Burkina Faso

Unity - Progress - Justice

NATIONAL SCHOOL OF TRAINING
Agricultural of Matourkou

=-=-=-=-=-=-=
DIRECTORATE GENERAL
BP 130 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
+226 25 39 25 21 / 51 67 71 71

[email protected]
[email protected]
http://www.enafa.edu.bf

End of cycle internship report

Presented for the purpose of obtaining the

Technical Agent Diploma in Agriculture (DATA)

OPTION: AGRONOMY
Theme:

Bioefficacy of different plant aqueous extracts on pests of the

zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) in the wet season at
the ENAFA of MATOURKOU

Presented by:
Abdoul-Karim BILA
Internship supervisor:

Boureïma Dieudonné SANKARA

Agricultural adviser

N°… October 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONE
THANKS
List of abbreviations, acronyms, and initials.........................................................................v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSvi
List of figuresvi
List of tablesvi
Foreword....................................................................................................................................vii
Summary sheet............................................................................................................................viii
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1: BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS..................................................................................... 3
1.1 Introduction to the reception structurel .................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 History........................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.2 Missions of the ENAFA of Matourkou................................................................................ 3
1.1.3 Trainingavailable at ENAFA of Matourkou.......................................................... 4
1.1.4 Organizational Chart of ENAFA of Matourkou ...................................................................... 4

1.1.5 Presentation of the DFIS.................................................................................................... 5

1.1.5. Presentation of the practical work service.............................................................. 5
1.2 General information about zucchini.................................................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Systematics of the zucchini5

1.2.2 Description of the zucchini.............................................................................................. 6
1.2.3 Ecological requirements of zucchini............................................................................ 7
1.2.4 Zucchini Cultivation. 9
1.2.5 Conservation................................................................................................................... 14
1.3 General Information on Biopesticides........................................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Definition14
1.3.2 History15
1.3.3 Types of biopesticides15
CHAPTER 2: MATERIAL AND METHODSS 17
2.1 Presentation of the study site................................................................................................. 17
2.1.1 Geographic location of the study area.............................................................. 17
2.1.2 Climatet 17

2.1.3 Relief...
2.1.4 Solutions18

2.1.5 Hydrographye .................................................................................................................. 18

i
 2.1.7. Socio-economic activities of the study area......................................................... 19
2.2 Materials and Methods............................................................................................................. 19
2.2.1 Biological Materiale 19
2.2.2 Technical materiale ......................................................................................................... 22
2.3 Methods............................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Document Research.............................................................................................. 23
2.3.2 Experimental setup................................................................................................. 23
2.3.3 Conduct of the test.......................................................................................................... 24
2.4 Studied parameters .................................................................................................................. 24
2.5 Data Analysiss ............................................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER 3: Results and Explanation26
3.1. Effect of the biopesticide against pest attacks on the leaves in the first week
of the applicationn 26
3.2. Evolution of pests during the treatment frequency of one week.................. 27
3.3. Evolution of pests during the application frequency of four (04) days........... 28
3.4 Effect of the biopesticide against attacks on flowers and fruits.................................... 28
CONCLUSION30
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES31
ANNEXESix
Annex 1activity schedule of the internship.................................................................ix
Annex 3observation sheetx
Appendix 4: organizational chart of ENAFA of Matourkouxi

ii
DEDICATION

A
My parents, Hamidou BILA and Binta GUENE

As well as to the entire BILA extended family

May God strengthen the bond that unites us.

iii
THANKS

The preparation of this document was made possible through direct or indirect involvement.
of several people. That is why it is pleasing for me to show them my
recognition and to express my heartfelt thanks to them for their invaluable contribution to
the success of my internship. These thanks go to:

Dr. Issa WONNI, Director General of the National School of Agricultural Training
Matourkou (ENAFA DE Matourkou) for hospitality and good conditions
of studies that we benefited from during our stay at ENEFA in Matourkou;
M. Salifou SANOGO Director of initial and continuous training at ENAFA
Matourkou, for having welcomed us within its management for our sa;
The entire administrative and teaching staff of ENAFA Matourkou for their
multifaceted contributions to the smooth running of our training;
Especially to my internship supervisor M. Boureïma Dieudonné SANKARA,
for the trust he placed in us by agreeing to guide us;
To the entire 56th class of technical agriculture agents from ENAFA
MAtourkou, for their collaboration, and the moments spent together during the
Training. May God assist us;
To our promotion delegates Mr. Isidore BASONO and his assistant Caroline
KONATE for their dynamism throughout our training;
Thanks to our parents and acquaintances for their various supports and advice;
Finally, all those whose names could not be mentioned, may they find here the expression of
our deep gratitude.

iv
List of acronyms, abbreviations, and initialisms

ATA: Technical Agents in Agriculture

CA: Agricultural Advisors

DGESS: General Directorate of Studies and Sectoral Statistics

ENAFA: National School of Agricultural Training of Matourkou

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

IFDC: International Fertilizer Development Center

IFOAM: International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements

IFPRI: International Food Policy Research Institute

AI: Agricultural Engineers

Soil Engineers

IV: Engineers in Popularization

MAAH: Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development

MECV: Ministry of Environment and Living Framework.

Gross Domestic Product

UNDP-FAO: United Nations Development Programme

TSA: Senior Technicians in Agriculture

EPE: Public establishment of the State

CAAS: College of Agricultural Education

Public establishment with administrative character

Institute of Rural Development

JAS: Day after sowing

National Road

INERA: Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research

v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
List of figures
Figure 1Localization of the study area .......................................................................... 17
Figure 2Rainfall in the village of Matourkou from 2018-2021.
Figure 3experimental devicel ....................................................................................... 23
Figure 4Average number of perforated sheets during the application frequency of September
days.
Figure 5Average number of perforated sheets for a frequency of four days............... 27
Figure 6Average number of pests observed during the application frequency of September
jours ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 7Average number of pests observed during the four-day frequency of
treatmentt ............................................................................................................................. 28

List of tables
Table IClassification of courgette .5
Table IIFungal diseases of zucchinie .12
Table IVBacterial diseases of zucchini......................................................... 13
Table IVMain pests of zucchini ............................................................ 14
Tableau VEvolution of attacks observed on flowers and fruits during the
different frequencies of biopesticide treatment.

I
Preface
The National School of Agricultural Training of Matourkou (ENAFA of Matourkou) former Center
the polyvalent agricultural center of Matourkou (CAP Matourkou) was established by the Burkinabé State on the 13th

July 1963 by decree No. 358/PRES/ECNA. It was established as a public institution of

the State (EPE) of an administrative nature by decree N°2000-643/PRES/MEF/MFPDI of the 19
September 2000. The designation ENAFA of Matourkou was enacted by decree N°2022-
0297/PRES/TRANS/PM/MEFP/MFPTPS/MARAH of June 9, 2022. It is located on the axis
National road no. 7 Bobo-Dioulasso Banfora about 10 km from the city of Bobo-Dioulasso.
Under the technical supervision of the Ministry in charge of agriculture, the ENAFA
Matourkou is a vocational school that trains rural development agents in
agriculture materials, particularly the Agricultural Technical Agents (ATA), the
Higher technicians in agriculture (TSA), agricultural engineers (IA), the
Engineers in popularization (IV), soil engineers (IP), and advisors in
agriculture (CA). The trained agents are tasked with raising awareness, providing information,
training, advisory support and dissemination of good agricultural practices to
actors of the rural world.

In order to ensure quality training for students, the ENAFA of Matourkou in

collaboration with its rural development partners organizes a 'training session
field training lasting four months for ATA and TSA cycles and eight months for
cycles of engineers and agricultural advisors. This internship allows them to:

to immerse oneself in the realities on the ground;

the knowledge acquired at school to the realities of the professional world;

develop an initiative, analysis and synthesis mindset.
It is within this framework that we completed our four-month internship during
from the period between July 15 and October 14 within the ENAFA of Matourkou around the
theme: "Bioefficacy of the combination of aqueous extracts of plants on the"
pests of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L) in the wet season at ENAFA
MATOURKOU

seven
Summary sheet
Document Title Content or description elements

Theme Bioefficacy of the combination of different aqueous extracts

plants on zucchini pests (Cucurbita pepo)
in the rainy season at ENAFA of MATOURKOU

General objective Contribute to the improvement of zucchini production

by the use of biopesticides.

Specific objectives Evaluate the effect of the biopesticide on the evolution of attacks
of devastating devastators,
Determine the effective frequency of application
biopesticide.

Location of the site Within the ENAFA of Matourkou located in the village of
of the study Matourkou, municipality of Bobo-Dioulasso

Methodology Documentary research

Setup of the experimental device;
Development of data collection sheet;
Data collection;
Analyze data;
Presentation of results and explanation;
Results The biopesticide has an effect on pest attacks.
zucchini leaves
The biopesticide is à a frequency
effective
4-day application

Recommendations For biological control in the rainy season with our

biopesticide we recommend a frequency
of four-day application.

Perspectives We offer to carry out this study additionally with

of the variation in the application frequency of the biopesticide,
a variation of the variation of the dose of the biopesticide used.

eight
INTRODUCTION
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, in the process of development.
the economy is very fragile and largely dependent on the agricultural sector. The rural environment
Burkinabè mainly derive their livelihoods from agriculture and livestock.
plant production provides about 45% of household income, generates 30% of GDP and
70% of export revenues (FAO, 2019). According to MAAH (2020), the agricultural sector
employs more than 80% of the workforce and contributes over 40% to GDP. The same source
indicates that during the last five years, agricultural production has been within the range
from 4 to 5 million tons for cereals, 1 to 2 million tons for crops of
interest and 500 thousand to 1 million tons for other food crops. The production
market gardening, when it was 1,292,519 tons for an area of 54,678 hectares in 2018
In the same year, it employed about 700,000 people and generates
important revenues, more than 389 billion (MAAH, 2019). The products of the vegetable grower
Culture occupies an important place in the diet of human beings in general.
The consumption of these vegetable products contributes to food security and
nutritional of populations through their association with meal preparation (Soma,
2020). On domestic production, with the exception of tomato, onion, and green bean.
who are produced for export, all other speculations are mostly
produced to satisfy domestic demand (AFC, 2015). Despite the importance
economic and food aspects of market gardening, vegetable production faces challenges of
numerous biotic constraints that can reduce yields by more than 60%, thus
that the quality of the harvested vegetables (MAAH, 2022). Thus, to protect their crops from
pest attacks, producers systematically use pesticides to
optimizing yields (Toé et al., 2013). Indeed, pest control is more based
(99%) on the use of synthetic pesticides (Zerbo, 2017; Son et al., 2018). However
According to Nabie (2017), in addition to chemical control, there are other control methods.
instead of diversifying with other existing methods.

Soumbougma (2015). Argues that the issues of food security and public health
are at the center of civil society's concerns and increasingly of politicians
agricultural.

Organic agriculture is positioning itself as a far-reaching alternative for the

preservation of the environment and health. It is the form of agriculture that would provide

1
healthy foods and would ensure the health of man without compromising the future
of future generations (IFOAM, 2008).

We have had a particular interest in the development of biopesticides for combating

the pests of vegetable crops which led us to conduct the study whose theme
is titled: "Bioefficacy of aqueous extracts of plants on pests of the
zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L).

The general objective is to contribute to the improvement of zucchini production by

the use of biopesticides.

Specifically, it was about:

to assess the effect of the biopesticide on the evolution of pest attacks,

to determine the effective application frequency of the biopesticide.
This report synthesizes our work and is organized around the following chapters
the first chapter focuses on the literature review, the second presents the
methodology used and the third, the results and the elements of explanation

2
CHAPTER 1: BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS
1.1 Presentation of the host structure
1.1.1 History
In 1963, negotiations between the Republic of Upper Volta and the Organization of Nations
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads to the creation of a Center for
agricultural training. Thus, in July 1963, the Saria Agricultural Learning Center
(CAAS) was created by decree n°358/PRES/ECNA of July 13, 1963. Initially set up at
Saria in the central-west of the country a few leagues from Koudougou, the center will be by
the suite transferred to Matourkou in the west, about ten kilometers from Bobo-Dioulasso.
This relocation is carried out on October 1, 1963, in accordance with Article 5 of the decree.
important creation, and which stipulated the transfer of the headquarters to Matourkou. Upon its transfer, the CAAS

took the name of 'Agricultural Teaching College'. It aligned the training

agronomic and general secondary education. Starting in 1976, the center provided the
training of agents with various profiles in the field of rural development (agriculture,
breeding, waters, and forests). Since September 2000, the center has been established as a public institution.

for administrative purposes (EPA) by decree n°2000-643/PRES/MEF/MFPDI of the 19

September 2000.

During the meeting of the Council of Ministers, on November 25, 2021, a decision was adopted
decree approving the statutes of the National School of Agricultural Training
Matourkou. Thus, the multifunctional agricultural center of Matourkou now takes on the
name of 'National School of Agricultural Training of Matourkou (ENAFA of
Matourkou).

1.1.2 Missions of ENAFA of Matourkou

The ENAFA of Matourkou is tasked with ensuring the implementation of the policy of
ministry responsible for agriculture in terms of agricultural vocational training. For
this, he is responsible for:

provide initial and continuing training for execution and application agents
and design in the field of agriculture;

to organize training sessions for improvement, refresher courses, and/or specialization of

active personnel;
to offer advisory support and all service provision in the field of its
skills

3
 to conduct research activities related to agronomic sciences and
the training.
For the accomplishment of its mission, I'ENAFA of Matourkou has functional relationships.
with the central directions, the projects and programs, the decentralized structures and
attached to the ministry in charge of agriculture and many other partners.

1.1.3 Available training at ENAFA of Matourkou

The ENAFA of Matourkou offers the following training courses:

the initial training of Technical Agriculture Agents (ATA) (options: agronomy

and agricultural statistics) for a duration of 24 months;
the initial and continuing training of higher agriculture technicians (TSA). This
the training lasts for 24 months:
Since 2001, the cycle of Specialized Higher Technicians (TSS) has been established.
for a training of ten (10) months. This cycle welcomes participants through a professional competition.

Higher technicians for a specialization according to the needs of the country. It is

as well as three (03) promotions were formed, one in seed technology and two
(02) others in agricultural machinery;
the training of Engineers (options: agronomy, soil science, and outreach) and of
Agricultural advisors for a duration of three (03) years.

1.1.4 Organizational chart of ENAFA of Matourkou

In terms of administrative organization, the ENAFA of Matourkou includes the
the following structures: a Board of Directors;

a General Directorate (DG);

a General Secretariat (SG);
a Directorate for Market Control and Financial Commitments (DCMEF);
a Department of Financial Administration (DAF)
an Accounting Agency (AC).
All these structures work closely together under the coordination of a Director.
General for achieving the objectives of the supervising ministry (see organizational chart in the appendix

4). The general secretariat contains within it three technical departments, namely
Directorate of Initial Training and Education (DFIS), the Directorate of Planning and
the enhancement of the domain (DAMV) and the Continuing Education Department

4
the incubation (DFCI). Of these three technical directions, it is within the direction of the
initial training during which we completed our final internship.

1.1.5 Presentation of the DFIS

The DFIS is made up of the following services:

the academic service;

the training service for design agents;
the training service for execution and enforcement agents;
the practical work and internship service.

1.1.5. Presentation of the practical work service

The Practical Work and Internships Service is responsible for:

develop the annual program of practical work activities;

organize the interns into practical work groups;
assign educational supervisors to each group of practical work;
mobilize the equipment and inputs necessary for carrying out activities;
develop the assessment tools for practical work.

1.2 General Information on Zucchini

1.2.1 Systematics of the zucchini
The zucchini is a dicotyledonous vegetable of the cucurbit family. Its position
The systematic according to Feller et al. (1995) is represented in the table below.

Table I: Classification of zucchini

Reign Plantae

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Violales

Family Cucurbitaceae

Genre Cucurbita L (1753)

Species Cucurbita pepo L (1753)

(Feller et al., 1995)

5
1.2.2 Description of the zucchini
Zucchini is an annual, herbaceous plant with indeterminate growth (Camacho et al.,
2004). It has great nutritional and medicinal values (Valdivieso et al., 2017).
It is characterized by its quick maturity which can be reached in 40 to 55 days. The leaves
are palmately veined and alternate and can be deep to simple, lobed and stipulate
(Annitle, 2010). These colors range from light green to dark green, sometimes with spots.
whitish (Lopez, 2017). The root system of this botanical species is fibrous (Paris,
2001). Monoecious, male and female reproductive structures are produced on the same
plants but in different flowers (Sanz, 1995) which requires the intervention of bees,
the lepidopterans or other insects for pollination. The fruit can be a green color-
dark, light green, dark yellow or even orange. Its shape can be elongated, pear-shaped,
spherical, cylindrical, saucer-shaped or oviform (Musset and Grange, 2000). The thickness of
this one is also very variable (Langenhoven, 2019).

1.2.2.1 Root system

The root system is well developed: a strong taproot develops.
quickly and can descend up to 1.50 m deep. The root hair is
almost concentrated in the first 60 cm segment. the primordia of lateral roots
develop in the immediate vicinity of the apical zone (about 1mm) (FAO, 1988).

1.2.2.2 Stem
The main axis of the plant is a true sympodium which, in branching varieties, differs.
like other cucurbits, develop slowly. Therefore, the stem and branches
are relatively short and the plant can have an upright growth or be climbing, but anyway
In any case, it is not necessary to provide tutors (FAO, 1988). The stems are fleshy,
robust silky and develop of the series of drills multifides
(Unable to access the content from the provided link.
science/cucurbita-pepo, consulted August 01, 2023). Commented [S1]: Review the citation of web sources.

1.2.2.3 Leaves
The alternate leaves are simple, palmatilobate, and petiolate. The species of Cucurbita have
stems, petioles, and thorny leaves due to numerous trichomes
(Zajączkowska et al. 2015). The leaves are large, sometimes lobed or spotted, and some
Spiral-shaped curls are frequently observed in the axil of the leaves (Salehi and
al.2019).

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1.2.2.4 Flowers
The zucchini is a monoecious plant (male and female flowers are separate on the same plant).
Pollination is entomophilous. Female flowers have a lower ovary that will produce
birth to a large fleshy fruit called 'pepo' by botanists. The flowers are
large yellow in color, carried by the more or less long peduncle (Erard, 2002 Foury)
and Pitrat, 2003). Female flowers appear about 40 days after sowing. 10 days
after the male flowers appear which are more numerous than the female flowers. The
zucchini flowers have a short lifespan. Blooming in the morning around 9 o'clock, they
ferment around noon to no longer reopen. Each female flower has a period of
time of about 3 hours to be fertilized (Mazoullier, 2012).

1.2.2.5 Fruit

The zucchini is a fleshy berry (with a leathery and waterproof pericarp) that is more commonly called
largely among the Cucurbitaceae a pepo (Salehi et al. 2019); Charnue, unilocular,
without central cavity, cylindrical, sometimes club-shaped, generally green in color. The
fruits arise from the leaf axils, attached by a thick and short peduncle. They
are harvested before full maturity before they harden. The first fruits are
harvested between 70 and 85 days after sowing. In color, uniform, striped, or spotted, its
intensity is a varietal factor (Erard, 2002). According to the same author, zucchini seeds
are yellowish in color, oval, elongated and pointed at their ends, having a surface
smooth. The number of seeds per gram is 10. The fruit can have up to 130 to 180.
seeds and the weight of a thousand seeds is 130 to 150 grams (Abatzian et al., 2003). The faculty
Germination is 4 to 6 years under optimal storage conditions. At a temperature
temperatures between 20 and 25 °C, germination occurs in 6 to 10 days (J d’arondel de hayes and Traore;
1990).

1.2.3 Ecological requirements of zucchini

Like all cultivated plants, zucchini needs a number of conditions.
are brought together to ensure its growth and development.

1.2.3.1 Temperature and climate

The species of Cucurbita are cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions.
temperate areas of the planet (Salehi et al. 2019). Species of the genus Cucurbita grow in
diverse habitats, ranging from dry to wet environments, and they are found in
in the meadows, the fields, along the banks of rivers or lakes and in the deserts for

7
certain species (Salehi et al. 2019). Zucchini (C. pepo subsp. pepo) is a species
mesophile that appreciates moderate temperatures (Kates et al., 2017; Paris 1996)

The optimal, minimum, and maximum temperatures for each stage of sound.
The developments are as follows:

At the germination stage, the minimum temperature is 15°C, the maximum is 40°C and
the optimal 20-28°C ;
At the vegetative growth stage, the minimum temperature is 10°C.
maximum 35°C and optimal 25-30°C;
At the flowering stage, the minimum temperature is 10°C, the maximum is 35°C and
The optimal temperature is 20-25°C (Medakhal and Fathiza, 2019).

According to an AQUASTAT report by the FAO (2015), Burkina is divided into three zones.
climatic zones that are: the Sahelian zone to the north with an average annual rainfall
ranges from 300 to 600 mm; the dry season lasts from 7 to 9 months (from October to June) and the
the length of the growing season is less than 100 days/year; the northern Sudanese zone at
center with an average annual rainfall between 600 and 900 mm, the season
Rainy season lasts for 4 to 5 months (from June to October); the southern Sudanese zone in the south with a

average annual rainfall between 900 and 1,200 mm, marked by a season
rains that can last up to 6 to 7 months (from May to October). According to the same report the
Average temperatures vary by season, between 27°C and 30°C in the south and 22°C and 33°C.
in the north; the values of solar radiation are high throughout the year while remaining between
6 to 10 hours/day with an annual total ranging from about 2,830 hours in the Southwest to 3,350.
hours in the North (MECV, 2011). Thus, in view of the climatic requirements of zucchini, this
The last one can be produced in most areas of Burkina Faso.

1.2.3.2 Sun and ph

Cucurbita species can be grown in a wide range of soil varieties.
but they prefer a well-drained fertile soil conducive to their
root development (Salehi et al. 2019). The ideal soil pH is between 6.0 and 6.5.
but the crop can withstand both slightly acidic or alkaline soils. Basic pH
may, however, lead to nutritional deficiencies, Regarding salinity, the zucchini
is a moderately salt-tolerant plant, less so than melon and watermelon and more
that cucumber. (Lakhousse and Djaghal, 2019). According to a joint UNDP-FAO study
(2008), arable soils in Burkina Faso have a low organic matter content of about

8
from 1% for 55% of the studied soils, from 1 to 2% for 29% of the soils, and above 2% for
only 16% of soils. About 10% of soils have a pH lower than 5.60%, and 5% are between 5-
6 and for 30% of the soils, it is above 6 (IFDC, 2022). Thus, the majority of the soils of
Burkina meets the soil requirements necessary for zucchini cultivation.

1.2.3.3 Water needs

According to FAO (1988), the rapid growth of the zucchini plant requires
presence of an optimal amount of water in the different organs and in the soil. It is
develops very well with high air humidity but below 80%. If
the humidity is higher, the flowering is poorer and diseases due to
Pathogenic fungi spread on the foliage, flowers, and fruits. The needs
in water are of the order of 200 to 300 mm during the 4 months of the
cultureThe zucchini in tunnels
market-gardener-at-the-beginning-of-the-season)(consulted August 10, 2023).

1.2.4 Cultivation of zucchini

1.2.4.1 Varieties of zucchini
Several varieties of zucchini are used in Burkina, including the following:
the following:

MEDINA+, having an early maturity of 45 days, the bearing of these fruits is airy and upright.
these fruits are cylindrical in shape and have a uniform pale green skin with small spots,
It tolerates heat well and is tolerant to the yellow mosaic virus of zucchini.
(technisem catalog, 2020)
ROSINA+, with an earliness of 45 days, the bearing of these fruits is upright, these fruits are
cylindrical in shape and has a shiny light green epidermis, it has good productivity and is
tolerant to the yellow mosaic virus of zucchini (technisem catalog, 2020)
SAMIRA, with an early maturity of 45 days, has an airy bearing of these fruits.
are cylindrical in shape and have a uniform light green epidermis, it has a good
fruit set, can produce 2-3 fruits at the same time (Technisem catalog, 2020)
SUPER AYA, with a precocity of 40-45 days, the bearing of these fruits is upright.
fruits are club-shaped, its skin is a uniform light green color, it withstands
It is well heat-tolerant to the yellow mosaic virus of zucchini and powdery mildew.
(technisem catalog, 2020)
SUPER NADITA, having an early maturity of 35-40 days, the bearing of these fruits is upright,
These fruits are club-shaped and their skin is a uniform pale green color.
9
small spots, it is adapted to difficult conditions and is very productive (catalogue
technisem, 2020)

1.2.4.2 soil preparations

The zucchini requires deep tillage of 20 to 25 cm; pulverization, cleaning, and the
careful planning is done to be able to sow on well-tilled soil, which allows for
good germination and good rooting (Konan, 2014). The recommended soil work
consists of performing a plowing followed by the use of a tool that will refine the soil (rotavator, harrow)
rotary or vibrocultivator) in order to obtain a fine soil. The cultivation of zucchini is done in full
field, under greenhouse or on ridges to facilitate the drainage of the plots (Chamber
agriculture of Guyana, 2019.

1.2.4.3. Semis
There are two methods to start growing zucchini: the nursery and sowing.
direct.

Nursery

The sowing is done in clods of potting soil of 4 cm. It is generally recommended to

place the pointed part of the seed downwards to promote good germination. The
seeding in the nursery takes place in 6 to 10 days. Zucchini plants can be transplanted to
stage 3-4 true leaves about 15 to 20 days after sowing (Chamber of Agriculture of
Guyana, 2019.

Direct seed
Direct seeding in open ground is preferable (FAO, 1988); A cool ground during sowing.
is necessary because a lack of water would cause an irregular rise (Abatzian et al.,
In direct seeding, it requires 4 to 5 kg of seeds per hectare. Place 2 or 3 seeds per
in small plots, the plants are arranged in rows spaced 100 to 120 cm apart and 60 cm between the plants
on the lines. At the lifting, the least vigorous plans will be eliminated to keep one foot
by package (FAO, 1988).

10
1.2.4.4. Maintenance operations
Weed management

In zucchini cultivation, weeding is done as needed. Indeed, within the plot,

Weed management is crucial as they compete with the crop and maintain
a humid climate conducive to the development of diseases. Moreover, they can make the
cultural operations such as pruning and harvesting are hindered by preventing access
easily to plants. (Chamber of Agriculture of Guyana, 2019).

Plant size

The leaves that touch the ground can be removed during cultivation as they are
usually contaminated by fungi such as downy mildew or lechoanephora.
(Chamber of Agriculture of Guiana, 2019).

Irrigation

Irrigation depends on the season, sunlight, and your type of soil. It is estimated
In total, the water requirements of zucchini are 200-300 mm for its cultivation over 4 months. Irrigation
by aspersion is strongly discouraged due to the problems caused both at the level
physiological (leaf breakage) and phytosanitary (development of diseases). The
the recommended solution is drip irrigation which allows to meet the needs in
water at ground level, without wetting the foliage; this technique allows simultaneously a
fertilization using soluble fertilizers (Agricultural Chamber of Guyana, 2019; S. SIMON.
2000).

Organic and mineral fertilization

Organic fertilizer: 20 tons per hectare of composted manure

Mineral fertilizer: in kg/ha
N P2O5 K20
140 180 180

The fertilizers temporarily recommended in Burkina Faso take into account the fertilizer.

available have been formulated as follows:

Background smoke

Manure 20 tons per hectare

-Cotton fertilizer: 600 kg per hectare. (NPK 14-23-14)

11
 Covering foam
urea: 100 kg per hectare in two applications
50 kg at the first flowering
50 kg three weeks later (INERA, 1896).

Diseases

The zucchini is subject to various attacks from fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
Tables II, III, IV illustrate these different attacks.

Table II: Fungal diseases of zucchini

Diseases Symptoms and damage
Cladosporiosis Small olive green spots on the fruits,
(Cladosporium leaves and stems
cucumber

Sclerotinosis Dense white mass shaped like a fan in the

Sclerotium rolfsii fruits
Anthracnose Small circular spots of beige to brown color that can
Colletotrichum converging to create an extensive burn developing on
orbicular the irregularly shaped leaves and darker in color
Mildew Irregular pale yellow spots on the face
(Pseudoperonospora upper surfaces of the leaves become necrotic and the
cubensis) plants look burnt
Fusariosis Wilting of one or more leaves, followed by the plant
(Fusarium solani) complete, presents a dark and necrotic ulcer in the
stem of the plant and may extend into the main root
Alternaria Small necrotic spots surrounded by a yellow halo of color
(Alternaria brown with concentric circles on the old leaves
cumerina

Phytophthora rotting on the different parts of the plant then

(Phytophthora wilt; dark circular and watery spots of color
capsicum) brown on the stems, leaves, and fruits
(Seebold et al., 2015)

Methods to combat fungal diseases mainly rely on

prophylaxis (management of humidity, plant debris, rotation cycles, solarization,
use of uncontaminated seeds) and chemical control although it is
regulated in some countries and that it is not always effective in case of
fungal resistant. Additionally, there are varieties resistant to certain fungi
phytopathogens (Cohen et al. 2003).

Viral diseases

12
Viral diseases of zucchini are caused by different genera of viruses, including
Potyvirus, Begomovirus, Polerovirus, Cucumovirus, and Crinivirus.

The most damaging viruses on zucchini are: the yellow mosaic virus of the
zucchini, the watermelon mosaic virus, the cucurbit yellow virus
the cucumber mosaic virus, the papaya ringspot virus and the virus
of the pseudo-yellowing of beetroot. These viruses induce different types of symptoms on
zucchinis such as yellows, chlorotic spots, discolorations, blockages
of growth, deformations, and marbling (Caroline Lacault, 2021). The viral diseases of
Zucchini can be transmitted by vector insects, an asymptomatic seed.
Means of combating viruses mainly aim to reduce insect populations.
vectors through chemical warfare or by prophylactic methods, the deployment of varieties
resistant to viruses is also possible, the detection and destruction of seeds
contaminated (Caroline Lacault, 2021).

Bacterial diseases

Table IV: Bacterial diseases of zucchini

Diseases Symptoms and damage
Angular spot (Pseudomonas Water spots and necrosis on stems and
syringae pv. Lachrymans fruits, white spots on the underside
some leaves

Bacterial wilting Wilting of individual leaves or

Erwiniatracheiphila leaf groups, it may appear green
darkened then necrotic

(Seebold et al., 2015)

13
 Ravagers

Table IV: Main pests of zucchini

Ravagers Symptom and damage
Mites Brown spots on the leaves that are dying
prematurely in case of strong outbreaks Among them,
the species Tetranychus urticae. Punctures of the leaves up to the
drying up.
Aphids The species Aphis gossypii, which is the most dangerous and causes
the main damage to the zucchini. Deformation of
leaves, sooty mold
Aleurodes Produces a silvery color on the small plants of
zucchinis attacked with the approach of the period of
harvest Plant depression, formation of sooty mold
The beetle of the Feeds on the leaves of zucchini plants, the larvae
zucchini that can be observed on the underside of the leaves are
Epilachna borealis yellow with black spines and branching covering their
body
The bug of the Wilting of plant leaves, bites on the
zucchini vegetative parties, Appearance of a necrotic area
(Anasatristis)
The fly of
Cucurbits
Dacus vertebratus

Source: (Reche, 1997; Seebold et al., 2015)

1.2.4.3 Harvest
It starts between 35 and 40 days after sowing and requires regular passes every 2 to 3.
days. Cut the fruits with scissors or with a fine sharp blade when they are present
a length of 15 to 20 cm and a diameter of 3 to 5 cm. Leave about 2 cm of peduncle
for the commercial presentation. Note that the fruits have not yet arrived at
maturity. (J. d'arondel de hayes g. and Traore, 1990)

1.2.5 Conservation
Zucchinis can be stored for up to 8 to 10 days in a dry and ventilated place, but they lose
their brightness and firmness after 4-5 days. The ideal storage conditions in the fridge
are between 0 to 4 °C with a humidity of 85-90%. (Medakhal and Fathiza, 2019)

1.3 Generalities on biopesticides

1.3.1 Definition
Biopesticides are living organisms or products derived from these organisms that have
particularity of limiting or removing the enemies of crops (Thakore, 2006). Of our

14
days, they are classified into three main categories according to their origin (microbial, plant
or animal) and have many advantages. They can be used as well in
conventional agriculture than in organic agriculture (Azzaz et al., 2022).

History
The concept of 'biopesticide' is not new. As early as the 7ecentury BC, farmers
used plants like Illicium lanceolatum to protect their crops against the
insects (Leng et al., 2011). Similarly, in the Middle Ages, plants like aconites
were used against rodents and Indian accounts dating back to the 17thandcentury report
the use of Derris and Lonchocarpus roots for their insecticidal properties
Deravel et al., 2013)

1.3.3 Types of biopesticides

Products considered as biopesticides by regulatory agencies
European and global are of diverse origins. They can be classified into three main categories.
categories, according to their nature: microbial biopesticides, plant biopesticides and
animal biopesticides (Chandler et al., 2011; Leng et al., 2011).

1.3.3.1 Microbial Biopesticides

This category includes bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The effectiveness of a
A significant number of them rely on active substances derived from micro-
organisms. In principle, these active substances act against the bio-aggressor.
rather than the microorganism itself. (Deravel et al., 2013).

1.3.3.2 Animal biopesticides

These biopesticides are animals like predators or parasites, or molecules.
derivatives from animals, often invertebrates like the venoms of spiders, scorpions,
insect hormones, pheromones (Goettel et al., 2001; Saidemberg et al., 2009;
Aquiloni et al., 2010.

1.3.3.3 Plant Biopesticides

Plants produce active substances that have insecticidal and antiseptic properties.
or even regulators of plant and insect growth. Most often, these
Active substances are secondary metabolites that originally protect plants.
herbivores. The most commonly used plant-based biopesticide is neem oil, a
insecticide extracted from the seeds of Azadirachta indica (Schmutterer, 1990).

15
1.3.4 Advantages of biopesticides
Biopesticides offer many advantages. Their nature allows for their use as well
as well in organic farming as in conventional farming. Some biopesticides
Microorganisms provide additional benefits beyond their role in protecting the plant.
Mushrooms of the genus Trichoderma have the particularity of facilitating absorption.
nutrients from the soil by plants (Harman, 2011). Pesticides degrade
quickly after their application (on average 6.5 days compared to several tens of days
for most chemicals (Deravel et al., 2013).

Bioactive molecules employ several modes of action, which makes them

particularly interesting for limiting the emergence of resistant biological aggressors (Fravel,
2005). Biopesticides pollute little the environment and are low in toxicity for health
humane

16
CHAPTER 2: MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Presentation of the study site
2.1.1 Geographic localization of the study area
The village of Matourkouest located in the West of Burkina Faso, more precisely about ten
10 kilometers (10) to the South-West of Bobo-Dioulasso. It is partly crossed to the South-East by
National Route No. 7 (RN7) connecting Bobo-Dioulasso to Banfora and then to Ivory Coast. It is
composed of four (4) districts including Sisalia, Camp Saria, Sokoura, and Camp Peulh.
Matourkou is limited to the North by the city of Bobo-Dioulasso, to the South by Darsalamy, to the East

to the village of Farako-Ba and Dingasso and to the West by Logofourso and Samanga.

Figure 1: Localization of the study area

Source: Tingueri, 2019.

2.1.2 Climate
The climate of Matourkou is of the south-Saharan type located between the isohyets 1000 and 1200 mm.
(Guinko, 1984). Annual rainfall, ranging between 950 and 1300 mm of water, is
generally poorly distributed with irregularities from one year to the next. During the five
(5) In recent years, the year 2019 recorded the largest amount of rainfall with
1308.5 mm in 72 days; on the other hand, the year 2021 recorded the lowest amount of water.

17
rain with 1162 mm in 62 days. The following figure illustrates the rainy activity of the five (05)
last years.

Source: INERA Farako-Bâ, 2022

Figure 2: Rainfall in the village of Matourkou from 2018-2021.

2.1.3 Relief
The village of Matourkou is in an area characterized by the presence of many
elevations and lowlands. This relief promotes the runoff of water towards the dams and
the lowest areas, which is one of the main causes of impoverishment of
sun (TRAORE, 2022).

2.1.4 Solutions

The soils of the ENAFA of Matourkou are mainly of the tropical ferruginous type.
leached in the North and ferrallitic in the South. They are poor in clays and organic matter.
This translates to a low cation exchange capacity. These are sandy soils.
sandy-limon soil structures, slightly acidic. They are generally low in nitrogen (N) and
in phosphorus, essential elements for the proper development of the plant (Rouamba,
2019).

2.1.5 Hydrography
There are two rivers that flow through the village of Matourkou. One starts from the village of
from Farako-Ba and the other from Darsalamny. These bodies of water meet to the west of
village and flow towards Logofourousso, (Guinko, 1984).

18
2.1.6 Vegetation

The vegetation cover of the village of Matourkou is dense; dominated by tree savanna.
the most commonly encountered species are: Parkia biglobosa (néré), Mangifera indica (mango tree),
shea
Lannea mierocarpa (wild raisin) (Guinko S, 1984).

The herbaceous layer is formed by a grassy and poaceous mat during the rainy season. It is
composed of: Digitaria horizontalis, Ancanthospermum hispidum, Andropogon gayanus,
Commelina senegalensis, Eleusine indica, etc

2.1.7. Socio-economic activities of the study area

According to the general census of the population and housing of 2019, the population of the village
Matourkou is estimated to have 1,917 inhabitants. Several ethnic groups are gathered there: the Tiefo,
the Bobos, the Peuls, and the Mossis. The most widely spoken language is Dioula. Islam, the
Christianity and Animism are the religions practiced by the inhabitants of Matourkou.
The village of Matourkou has several public and private administrative structures;
not I'ENAFA from Matourkou, the CSPS, the rice husking plant etc. The economy is
based mainly on agriculture with over 90% of the population engaged in it
agricultural sector. The main food crops are: millet, corn, sorghum, The crop
Market gardening is very underdeveloped. The breeding of species such as cows, sheep,
goats, pigs, and poultry are also practiced (Traore, 2022).

2.2 Material and Method

2.2.1 Biological material
Seed

The plant material used was the seed of zucchini Celia f1. This variety of zucchini
a cycle of 45 to 65 days, a semi-spreading growth habit, fruits shaped like a club in color
light green.

Natural pesticide plants

For the formulation of our biopesticide, we used the ingredients below:

1kg of African basil leaves (ocimum canum);

1kg of caicedrat bark (khaya senegalensis);
1 kg of large balm leaves (Hyptis suaveolens);
1kg of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica);

19
 1 tablespoon of chili powder (Capsicum annuum);
1 tablespoon of some crushed garlic (Allium sativum).

The choice of these plant-based products for the formulation of our biopesticide is
justified by their availability in our study area and throughout Burkina, their use in
local traditional pharmacopoeia and research results on their properties
biologicals known in other contexts. They are most often tested individually,
in binary or tertiary formulation. These studies have made it possible to list several principles
insect-repellent active or compound specific to each of them, which act more or less
effectively on one or more groups of pests. These different plants that have been used
The preparation of the biopesticide is described in the lines below.

neem (Azadirachta indica) is a persistent tree native to India. The

Leaves of Azadirachta indica are recognized as having active substances.
insecticides which are: azadirachtin (C35H44O16), the salanin (C35H44O9) and the nimbus
(C30H30O9Azadirachtin is the main limonoid responsible for the effectiveness of the extracts.
of neem (Regnault-Roger et al., 2008). Ascher (1993) reported that the effects of extracts
from neem or isolated compounds derived from neem such as tetranortriterpenoids or
limonoids mainly azadirachtin and other highly toxic compounds can
to have repellent, insecticide, ovicidal, anti-feeding, reducing properties
fertility and molting inhibitors in larvae. We used 1 kg of leaves of
neem for the formulation of our biopesticide;

Lekhaya senegalensis is a species of tree from the Meliaceae family.

research on the photochemistry of the bark of Khaya senegalensis reveals a
due to the presence of a large quantity of polyphenolic compounds (catechin tannins,
anthocyanins and leucoanthocyanins); saponins; fewer anthraquinone derivatives
and very few steroids (Takin et al., 2014). On the other hand, Lompo (1993) revealed in his
Studies on the screening of the trunk of K. senegalensis, the presence of fatty acids,
carotenoids, coumarins, reducing compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates,
saponins, tannins, anthranoid decomposed, steroids, glycosides
of anthocyanins, sterols, and triterpenes. The main active principle which is tannin is a
antibiotic and an antiviral. We used 1 kg of its bark to formulate our
biopesticide

20
 Ocimum canum is a plant whose aqueous extracts have properties.
insecticides and bactericides. The main compounds of the leaves and flowers of Ocimum
canumsont 1.8-cineole (60.1%) and cis, trans-piperitol (68.5%) (Tonzibo et al., 2008).
For these authors, certain plants contain bioactive agents such as compounds
phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenes that have
insecticidal properties. According to Savadogo et al. (2016), these compounds would also
repulsive, toxic, deterrent, and inhibitory properties on reproduction
insects. The amount of leaves used for the production of the biopesticide is 1 kg;
Hyptis suaveolens is a strongly aromatic, mentholated shrub plant.
pubescent from the family of Lamiaceae. The aqueous extracts of Hyptis suaveolens have
repulsive and insecticidal properties of the plant. According to Belder Den et al. (1998), the action
repulsive is due to the volatile substances emitted by the plant. The leaves of Hyptis
suaveolens contains essential oil that has contact toxicity and a
positive repellent in low dose. This essential oil contains active compounds such as the
Geraniol, 1,8-cineole (major compound), linalool, myrcene, limonene, and the
phellandrene which has insecticidal properties (Ngamo et al., 2007). For the
fabrication of the biopesticide, 1 kg of leaves of this plant was used;

the pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a dicotyledonous plant of the family of

Solanaceae. The photochemical analysis of the macerate of ripe berries of Capsicum annuum, has

shown that it contains only polyphenols, a chemical family possessing

repulsive properties; it has been shown that aqueous extracts of Capsicum annuum
specifically acted on aphids (Solofoniaina, 2016).
A tablespoon of dried powdered chili was used to make our
biopesticide

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a perennial vegetable plant that possesses a bulb with a scent.
Potent. The effectiveness of Allium sativum extracts is primarily due to the constituents.
suffered contained in these extracts and whose appetite-suppressing, repulsive properties,
insecticides, egg-laying and larval development perturbators have been demonstrated by
several studies on various orders of insects (Biao et al., 2018).
A tablespoon of garlic was used in the production of our biopesticide.

21
 Preparation of the biopesticide solution

The leaves (neem, ocimum canum, hyptis suaveolens) and the bark of dekhaya senegalensis
were collected in the bush of the ENAFA domain in Matourkou.

For the preparation of aqueous extracts, the freshly harvested leaves and bark were
as soon as weighed, washed, and then ground separately in a mortar until obtaining a
paste. The paste obtained from each compound was introduced into a box, then diluted with
1.5 liters of water and well mixed. Each solution was left to macerate for 72 hours.
Then, some cloves of garlic and chili were crushed separately to obtain a
tablespoon of each element. They were added to the first solution and mixed.
in a bucket. The product resulting from the mixture was diluted with 1 liter of water in which 100 g of

grated soap was added to create an emulsion. The obtained solution was left in
maceration for 5 hours. After maceration, a first filtration was carried out and then 1 L
Water was added to the residues from the first filtration and filtered a second time then
added to the first filtrate (7 l of concentrated product solution is thus obtained) and
conditioner in a hermetically sealed 20-liter drum for storage.

The use was made by mixing 1 volume of the product with 10 volumes of water for the
treatment of 400 m².

2.2.2 Technical equipment

The technical equipment used consisted of:
A tractor to which a disc sprayer was attached for the realization of a pseudo
labour
A machete for site cleaning before plowing and for cutting stakes;
Labels for the identification of the different micro plots;
A measuring tape for measuring distances;
Wooden stakes for marking out plots;
A string for delimitation;
As they are for the execution of various cultural operations such as: leveling,
the sowing, the weeding and hoeing, and the earthing up;

A cart used for transporting manure to the site;

A weight used for different scales;
Buckets for the production of biopesticide (macerations, mixtures)
Mortar, to grind the various ingredients of the biopesticide;

22
 Piece of fabric for filtering the different aqueous extracts
From a small 2 L sprayer to apply the biopesticide;
2.3 Methods

2.3.1 Documentary research

To start our internship, we conducted preliminary document research.

provided an insight into biopesticides and zucchini production.
The documentary research involved reading various works such as vegetable production of
Jean Pérou and plant protection products by Catherine Regnault, as well as reports of
internships of the ENAFA trainees from Matourkou, of the IDR (Institute of Rural Development)
research articles on the internet. This reading allowed us to broaden our
knowledge about our study theme.

2.3.2 Experimental device

The experimental setup implemented is a Latin square, comprising two (02) treatments.
T0 and T1. One is a control plot (T0) without the application of the natural pesticide and the other,
T1 with pesticide application. The treatments are as follows:
- T0 = without treatment with the biopesticide (absolute control) with a number of 2 plots
what are: T0P1, T0P2 ;
- T1 = Treatment with multi-water biopesticide: garlic (g) + chili (g) + leaf of
neem (g) + hyptis suaveolence leaf (g) + ocimum canum leaf (g) + khaya bark
senegalensis (g); in the number of 2 plates which are: T1P1, T1P2. These different treatments
are illustrated in the figure below.
-
13m

4.5m
N
Block 1

Block 2
2m

Figure 3: experimental device

23
2.3.3 Conducting the test
2.3.3.1 Soil Preparation
The plot was plowed on the 1stheJuly 2023 with the help of a tractor. The implementation of
The experimental device was on July 3, 2023, using a tape measure, rope, and the.
stakes. It allowed for the crafting of elevated boards, totaling 4 boards of
dimensions 4.5 m in length and 2.1 m in width followed by the application of manure compost
of cattle on all the boards as a base fertilizer at a rate of 17 t/ha or 16.2 kg per
scheduled for July 6, 2023.

2.3.3.2 Semis
The seeds were first pre-germinated for 48 hours before being sown. The sowing was
carried out on July 20, 2023 due to one seed per pocket and a spacing of 80 cm
between the lines and 80 cm between the plants.

2.3.3.3 Crop Maintenance

The maintenance of our experimentation consisted of weeding and treatments.
phytosanitary.

Cerclage

The 1erSarclo-binage followed by the application of compost as a base fertilizer has been carried out.
August 13, 2023. The 2andsarclo-binage was carried out on August 31, 2023, 42 eJAS and the 3ethe 14th
August 2023, 56eJAS.

Plant protection treatment

The treatment of the plots with the sprayer was spaced out at the beginning of a week (07 days).
After three treatments, the frequency of treatments was spaced out by four (04) days.
until the last treatment.

2.4 Studied Parameter

The morphological parameters that have been studied are as follows:

- the number of pests: obtained by manual counting of 8 selected plants in a way

random in one square meter (1 m²) of each treatment;
- The number of attacked leaves was determined by manual counting of each.
Sheet of the 8 plants chosen in one square meter (m²) of each treatment;
- the number of flower buds and attacked flowers was also obtained by counting
manual on the same plants chosen in one square meter (m²) of each treatment.

24
2.5 Data Analysis

The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2016.
as well as the graphs of the study results. Also, the averages of the different
Parameters of treatments T0 and T1 for each block were calculated using this spreadsheet.

25
CHAPTER 3: Results and Explanation
3.1. Effect of the biopesticide against pest attacks on the first leaves
application week
The average number of punched leaves on plots T1 (0.91 and 1.08) is higher than T0.
(0.75 and 0.92) are approximately equal during the first application. This number has doubled the
third week of application. This shows that at the T1 level, the product did not induce
an effect against pests Thus, the application of the biopesticide at a frequency of a
week did not significantly contribute to fighting against pest attacks
zucchini leaves. The figure below illustrates the evolution of pest attacks
on the leaves during the application frequency of seven (07) days.

3.50
3.00
3.00
2.50
2.50

2.00

1.50 1.08
0.91 0.92
1.00 0.75

0.50

0.00
17/08/2023 August 24, 2023 31/08/2023
Date of observation

T0 T1

Figure 4: Average number of perforated sheets during the application frequency of

seven days
After the first week of application, the frequency of application was reduced to four.
(04) days. We observed that the average number of perforated leaves on the plots
T1 experienced a decrease with a maximum of 04 perforated sheets compared to T0.
the maximum is around 07 leaves. This decrease would be due to the effect of the biopesticide. We
we can deduce that the biopesticide had an effect on the leaf pests at a
application frequency of four (04) days. The figure below illustrates the evolution of
attacks by pests during the application frequency of four (04) days.

26
 7.00
6.17
5.92
6.00 5.42
5.08
5.00 4.58
4.08 3.92 4.00
3.67 3.67 3.92
4.00
3.08 3.33 3.33
3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
04/09/2023 08/09/2023 September 12, 2023
September 16, 2023
20/09/2023 September 24, 2023
September 28, 2023
Date of observation

T0

Figure 5: Average number of perforated leaves for the frequency of four days

3.2. Evolution of pests during the treatment frequency of one week

During the course of a week of treatment, we observed pests that

around an average number of a pest. This could explain the fact that the
They constituted a refuge area for pests awaiting the persistence of the
biopesticide and continue the damage. We observed that at a frequency of application
A week (7 days) ago, there were pest attacks on the leaves of T1.

The figure below illustrates the evolution of the number of pests under different treatments.
during the first week of application of the biopesticide.

0.70 0.67

0.60
0.50 0.42
0.40 0.33
0.30
0.20 0.13
0.09
0.10
0.00
0.00
August 17, 2023 24/08/2023 31/08/2023
Observation date

T1

Figure 6: Average number of pests observed during the application frequency of

seven days

27
3.3. Evolution of pests during the application frequency of four (04) days

At a frequency of four (04) days for the application of the biopesticide, the number of pests
The T0 was declining and almost insignificant around an average number of one (01) pest.
At the level of T1, this number was also insignificant with a maximum of one (01) pest.
I observed. These results could explain that the rapprochement of treatments
biopesticides would have allowed to keep the product on the T1 plants for the longest time and
thus maintaining its insect-repellent capacity on the plots. The figure below shows
the evolution of pests during the frequency of four (04) days of treatment
biopesticide.

0.90 0.83
0.80 0.75 0.75

0.70
0.58 0.58 0.58
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.40 0.33 0.33
0.30 0.25 0.25

0.20
0.08 0.08
0.10
0.00
0.00
September 4, 2023
August 9, 2023 12/09/2023 September 16, 2023
20/09/2023 24/09/2023 September 28, 2023
Date of observation

T0

Figure 7: Average number of pests observed during the frequency of four

treatment days
3.4 Effect of the biopesticide against attacks on flowers and fruits
The average number of pest attacks on the floral organs was low in the
two treatments, either 0.5 for T0 and 0.17 for T1. We can say that few pests
those present were causing damage to the floral organs and the fruit. The tables here-
after presents the average number of pest attacks on floral organs and the fruit
in the treatments.

28
Table V: Evolution of attacks observed on flowers and fruits during the
different frequencies of biopesticide treatment.

Dates T0 T1 T0 T1
24/08/2023 0 0 0 0
August 31, 2023 0 0 0 0
April 9, 2023 0 0 0 0
August 9, 2023 0 0 0 0
12/09/2023 0 0 0 0
0
September 16, 2023 0 0 0
20/09/2023 0 0 0 0
0
September 24, 2023 0 0 0
28/09/2023 0.5 0.17 0 0

29
CONCLUSION
This study was initiated to highlight the biopesticide effect of the mixture of different
plant aqueous extracts on zucchini pests. We have indeed put a
device featuring a witness (T0) and a plot treated with biopesticide (T1).

The study allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of the biopesticide on zucchini pests.
The results showed that the use of the biopesticide has insect-repelling effects on the
pests of the zucchini. Regarding the damage caused by pests to the foliage of the
Courgette the effectiveness of the biopesticide was maintained at an application frequency of four
(04) days at the T1 and T0 levels presented the highest average number of perforated sheets.
important.

At the end of our study, the use of aqueous extracts of Ocimum canum, Khaya
senegalensis,Hyptis suaveollence,azaridarachta indica,Capsicum annuum,Allium
Sativum vegetables can help fight against zucchini leaf pests.
In terms of perspectives to better enrich the study, we propose:

to initiate studies to identify the effective dose of the biopesticide for each
studied frequency;
to conduct laboratory studies in order to determine the ecotoxicity of the biopesticide,
its composition and its shelf life.

30
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WEB GRAPHY

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science/cucurbita-pepo)(consulted August 01, 2023).

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season debut) (consult August 10, 2023).

37
ANNEXES
Appendix 1: internship activity timeline
Periods
activities Actors July About September October
e
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Taking of Internship Supervisor
contact and and intern
choice of
study theme
Internship supervisor
Elaboration and intern
of the protocol
from the study
Research
bibliographic intern
e
internship supervisor
and intern
Site selection
Delimitation
and confection intern
boards
contribution of the
smell of intern
background and sowing

Works
interview intern
monitoring and
collection
data
harvest intern
Writing and
set to intern
form of
report
Correction Internship supervisor
of the report

Deposit of
report intern

nine
Annex 3: observation sheet
Date: …………………………………………………. Observer: …………………………………………….
treatment plants Block1 Block2 Block3 Block4
week Settings Fe p Fl p Fr p R ob Fe p Fl p Fr p R ob fep Fl p Fr p R ob Fe p Fl p Fr p R ob
1
2
3
4
T0 5
6
7
8
1 1
2
3
4
T1 5
6
7
8

Legend
perforated leaf Fr p: perforated fruit; R ob: observed ravager.

x
Appendix 4: organizational chart of ENAFA of Matourkou
ADVICE
ADMINISTRATION

(CA)

PRIVATE SECRETARIAT
DIRECTION OF CONTROL (SP)
OF MARKETS AND OF
FINANCIAL ENGAGEMENTS
(DCMEF)
DIRECTION
PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR
GENERAL
MARCHES (PRM)

(DG)

ACCOUNTING AGENCY (AC)

SERVICE FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION
(SSE)

PARTNERSHIP SERVICE
SERVICE SERVICE SCIENTIFIC (SPS)
OF THE SERVICE OF THE FROM THE
RECIPE ACCOUNTING EXPENSE

GENERAL SECRETARIAT DOCUMENTATION SERVICE

CHARGED STUDY FROM THE INFORMATION, AND OF THE

(SG) COMPUTER RESOURCES

(SDIRI)

SECRETARIAT

DIRECTION OF DIRECTION OF THE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES DIRECTORATE OF DIRECTION OF THE

THE DEVELOPMENT AND OF THE CONTINUING EDUCATION HUMAN (HRD) THE ADMINISTRATION AND OF INITIAL TRAINING AND OF THE
VALUATION (DAMV) (DFC) FINANCES (DAF) SCHOLARSHIP (CHALLENGES)

SERVICE OF THESERVICE OF THE SERVICE OF THE SERVICE OF THE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICES SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE
PRODUCTION SERVICE OF
MECHANIZATIONPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE SERVICE DES WORKS FINANCIAL MATERIAL DES OF THE FROM THE INTERNSHIPS
VEGETABLE ANIMAL BUSINESS
RESOURCES OF RECYCLING, OF FROM THE RESOURCES SOCIAL WORKS FORMATION Formation ACADEMIC
NATURAL OF IMPROVEMENT OF FORMATION PRACTICES OF AGENTS OF AGENTS
HUMAN (SAA)
SECURITY TEACHERS AND OF CONTINUE CONCEPTION EXECUTION AND
OF THE DOMAIN PERSONNEL APPLICATION
(SFAC)
(SFAEA)

eleven