Year of the bicentennial of Peru: 200 years of independence

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
SAINT
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Agronomist

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING:
CULTIVATION OF RADISH

MEMBERS:

• Blas Palacios Stefany

• López Infantes Lincoln Leloir
• Paucar Quispe Nayruth
• Vega Castillo Vanessa

TEACHER:
Eng. Nélida Escalante Espinoza

New Chimbote–2021

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 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated first and foremost to God for giving us the strength to carry on.
go ahead and not fall into problems that were presented to us and to our parents for
instill values in us to become good people, for the unconditional support that we
they provide to achieve our goals.

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 THANK YOU

To Eng. Nélida Escalante Espinoza, who as a teacher supported us by giving us time.

and effort towards us, dedicating to sharing his knowledge and teachings
necessary for later developing in our professional life.

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Content
I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 5
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. Originn .................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Taxonomic classification ...................................................................................... 6
2.3. Morphologya ............................................................................................................. 6
2.3.1 Description of the plant .................................................................................. 6
Cultural Works
2.4.1. Soil preparation: ..................................................................................... 7
2.4.2. Sowing........................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3. Irrigation.............................................................8
2.4.4. Thinning:.............................................................................................................. 8
2.4.5. Aporque .......................................................................................................... 8
2.4.6. Fertilization:................................................................................................... 8
2.4.7. Weeds........................................................................................................... 8
III. RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 10
3.1 germination percentage..................................................................................... 10
Performance
3.3. Pests 11
3.3.1. Aphids (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae)) ............................................... 11
3.3.2. Caterpillar from the cabbage (Pieris brassicae) ................................................................ 11
3.3.3. Black ringlet (Spodoptera littoralis)......................................................... 12
3.4. Diseases
3.4.1 Mildew (Peronospora parasitica)......................................................... 12
3.5. Fertilization dosagen ........................................................................................... 12
IV. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 14
V. CONCLUSIONS.15
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCESS .16

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I INTRODUCTION
Vegetables occupy an important place in daily nutrition.
population, form the fundamental part of the culinary tradition of our country, already
which have a high nutritional value. From this arises the vital importance of vegetables.
for the man.

The Radish (Rhapanus sativus) is a vegetable that is cultivated worldwide and

national, mainly used for human consumption generally the root,
although in countries like Egypt the leaves are consumed. In India, its fleshy pods and
In China, the oil extracted from the seeds.
China is considered the place of origin of radishes, although this is a
data that has been conclusively determined. However, it is known that the
Egyptians and Babylonians consumed it 4000 years ago. It seems that it was around the year 400.
A.D., when it began to be consumed in China and Korea. It is considered a vegetable.
easy to cultivate that grows in a short period (1 to 2 months) and can adapt without any problem
to any type of weather and soil.
The radish belongs to the crucifer family. It includes 380 genera.
and about 3000 species native to temperate or cold regions of the northern hemisphere. Whose
the peculiarity is that its skin is red, pink, purple or white, and its flesh is always
white. Its pulp, besides being white, has a crunchy texture, strong and spicy flavor.
It can be spherical, oval, or cylindrical in shape. In the time of the Greeks and Romans, it
became a very prized food. It was these last ones who extended their
crops throughout Europe, in the countries of the Far East where it is most appreciated and
consume today.

It is a vegetable that always deserves a small space in the garden, rich in

proteins and minerals such as calcium, iron, iodine, and potassium salts, vitamins from the groups
And C, and excellent diuretic properties.
The importance of cultivating this vegetable is that it helps provide
necessary nutrients and contribute to the creation of organic matter to improve the
Soil quality, in addition to helping care for the environment, helps generate income.
in a short time to small farmers.
Objectives

General objective
Investigate and evaluate the cultivation management of radishes and their development during their stage.
of growth

Specific objective
Investigate the phytosanitary plan for pest and disease control in the
direct cultivation of radish

Improve soil quality through radish crops

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III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1. Origin
The origin and the provenance of radishes have not been determined clearly.
conclusive; although it seems that the small-sized varieties of radishes are
originated in the Mediterranean region, while the large radishes may have
originating in Japan or China. In inscriptions found in Egyptian pyramids, dated
2000 BC; its culinary use was already referenced, and today it is a vegetable.
that is cultivated worldwide.

3.2. Taxonomic classification

Raphanus sativus
Origin: Mediterranean
Habitat: Europe, Asia and America
reino plants
division magnoliophyta
class: Magnoliopsida
- order: brassicales
family brassicaceae
gender radish
species radish

3.3. MORPHOLOGY
2.3.1 Description of the plant
The radish is an annual plant that has a branched and hairy stem measuring six to eight.
decimeters in height, it is very variable in terms of shape and size, with red, pink skin
and white, rough leaves, large, split into toothed lobes the radical ones and almost whole
the upper ones, white flowers, yellow, in terminal clusters, dry fruit in the shape of
striped vanilla, with many small seeds, and a fleshy, round or fusiform root,
white, red, with a spicy flavor depending on the varieties. (National University of Ecuador.)
Root vegetables and tubers, 1085.

➢ The Root: With limited root development, as the roots can be found at a
depth between 5 to 10 cm, although in some cases the main root
It can reach a depth of one meter and the sides up to 90 cm.

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 ➢ The Stem: During the vegetative phase it is usually short, with leaves that form a
crown, then it elongates reaching a height of between 80 and 120 cm, in shape
cylindrical variable in green color.

➢ The Leaves: They have a long petiole and an oval shape, with a serrated edge and the apex
larger, with a few hairs, with 1-3 pairs of lateral segments of edge
irregularly toothed.

➢ The flower: Arranged on thin ascending pedicels, in large clusters and

open; their sepals are upright; the petals can be white, pink,
purple and sometimes yellow) has 6 free stamens, thin style
with a slightly lobed stigma. Generally, the radish is harvested earlier.
from when I reached reproductive phase 5, however, for seed production
if it is necessary for them to produce flowers.

➢ The Fruit: The fruit is a 3-10 cm long indehiscent silique, spongy, with
a long beak. Round or almost round seeds, pink or light brown, with a
yellowish dye, each fruit contains 1 - 10 seeds. Under good conditions.
of storage the seeds (Pio Font Quer, 1982)

Cultural Works
2.4.1. Soil preparation:
It is a useful practice for pest management, as they remain
exposed allowing them to be consumed by other animals such as birds.
On the other hand, good soil preparation allows for good
incorporation and composition of the residues from the previous harvest which
helps to control diseases

3.4.2. Sowing
[Link] Direct seeding:
To carry out this procedure, three seeds were thrown per hit,
with a depth of half a centimeter, leaving 6 cm of distance for
each blow.

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 [Link] Indirect Sowing:
To carry out this procedure, place it on a disposable plate.
a sheet of toilet paper and on top of it the seeds covering them with a layer
paper, then water is poured evenly with the dispenser,
for seed germination and subsequent transplanting.

3.4.3. Irrigation

It is the action that is performed after sowing, it is watered with a

dispenser to maintain the soil with the proper moisture for the
seed germination process. Irrigation was done twice a day and is
it is advisable that it be in the mornings and afternoons. it has to be appropriate, because

Excesses or deficiencies can affect the crop.

3.4.4. Thinning:
This practice consists of reducing the number of plants by uprooting the most
weak in the thick places to improve growth and good development of
radish

3.4.5. Aporque
It consists of accumulating soil at the base of the stem to protect them.
helping to facilitate irrigation and prevent excess moisture.

Fertilization
Fertilization, in order to be effective, must be based on an analysis.
of soil and according to the needs of the crop. In radish cultivation, it
recommend: NPK before sowing, and the application of microelements, in
especially boron since it is a plant that is very demanding of this element

3.4.7. Weeds
Weeds are plants that grow in a place where they are not wanted.
They grow, these have high dispersal capacity and have great persistence. They decrease.
the yield of the crop and interfere with agricultural structures.

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[Link]. Narrow-leaved weeds:
Alopecurus myosuroides: Blackgrass is the herbicide-resistant weed.
A. myosuroides persisted at low densities
of population, despite the use of herbicides and grass cutting in the rotation.
farmers to integrate cultural and chemical control into a strategy for
long term. according to Lynn V. (2017)

Avena fatua: It is a significant weed in production systems of

winter, particularly in the South of the Province of Buenos Aires, the
performance losses and the costs for their control, but also for the
discounts generated in marketing. according to (A Scursoni, MR,
R Gigón, AN Martin) 2018

Echinochloa crusgalli: It is an annual plant of 10-100 cm. Leaves without

ligule; flattened sheath in seedling stage. Inflorescence formed by
a cluster of 2-10 cm, with several well-defined spikes, distant between
them. Most of the spikelets are 2.8-3.5 mm.

[Link]. Broadleaf weeds:

Amaranthus: a dicotyledonous non-grass plant that produces

seed type grains, for which it has been referred to as a
pseudocereal; its seeds contain high levels of protein
and the amino acid lysine, generally deficient in other cereals.

Solanum: it is a genus of herbaceous, shrubby plants or

climbing plants. The type genus of the Solanaceae family. Contains
edible and cultivated species, among others. It can be a
harmful weeds in many crops, but it is also a component
attraction of roadside vegetation in the regions
arid areas of the country. According to Darwiniana 433 (1972).

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Sinapis: Sinapis is a weed that can reduce productivity in crops.
It is necessary to control them so that they do not pose a significant risk to development.
of the plants. According to (Fernández, RE Brevedan) 2005.

IV. RESULTS

4.1 Germination percentage

The germination percentage of our radish crop is as follows

LINCOLN NAYRUTH
54 seeds ------ 100% 48 Seeds ------ 100%
54 sprouted------x% 43 germinated------x%
X = 100 % 89.5%

VANESSA (STEFANY)
24 seeds ------ 100% 60 Seeds ------ 100%
15 germinated------x% 30 germinated------x%
62.5% X = 50%

4.2. Performance

Radish sample (Nayruth) Total performance result

1=27g 2=25g 24.25g x 24 = 582g
3=20g 4=25g
97
4
= 24.25g
Radish sample (Vanessa) Total performance result
1=30g 2=15g 18.3g x 14g = 256.2g
3=10g
55
equals 18.3
3

Radish sample (Stefany) Total performance result

1=15g 2=10g 10g x 8g = 80g
3=5g
30
3
10

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Radish sample (Lincoln) Total performance result
1=31g 2=67g 42.33g x 12 = 507.9g
3=29g
127 = 42.33
3

4.3. Pests
➢ Aphids (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae)
They are small in size (1-3 mm in length) and can come in various colors.
according to the species to which they belong. They attack the young shoots of crops with high
sugar content. The larvae cause damage by making galleries in the leaves of the
plants. As for the adults, they feed by sucking the sap from the leaves, buds
and young shoots using the stylet of their mouthparts. They also excrete a liquid.
sweet and sticky substance called molasses that attracts ants. They promote the
appearance of a fungus known as sooty and they can also transmit viruses from
some plants to others.

Control
Lambda Cihalotrin 2.5% will be applied, presented as a dispersible granule in
water, with doses of 0.40-0.50%.

➢ Cabbage butterfly caterpillar (Pieris brassicae)

They are white butterflies with black spots, although the damage is caused by the larvae.

Control

The treatment must be carried out upon the hatching of the eggs, the active ingredients
recommended are:

Chlorpyrifos 25%, presented as a wettable powder, with doses of 0.30-0.40%.

Lambda Cihalotrin 2.5%, presented as a water-dispersible granule, with dosage

from 0.40-0.50%.

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➢ Black cutworm (Spodoptera littoralis)
They can cut the radish or radish seedlings in the early stages of development.
and also cut the leaves.

Control

It is recommended to apply:

Chlorpyrifos 25%, presented as a wettable powder, with doses of 0.30-0.40%.

Chlorpyrifos 75%, presented as a water-dispersible granule, with dosages of 0.10-

0.30%.

4.4. Diseases

• Downy mildew (Peronospora parasítica)

It is a common illness during the spring months. It presents itself in the form of
small yellow spots on the leaves. Subsequently, after a
over time these stains turn dark brown, eventually drying them out
totally.

Control
Crop rotation.
Foliar sprays with urea are interesting, especially during this time.
warm, in order to prevent the rise to the surface and achieve better harvest.

4..5. Fertilization dosage

N 20%

100g N………20g N
Xg N………0.5g N
X = 2.5 Ng
P 20%
100g P………20g P
Xg P………0.5g P
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 X = 2.5 Pg
To 20%
100g K………20g K
XgK…………0.5g K
X = 2.5 Kg
Total, of NPK fertilizer doses = 7.5 g

UREA 46% N
100g urea……46g N
X g urea.......1 g N

2.17 g N

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V. DISCUSSION

Germination (Lincoln; Nayruth)

The germination of each of the radish members was different since to
a colleague germinated 100%, while another colleague germinated 89.5%. This is due to the
first I do it through indirect sowing and the second person did it through
direct sowing due to the compact soil that affected the germination.

Germination (Vanessa; Stefany)

At the beginning, both partners used the type of direct seeding in which they
I am experiencing problems at the time of germination since a week has passed after.
from the planting it was observed that no seed had germinated and in the other pots
I only germinate a few, the reason why I didn't germinate was that the soil in the pot
it did not contain the necessary nutrients for that radish seed to germinate.
The problem was also that the seed was planted too deeply.

During the development of the radishes, it was observed that the leaves of the plant of a
the companions started to turn yellow the reason why this problem arose was because of
the lack of chlorophyll known as a disease called chlorosis this is due to that
the soil is not rich in nutrients or because they are not available due to the high pH (soil
alkaline). It is also possible that the nutrients cannot be absorbed because the roots
the plants are damaged or underdeveloped.

After planting my radish, I encountered the disease called sucking.

he gave it that because at first it was throwing large amounts of water, I controlled it with
floxil, then some aphids started to appear and I controlled them by removing them by hand and
I also found 3 larvae that are called cabbage worms and in these last few days
the leaves began to turn a little yellow

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VI. CONCLUSIONS

1. Diseases were the first factor for our radish crop.

it has a delay in its optimal development.
2. A broad understanding of the vegetative cycle of the radish was obtained in order to thus
to have a good quality production.
3. A pest control was carried out and diseases at the peak moment
incident.
4. This vegetable should be placed in areas where it receives sunlight so that it has a
better development.

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VII. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Origin:
Mendoza, J. (2015). The effect of nutritional amendments on growth and
performance of the radish. Extracted from:
The provided text is not translatable since it is a URL.

Taxonomy:
Zorrilla, O. EFFECT OF SEEDING DENSITY ON THE
GROWTH OF RADISH PLANTS. Extracted from:
Unable to access or translate content from the provided URL.
%20UNH%20AGRON.%[Link]?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Morphology:
Avila, L. (Tarapoto, 2014). FERTILIZER DOSAGE WITH
BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS (FERTI EM) IN RADISH CULTIVATION.
Extracted from:
Invalid URL format for translation.
[Link]/bitstream/handle/11458/598/TFCA_134.pdf?sequence=1&ved=2ahU

AOEch6Wx-l

Weeds:
Moyeja, J. (November 2013). Weed control. Retrieved from:
The provided text is a website link and does not contain translatable content.
E%[Link]

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VIII. ANNEXES

Cultural labor:

Image 1 Soil preparation

Image 2 Radish Sowing

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Image 3 Germination of the radish plant

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Image 4 Why

Image 5 Irrigation

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Image 6 Growth of the radish plant

Image 7 Fertilization

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Image 8 Raaleo

Image 8 Macho

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Image 9 Disease (chlorosis)

Image 10 Development of the radish plant

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Image 11 Harvest

Image 12 Weight of the radish

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