asection.

Barrel vault - A barrel vault is aarchbuilt

like a continuous perfect arch. Synonyms: vault of
canudo; abóbada cilíndrica; abóbada de canhão.

Cross vault - One of the main characteristics of the

Gothic architectureit is the application of the so-called vaults in
cruzaria (derived from theedge arches, distinguishing itself from these
for the use ofribsstructural diagonals that support the
weight and unload it onto composite pillars ormultistyle) and to the
belong, and they are generally identified with them, the arches of
ogives (or ribbed vaults in ogive cross vaulting) and the ribbed vault
(or the ribbed vault). Note that when the term is used here
"ogiva" we do not refer to thebroken archesor you were living, what are,
de facto, also characteristic of the Gothic, but to the arches
(broken or not) that, in these vaults have the function of increasing
to increase, purchaselatin), the resistance and safety of the structure. Inside
of this type, we can identify the six-panel vault, resulting from 6arcs2toral arches
(that cross in the center) and 4formidable arches(which limit the four sides of the vault) with a
closurein the center ofarch, as in the lantern tower of theCathedral of Coimbra.

Curved arch - The curved arch consists of a specific type ofmuffling, from
very lowered profile and whose secondary nerves are arranged like large petals in a flower. Until
1520there are few examples of this technique inIberian Peninsula.

1
The authors are divided on the date of introduction of the ribbed vault inPortugal. Pedro Dias
argues that the oldest specimen is from the head of theBe of
Braga, of1509by the authorship ofJohn of CastileHowever, there is
authors who date the arch of the chancel of theChurch of Jesus of
Setúbalin the last decade of15th century, attributing it toDiogo
Boitacathat would have worked at that time.

The arch is a construction in the shape of an arch with which one

we cover spaces between walls, pillars or
columnsIt consists of carved pieces in stone especially
for this purpose, referred tostaves, or ofbrickssupported
about a temporary wooden structure, thearch.
Although widely used inRoman Empirethe construction
the wedding constituted the main problemarchitecturalyes
Middle AgesEuropean. The challenge of building them was one of the
factors that propelled the evolution ofWestern architecture.
Historical evolution
The peoplesMesopotamiansThey were the first to use domes, which were made of bricks. In theEgypte
naGreecethe roofs of the buildings were made through horizontal structures, thearchitraves, but between
The Cretans and the Mycenaeans already had some false vaults made of contiguous rows of
brick and stone. The Romans recovered the original techniques of the Mesopotamian peoples, resumed
later in the West and also inByzantiumfrom where they were transmitted to theIslamic world.
The periodRomanesquemainly used thebarrel vault, which evolved into the edge and the crossbar
until reaching thehoneycomb vaultcharacteristic of the Gothic period. TheRenaissancerecovered the values
aesthetics of classical art and, with them, the barrel vault.
Central vault of the Candelária Church - Rio de Janeiro - with an approximate height of 40 meters.
A vault is an arch-shaped structure used to cover spaces between
walls, columns or pillars. It consists of carved stone pieces
especially for this purpose, called voussoirs, or made of bricks
supported on a temporary wooden structure, the falsework.
Although widely used in the Roman Empire, the construction of
vaults constituted the main architectural problem of the Middle Ages
European average. The challenge of building them was one of the factors that
they drove the evolution of Western architecture.
Historical evolution. The Mesopotamian peoples were the first
to use vaults, which were made of bricks. In Egypt and Greece
the roofing of the buildings was done using horizontal structures,
the architraves, but between the Cretans and Mycenaeans there already
they found some false arches made of contiguous rows
of bricks or stones. The Romans recovered the original techniques of the Mesopotamian peoples,
resumed later in the West and also in Byzantium, from where they were transmitted to the world
Muslim.
The Romanesque period primarily used the barrel vault, which evolved into the ribbed and the
cross until reaching the pointed arch characteristic of the Gothic style. The Renaissance recovered the
aesthetic values of the classical past and, with them, the barrel vault.
Characteristics and types of vaults. The use of the vault as an architectural element presupposes
high degree of development of construction techniques. Unlike what happens with the

2
horizontal coverings, which support their own weight and that of the superimposed structure, the vaults do
they are made up of multiple pieces that transfer the vertical force of the structure's weight to the sides.
Thus, a complex game of forces is created that must be correctly distributed among the points of
support. The true arch serves a structural function, while the false arch relies on
on walls and does not support any weight.
The main parts of a vault are the start, or the line of union between the vault and the wall where
it supports; the intradorsum and the extradorsum, respectively the inner and outer surface of the vault;
faced, each of the pieces that make up its surface, and the clasp, central and highest faced.
The nerves are the structural lines that connect the various supports of the arch, and the tie is the ring.
which surrounds the perimeter of the vault, serving to absorb lateral forces. In pointed arches,
the spine is the line formed by the union of the highest points.
The arches can be simple or composite. The former are formed by a single surface.
geometric and its most characteristic type is the barrel vault, originated by a semicircular arch
prolonged along a longitudinal axis. The composite arches are the result of the intersection of
two or more simple vaults. The most common are the rib vault, formed by two vaults
of cradles that intersect in such a way that the protruding edges on the intrados form an 'x'; the vault
of crossbeam, composed of arches that cross diagonally, following the line of the edges, with a
common central closure; the ogival vault, similar to the previous one but composed of arches in the shape of
ogive; it is the pointed arch of a clergyman, a product of the intersection of two barrel vaults that
they form an angle with the reentrant edges on the intradorsum.
There are many other types of composite vaults, which depend on the space to be covered and the
properties of the materials used. The dome is a semi-spherical arch that had
particular development due to its complexity. In the 20th century, reinforced concrete, the beams
metallic structures and new building techniques would allow for the execution of revolutionary projects
architectural with the use of vaults. Examples include the geodesic domes of markets; the
concrete acoustic shells intended for musical concerts; and the warped vaults of hangars.

Genesis of Geodesics

Spatial meshes
Take as a starting point the spatial meshes, which comprise,
among several structural systems, the Geodesics. As can be deduced.
easily by simple observation, spatial meshes are systems
structures made up of a large number of parts, of short
compared to the entire structure, the bars are joined
through the extremities, resulting in a image
three-dimensional. This three-dimensional network is generated by the concerted action of
each of its pieces: the bars join at the so-called 'knots',
forming organized models in tetrahedral, cubic, etc. shape.
to achieve repeat throughout the space, directing the forces and
transmitting loads.

Creation of the Geodesic Dome

Geodesic structures are derived from polyhedral geometry, generated by the subdivision of a
polyhedron or part of it. The vertices of this polyhedron touch the surface of an imaginary sphere, which the
circumscribes. (hence the term "geodesic").

The 5 Platonic Solids.

3
The last Platonic solid is the icosahedron (20 triangles) from which most of the ...
geodesics. As you remember, all these solids are inscribed in a sphere, the vertices
they touch its surface. If we project the edges of the polyhedron onto the surface of the sphere, the polyhedron stays
spherical, base for the geometric construction of the geodesic.

OGIVE ARCH: structures the skeleton of the vault crossing-

if with another in the center (key) distributing the weight to the pillars
of support.

Aogive madnessAmong the elements of Gothic architecture

this would be the most important. The Gothic architects introduced
two fundamental innovations in the construction of vaults. In
first place for the bent arches and the front arches to have the
the same dimension as the flying buttresses, adopted the pointed arch.
The crossing of the vaults allows for the creation of domes with arches of the

4
same height. In a vault that covers a rectangular space, the arch's ogive must be
very pronounced. On the other hand, the Gothic builders tried to concentrate the pressure of the
arches along a single line, in front of each pillar, on the exterior of the building. The arches
Gothic arches raise the supporting arches: instead of starting them at the same level as the diagonal arches,
they insert a small column that allows placing the birth of the arch formers at a higher level than the
others. Thus, the skylight windows become more important and, in this way, there is no longer the
it is necessary to accentuate the apex of the arch to obtain a vault of equal spans.
Finally, the area covered by the vault on the exterior wall reduces to a line instead of being limited.
to a triangle. The nave of the Cathedral of Amiens provides a clear example of this system.

Cloister vault - A cloister vault is avaultresulting fromintersectionof two

barrel vaultscrossing in aright angle.
[editGeometry
The intersection of a cloister vault with aplanhorizontal is asquareThis fact can be
used to find thevolumefrom a vault using the cutting method byintegral calculus.
Finding the volume by this method is usually an exercise for first year students.
period ofcalculation.

Assuming that the intersection between the barrel vaults is semi-cylindrical, the volume of the vault is
where s is the length of the side of the square base.

Sloped vaultDome, generally with the shape of thebarrel vault, inclined.

in aconstruction, serving as coverage (1) to arampsorstairs, following them in parallel.
Also called sloped vault, descending vault, and ascending vault.

Chapter at the upper end of acolumnof apillaror of apillar, whose function

mechanics is to transmit the efforts to theshaft.
Persianfigures of winged bulls, anthropocephalous and others
Egyptianlotus leaves
Greco-RomanArchitectural order)
DoricVery rustic, lacking a base, very smooth and simple
IonianVolutes (similar to the horns of a ram)
Corinthacanthus leaf
Compositemix of Corinthian and Ionic style
Byzantinecircular base that supports thecimalhasquare
Romanticanthropomorphic reasons
Gothic- phytomorphic reasons

I am part ofcolumnbetween thechapterand abase. The column can be monolithic or made up of

various stones called drums.

Portico- Emarchitecturea portico is the covered area at the entrance of

aroundbuilding, of atempleor of apalaceIt can extend to
long of acolumned, with a structure covering a walkway
raised bycolumnsor closed off by walls. The idea appeared in the

5
Ancient Greeceand influenced various cultures, including most of the Western ones. The portico has,
generally, dimensions smaller than aportal.
Some famous examples of porticoes are the East Portico of theCapitoltwoUnited States, and the
portico that adorns thePantheoninRome.
The city ofBolognaItalyIt is very famous for its porticos. In total, there are more than 45 there.
kilometers of arches, 38 just in the city center. The longest archway in the world, with about
3.5 km, goes from the city limits to theSanctuary of the Madonna of San Luca.

It measures the inner area of a portal in aGreek templeorRoman, located between the colonnade or
the walls of the portico and the entrance of thecell, or sanctuary. Roman temples typically had a
open pronau, almost always only with columns and without walls, and this pronau could be so long
As for the cell. The word pronaus (pronaos inGregmeans "in front of the temple" (naos).latino
pronau could be called anticum or prodomus.

Arcade - An arcade (or arcaria) is formed by a sequence ofarches, generally forming a

space dividing plan, which rests oncolumnsThey are, for example, found in
cloisters.
Pump -

Cornice - The architectural element cornice is a strip

horizontal that stands out fromwall, in order to accentuate the
ribsin the employment.
Set offramesprotrusions that serve as finishing
superior to architectural works

Amphora – Amphoras arevasesancient Greek in generally oval shape and possessing

two handles.

Volutas - A volute is a shape inspiralvery common in the kingdom

animal, which reminds of aslugIt has been used for centuries
in applied examples in thegeometry, besides serving as an object of
ornament, in the auction ofcapitalsofcolumns, brackets, staplese
others.
The columns adorned in this way have their origin in the people.ion, as
Greeceancient. It is also one of the symbols of thearchitecturetwo
periodsManneristandBaroque.
Voluta also refers to thelabyrinthin a wind instrument
musicalby which they are expandedsound waves.

6
Dossel: ornamental framework that allows for hanging curtains and creating a true nest.
Provençal. This style of bed was created between the 12th and 13th centuries and the curtains served to
protect the nobles in times of cold. The more luxurious the canopy of the guest beds, the more
The host showcased their hospitality and possessions. In the current version, luxury is replaced by charm.

Caryatids - The Caryatids arecolumnsin the form ofstatuesof

womenthat supported in theheadall the weight of theentablaturee
of the coverage of thetempledesignated byErection.
Sometimes used as a substitute, in theGreek architectureatcolumns
of conventional supports, illustrate the harmony achieved by
Greek artin their architectural standards.