Laboratory Report On Angular Mirrors
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ScribdTranslationsLABORATORY REPORT
ANGULAR MIRRORS
JHOINER BELTRAN RODRIGUEZ
Katerine Gantivar Ramirez
YEISON HERNANDEZ RINCON
JUAN SEBASTIAN OPSINA GUZMAN
DIANA VICTORIA RIVERA LOPEZ
TECHNICAL AGRO-INDUSTRIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
LEOPOLDO GARCÍA
PALOCABILDO
PURE PHYSICS
ONCE 01
2017
LABORATORY REPORT
ANGULAR MIRRORS
JHOINER BELTRAN RODRIGUEZ
KATERINE GANTIVAR RAMIREZ
YEISON HERNANDEZ RINCON
JUAN SEBASTIAN OSPINA GUZMAN
Diana Victoria Rivera Lopez
Work presented in the area of
PURE PHYSICS to the teacher
FERNANDO DÍAZ RIVERA
TECHNICAL AGRI-INDUSTRIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
LEOPOLDO GARCÍA
PALOCABILDO
PURE PHYSICS
ONCE 01
2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. JUSTIFICATION
3. OBJECTIVES
3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
5. MATERIALS USED
6. PROCEDURE
7. EVIDENCES
8. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
1) INTRODUCTION
A mirror is the name given to any surface or sheet of glass.
polished metal at the back, so that they reflect in
she the objects. By extension, the term 'mirror' is used for any surface that
produce reflection of objects, for example the surface of water.
The angular mirrors are obtained from flat mirrors, which
they are a very polished flat surface that can reflect light that
arrives with a reflective capacity of the intensity of the incident light of
95%, due to this, those mirrors are known as angular mirrors.
planes that are positioned forming a certain angle between them; if they are placed
two plane mirrors forming a certain dihedral angle between them, and between them
An object is placed, and several images can be observed. The image is
It will reflect several times, depending on the angle formed.
through the mirrors, the smaller the angle, the more times it will go
reflect the object. The images formed in angular mirrors are due to
successive reflections of light on mirrors.
Reflection is the change of direction of a ray or a wave that occurs in
the separating surface between two media, in such a way that it returns to
initial level.
The images of an object placed between two angled mirrors (60°) are
They form on a circumference. But when the object is inside.
of a triangular prism, where the three faces form the triangle
Equilateral forms the kaleidoscope.
JUSTIFICATION
This work was carried out in order to acquire new knowledge related to
with the reflection of objects in angular mirrors thus forming images,
where said image will be reflected several times, depending on what it measures
angle formed by the mirrors, the smaller the angle, the more times
The object will be reflected.
Similarly, identify the formation of images in angular mirrors and with
I am looking to find an equation that allows calculating the number of images for a
determined angle between two flat mirrors, obtained as a result of the
reflection of an object in that physical system.
3) OBJECTIVES
3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Identify the image formation in angular mirrors.
specificObjectives
Calculate the number of images formed by an object placed
in front of a physical system of angular mirrors.
Identify the relationship between the projected image and the incident angle in
the angular mirrors.
Find an equation that allows calculating the number of images.
for a certain angle between two flat mirrors.
4) THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
SPEED OF LIGHT.
The first to try to measure the speed of light was Galileo at the beginning
from the 17th century; I used a method analogous to the one used to determine the
speed of sound, but due to the distance used (500m) it was
very small compared to the enormous speed of light, it reached a
erroneous conclusion, the speed of light is infinite, and instantaneous.
It was the Danish astronomer Olaf Roemer (1644-1710) who was the first to
make an accurate determination of the speed of light in 1675. I used a
astronomical method, using the observation of the eclipses of
first satellite of Jupiter; I knew that this satellite eclipses every 42 hours.
28 min. 36 sec.
I observe the eclipses of this satellite when the Earth is in position T.
closer to Jupiter and in the position T' furthest from (when it has
a little more than half a year after moving from position t to T', Jupiter is
has moved very little in its orbit as its revolution period is
more than 1 year)
With the data available, Roemer calculated eclipse No. 112 which was
it will produce when the Earth is in the farthest position T' from Jupiter
setting the day, hours, and minutes in which it was to take place. But it happened that the
The expected eclipse occurred at 16 minutes and 30 seconds.
Later than the calculated time. This delay is due to the fact that in the
position T' the light has to travel a greater distance than when it is in
This greater distance is the Earth's orbit, which measures approximately
297,000,000 km, which light takes 16 minutes and 30 seconds to travel. How: V =
t d, is obtained by rounding v=300,000 Km/s; it is the value of the speed
of the light that is generally given.
PLANE MIRRORS
As its name indicates, a plane mirror is a flat, smooth surface.
polished that makes the light coming from objects reflect off it to
obtain images clear.
To address reflection more formally, the following are defined: the normal, the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection. The normal is a line perpendicular to the
mirror. The angle formed by the ray of light coming from the object or ray
incident, with the normal, is the angle of incidence and the angle between the ray of
reflected light and the normal is the angle of reflection.
The law of reflection states that the angles of reflection and incidence are
equal, i = r.
The rays of light coming from the object (point light source) are reflected.
by the mirror like this: the normal ray OA reflects back towards the object itself. A ray
The oblique wave reflects according to the law of reflection; that is, i = r.
For example, in the case where a ray of light strikes perpendicularly to the mirror, the
incident and reflected rays coincide with the normal as the angles of
incident y of reflection son of 90°.
If the lines of reflection OA and BC are extended towards the back of the mirror
until they intersect, the point I is obtained at a distance S' from the mirror that
it is equal to the distance to which the object is located. The point is the image of the
This image is a virtual image because it cannot be projected onto
a screen. The human eye sees the (virtual) image because the brain interprets the
rays of light reflecting in the mirror, as if coming from a point behind the
mirror
The distance of the image in a flat mirror is independent of the angle of
incidence. Several rays of light reflect off the mirror at different angles of
incidence forming only one image whose apparent position, behind the
mirror, it depends solely on the position of the object.
APPLICATIONS OF PLANE MIRRORS:
There are multiple applications, from the simplest and most everyday ones such as
domestic mirror. Vehicle rearview mirrors, etc. It is also used in the
periscope of flat mirrors and in the sextant, which is a device that is used by the
astronomers and sailors to measure the height of a celestial body above the horizon.
ANGULAR MIRRORS
They are known as angle mirrors to those flat mirrors that are found
forming a certain angle between them
If two flat mirrors are placed forming a certain dihedral angle between them, and
an object is placed among them, several images can be observed, depending
the number of the dihedral angle formed between the mirrors.
As the angle becomes smaller, the number of images increases.
The following concept is very important:
When two flat mirrors form a right angle (are perpendicular) they
three images are formed. If the angle between the mirrors varies, the number of images
what is obtained also varies and the number of these can be obtained by means of
the expression:
n = (360 - x) / x
Where: n = number of images x = angle formed between the two mirrors
plans
Now let's assume that the mirrors M1 and M2 are rectangular:
We will find, as in the previous case, two series of images, but in a
very limited number, due to the fact that: a light ray drawn from the
An object can suffer more than two reflections in the most favorable cases,
y2º, certain images match.
The luminous ray R1 reflects on M1 (Fig. 5)
As if it came from the image O'1 after finding M2 is reflected in
direction of the image O’1,2, and cannot suffer other reflections, before being
received by the observer. A second ray like the R2 that is reflected
First in M2 coming from the image O'2cae then on the
mirrorM1, because it is reflected again as if it came from the
image O'2,1, symmetrical of O'2 with respect to the plane M1. It is evident that the
images O'1,2 and O'2,1 coincide in position and direction, and also, the three
Images of the object are located on the same circle centered at Cy
radioCO. If the angle formed by the mirrors is not exactly 90º, the two
images O'1,2 and O'2,1 already match; their distance is greater the more
The angleformed by the mirrors differs from 90º. Thus, it is obtained
aprocedurecomfortable for adjusting the perpendicular of two mirrors.
Let's consider the case where the angle of the mirrors is 60º.
It shows that five images are then observed situated in a circle that passes
for the object. In general, if the angle of the mirrors is 1/n of
circumference, the number of images is n - 1. For example, for the angle of
45º, which is 1/8 of a circumference, will have 8 - 1 = 7 images.
Kaleidoscope
This instrument, due to the physicalEnglishBrewster (1818), is an application of the
angular mirrors. Two mirrors are placed in a long cylinder, which
they form an angle of 60º with each other One end of the cylindrical tube is
made of a glass ofcolor, feather beards, etc., whose positions
relative values can vary by shaking the instrument or lightly tapping it
tube. The observer looks at the objects and their images through a hole
small perforated on the other side of the tube. The images, due to their symmetry,
form decorative motifs that may interest designers.
MAGNITUDES ARE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
Two magnitudes are directly proportional when, when multiplying or dividing
one of them by any number, the other is multiplied or divided by it
same number. A direct proportionality relationship is established between two
magnitudes when:
To more, corresponds more.
Less corresponds to less.
The weight of a product and its price are directly proportional magnitudes.
Example:
If 1 kg of tomatoes costs 1 €, 2 kg will cost 2 €, and ½ kg will cost 50 cents.
That is: More kilograms of tomatoes, more euros. Fewer kilograms of
tomato less euros.
They are also directly proportional:
The distance traveled by a mobile object and the time taken.
The volume of a body and its weight.
The length of the sides of a polygon and its area.
Applications of direct proportionality
Simple and direct rule of three
Directly proportional distributions
Percentages
Magnitudes inversely proportional
Two magnitudes are inversely proportional when, by multiplying or dividing
one of them by any number, the other is divided or multiplied by it
same number. An inverse proportionality relationship is established between two
magnitudes when:
The more corresponds to the less.
Less corresponds to more.
They are inversely proportional magnitudes, speed and time:
Higher speed corresponds to less time.
Less speed corresponds to more time.
Examples:
A vehicle takes 6 hours to complete a journey if its speed is 60.
km/h, but if we double the speed, the time will be halved. That is,
If the speed is 120 km/h, the travel time will be 3 hours.
Applications of inverse proportionality
Inverse simple rule of three
Inverse proportional distributions
5) MATERIALS USED
2 flat mirrors
Carrier
Object
6) PROCEDURE
Place in front of two flat mirrors that form an angle of 30° with each other.
an object. Count the images in the physical system. Keep in mind that
In the union of the two mirrors, an image will always be formed.
Repeat the procedure for angles of 40°, 45°, 60°, 90°, and 180°.
Complete the following table:
ANGLE(x) NUMBER OF IMAGES + NUMBER OF IMAGES(Ni)
OBJECT
30° 12 11
40° 9 8
45° 8 7
60° 6 5
90° 4 3
180° 2 1
Use the values from the table to find an equation that allows
find the number of images that are formed for angles of 10°, 12°
15°… 0°.
You
14
12
10
8 You
0
30° 40° 45° 60° 90° 180°
By analyzing the table and the graph, it is possible to find that there are two equations.
that allow finding the number of images that are formed which are:
First: Ni = 360°/ x -1
Ni = 360° / x - 1 Ni = 360° / x - 1
Ni= 360°/ 120° -1 Ni = 360° / 72° - 1
Ni=3 - 1 Ni=5 - 1
Ni= 2 Ni= 4
Ni = 360° / x - 1 Ni = 360°/ x - 1
Ni = 360° / 36° - 1 Ni = 360° / 24° - 1
Ni = 10 - 1 Ni=15 - 1
Ni= 9 Ni= 14
Ni = 360° / x - 1 Ni = 360°/ x -1
Ni = 360° / 15° - 1 Ni = 360° / 12° - 1
Ni=24 – 1 Ni=30 - 1
Ni= 23 Ni= 29
Ni = 360°/ x - 1 Ni = 360°/ x -1
Ni = 360° / 10° - 1 Ni = 360° / 0° - 1
Ni=36 - 1 Ni=∞
Ni= 35
Second: Ni = (360 - x) / x
Ni = (360 - x) / x Ni = (360 - x) / x
Ni = (360° - 120°) / 120° Ni = (360° - 72°) / 72°
Ni= 240° / 120° Ni= 288° / 72°
Ni= 2 Ni = 4
Ni = (360 - x) / x Ni = (360 - x) / x
Ni = (360° - 36°) / 36° Ni = (360° - 24°) / 24°
Ni = 324° / 36° Ni = 336° / 24°
Ni= 9 Ni= 14
Ni = (360 - x) / x Ni = (360 – x) / x
Ni = (360 °– 15°) / 15° Ni = (360° - 12°) / 12°
Ni= 345° / 15° Ni= 348° / 12°
Ni= 23 Ni = 29
Ni = (360 - x) / x Ni = (360 - x) / x
Ni = (360° - 10°) / 10° Ni= (360 °– 0°) / 0°
Ni= 350° / 10° Ni = 360° / 0°
Ni = 35 Ni=∞
7) EVIDENCES
8)
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between the projected image and the incident angle was identified in
the angular mirrors, since the number of images increases when
reduce the angle formed by the mirrors.
The product of the angle in degrees by the number of images (object
included) is constant and equal to 360.
As a consequence of the deduced formulas, when the mirrors are
parallel the number of formed images will be infinite.
When two magnitudes are directly proportional, the constant
obtained is of the form a / b.
When two magnitudes are inversely proportional, the constant
obtained is of the form (a) (b).
The optical illusion causes humans to see in a certain way.
different from the way things really are.
9) BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Plans and Speed of [Link]
