UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS OF GUATEMALA

Graduate School of Studies

Faculty of Engineering
Master's in Industrial Management
Logistics Course
MA. César Akú

REVERSE LOGISTICS AND GREEN LOGISTICS

María Gabriela Pereda Pinto

February 6, 2010
INTRODUCTION:
 Reverse Logistics or Inverse Logistics is a relatively new practice.
has stopped taking advantage effectively due to knowledge
inadequate of the same and to the fact that, in some cases, it is given
confused with another also novel practice, identified as Logistics
Green

Reverse Logistics has a series of benefits, both economic and

social, and in this last aspect they are mainly environmental,
as seen by Green Logistics. As well as obtaining and/or
transform hidden costs into profits, in this way the Logistics of
Reversa manages the return of goods in the supply chain.
in the most efficient and economical way possible, it takes care of the
recovery and recycling of containers, packaging, and hazardous waste; thus
like of theprocessesfrom the return of excess inventory, returns of
customers, obsolete products and seasonal inventories. It even anticipates
At the end of the product's useful life, in order to dispose of it.marketsof
higher turnover, which does not necessarily imply an unethical practice. The
Reverse Logistics today is increasing its importance and connotation to
interiors of companies, since they have set their sights on this
process due to the hidden values that are managed and that affect in a way
constant the final results of companies, even the failure to acknowledge
that the management of reverse flows logistics can be a factor of advantage
competitive given that minimizing this process allows for better outcomes
results throughout the Supply Chain.

The concepts of Reverse Logistics and Green Logistics are not only used
to refer to the role of logistics in the return of products, but
which also refers to reduction at source, recycling, reuse
of materials, the substitution of materials, the elimination of waste and
wastes, repair and remanufacturing. The introduction of
the same is the result of the growing environmental awareness in countries
industrialized, which leads to considering the issues of collection of
waste and used products or components and their recycling.
Currently, Reverse Logistics should be just another process within
the supply chain and which is applicable to any type of
industry, and the concept is not to avoid a loss, but to have a
process that generates both social and economic profitability.

This paper presents a definition of Green Logistics with the

intention to compare it with the definition of Reverse Logistics and locate its
similarities and/or differences. In the search for this definition, it was found
evidence about the reasons that led to coin the term
Green Logistics, and more specifically the reason for designating the color green.

To this end, the following objectives are established:

1. Highlight the characteristics of Reverse Logistics from the perspective

conceptual of a process.
2. Establish the relationship that Reverse Logistics has with Green Logistics.
through the identification of their differences and similarities.
 REVERSE LOGISTICS:
It is the process of designing, implementing, and controlling a flow of
raw materials, work in progress inventory, finished products and
information related from the point of consumption to the point of
origin in an efficient and as cost-effective as possible way with the
purpose of recovering its value or that of its own return. (Angulo,
2000

In the US, reverse logistics has become an important

competitive tool, establishing a return policy
totally liberal, reaching extreme levels in some cases. There the
The increase in returns has gone from 40 trillion dollars in the
year 1992 until reaching the staggering amount of 65 trillion today.
(Angle, 2000)

Reverse logistics manages the return of goods in the

supply chain, in the most effective and economical way possible.
(Angle, 2000)

Reverse Logistics is responsible for recovery and recycling of

containers, packaging and hazardous waste; as well as the processes of
return of excess inventory, customer returns, products
obsolete and seasonal inventories. It even anticipates the end of life
of the product, in order to market it in higher turnover markets.
(Angle, 2000)

Community directives also require or will require

soon to the recovery or recycling of many products -
consumer goods, packaging and containers, automotive components,
electrical and electronic materials-, which will imply in the coming
years a significant modification of many production processes and,
also, an opportunity as a new market for many operators
of transport, storage, and distribution. (Angulo, 2000)

The consequence of all the above is clear: in the coming years the
reverse logistics will represent an important revolution in the world
business and, very likely, will become one of the businesses
with the greatest growth at the beginning of the third millennium. (Angulo, 2000)

An activity with enormous growth potential that has been

defined as the last frontier for cost reduction in the
companies, in addition to becoming an important and innovative source
of opportunities. (Angulo, 2000)

According to Rommert Dekker (2003), it is necessary for the partners and

manufacturers participating in a project become involved
in the organization to find ways to reduce costs per hour
example of returning products. In your opinion, reverse logistics is a
reverse flow of material in the supply chain. "In the U.S.
unlike in Europe, there is no return of products to
end of their life. In the U.S., people return them because they don't work.
"or they don't like it when they are bought," he stated. (Angulo, 2000)

The leader of REVLOG stated that the companies' interest is the flow.
inverse of the product and not recycling. "In studies we have conducted,
we have observed that companies that manage their logistics in a
external costs will be lower than those incurred by those who carry them out internally
internal" commented. (Angulo, 2000)

Rogers & Tibben-Lembke (1998) define Reverse Logistics as the

process of moving goods from their final destination with the purpose of capturing
value, or an appropriate final disposition of them.

Carter & Ellram (1998) cite that Reverse Logistics is a process of

through which companies can become more efficient
environmentally through recycling, reuse, and reduction of
the amount of material they use.

Guide et al. (2000) define Reverse Logistics as "the task of

recover discarded products; this may include packaging and materials
of shipment, and the reverse hauling of them towards a central point of
collection for recycling or remanufacturing.

The definition of Reverse Logistics adopted by The Spanish Network of

Reverse Logistics and by the Executive Council of Reverse Logistics (RLEC, for
its acronyms in English are:

The process of planning, implementing, and controlling effectively and efficiently

the flow of raw materials, inventory of work in progress, products
finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the
point of origin, with the purpose of recapturing value or a disposition
appropriate.

According to the previous definition, Rojas et al. (2006) and Bereciartúa &
Echazarra (2007) states that through Reverse Logistics, attention is given to
the recovery and recycling of packaging, containers, and hazardous waste, as well
how the processes of returning excess inventory, returns of
clients, obsolete products and seasonal inventories.

Soto (2005) highlights, from the definition of Reverse Logistics cited lines
above, six elements through which a broader view can be provided
broaden about said practice:

1. Reverse Logistics as a process,

2. The inputs of that process,
3. The activities carried out in the process,
4. The outcomes or consequences of the process,
5. The start of the process, and
6. Where the process ends

Regarding the above, Brito and Dekker (2003) present their proposal.
about the process of Reverse Logistics (See Fig. 1). In this scheme, the
representation of the process is not limited to a certain type of company,
understanding therefore that it could be an application representation
universal. In this figure, one can identify that the origin of the process or of
Reverse Logistics is the 'Market', the starting point where it is generated.
all the activities indicated there.

Figure 1: The Reverse Logistics Process. (by Brito and Dekker, 2003)

Soto (2005) and Rogers & Tibben Lemke (1998) present a framework in
where (See fig. 2), both the components and the
activities that must be taken into account for the design of a system
Reverse Logistics.
 Figure 2: The Reverse Logistics Network. (Soto, 2005)

There are at least three vectors for its momentum:

1) Cost-benefit considerations: better products at a cost of

lower production, recovery of packaging value, packaging,
recyclable packaging and handling units

2) Legal requirements: derived from health protection and

environment, considerations for waste processing costs,
etcetera.

3) Social responsibility: generally driven by organizations

non-governmental organizations and consumer associations that are supported in
their purchasing power seeks safer and environmentally friendly products
friendly; obviously the firms never lose money, behind there is a
proud marketing positioning in a 'Premium' segment
to consume in a 'correct' manner.

The reasons that generate the need for reverse logistics are:

Defective merchandise
Return of excess inventory
• Customer returns
 Obsolete products
• Seasonal inventories (Angulo, 2000)

The processes in reverse logistics focus on five key objectives:

procurement of purchases, reduction of virgin inputs; recycling;
substitution of materials, and waste management.

In each of the processes of business logistics, it is possible to

identify the five indicated approaches:

1) Procurement and purchases: Involves procurement, development of

suppliers and the acquisition of raw materials, components,
materials for packaging, packing, and handling units that
be 'environmentally friendly'.

2) Reduction of virgin inputs: Involves: a) engineering activities

of product, and b) retraining of human resources, with the
purpose of: valuing material reuse activities
surpluses, prefer recycled materials, choose containers,
packaging, handling units, reusable packaging and containers
recyclables, promote the culture of 'return'.

3) Recycling: It is necessary to develop recycling policies respecting the

performance or product standards: use materials from origin
recycled, and recyclable; explore technological innovations that allow
use recycled materials; fund studies to reduce the use of
virgin raw materials.

4) Replacement of materials: The increase in the rate of innovation in

recycling processes must promote the substitution of materials, in
particular of the heavier ones for lighter ones with equal or superior
performance (as is the case in the automotive industry where the
plastics are massively replacing metal and glass parts in the
automobiles, as well as aluminum or "composite" materials in the
new truck chassis reduce the tare making it easier to
increase of the load unit for equal weight per axle.

5) Waste management: Procurement policies for materials must

assess the waste rate in the use of materials; the management of
waste is a non-negligible cost; it may also be necessary to have
sample acceptance policies, if the management requirements of the
the waste from these, or simply their disposal by rejection, is costly.

Rubio (2003) and Soto (2005) highlight the presence of a new parameter:
the uncertainty about the collection. Regarding the uncertainty, it could be
to say that four sources generating it in the channel are distinguished
inverse

Regarding the quantity (quantitative)

2. Regarding quality (qualitative)
3. Time (periodicity)
4. Place of recovery (of space or location)
 Regarding the generating sources, a classification can be made of
the entries to the Reverse Logistics process based on the
uncertainty, since, as mentioned above, the number of
return units
upon return, among other no less important considerations, it is uncertain
in most cases. This classification (See fig. 3) presents three
possible scenarios to consider. The location of each company in one of
of these three scenarios will be subject to its own characteristics of the
the same, as well as external factors such as legal regulations from the
country where these companies are located.

Figure 3: Possible scenarios regarding income to the supply chain

(De León, et al., 2006)

Likewise, what is considered for re-entering the chain of

supplies are basically the final products and/or their packaging. The
return sources are identified in Table 1.

Rubio (2003) indicates that there are three entities that carry out the task of
recovery of products and/or their packaging:

1. The company generating the product,

2. The one from the company that does not generate the product, and
3. The one that results from combining the two previous ones.

Its characteristics are as follows:

• The proprietary systems of LI, the same company designs, manages and
they control. They are leaders in their respective markets. Generally, the
the products of these companies are complex and technologically advanced,
And it is common to rely on third parties for collection and transport.

Companies that do not have Reverse Logistics systems opt for

hire the services of professionals in this type of activities. The
companies that resort to this option are companies that also put into
third-party hands the traditional logistics function. They are simple networks, with
few links, where the transportation function acquires a
determinant importance.

In a shared system, the recovery of the

products for their treatment or proper disposal among the members
of the supply chain; suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors, the
which finance the system according to their market share.

De Brito (2003) identifies three different actors in the process of the

Reverse Logistics:

Those who make up the forward supply chain

suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers

Those who specialize in reverse logistics (recycling specialists)

Those of opportunity (charity organizations)

Table 1: Sources of returns (Rogers and Tibben-Lemke, 1998)

Regarding the activities carried out in the process of

Reverse Logistics in table 2 summarizes those that are most mentioned in the
existing literature. Most of these activities show a similarity:
the prefix re-, which means repetition or movement backwards.

The outputs or results obtained through the process of

Reverse Logistics are primarily (Carter and Ellram, 1998, Knemeyer,
Ponzurick and Logar, 2002, from Brito and Dekker, 2003, Krikke et al., 2003,
Fernández, Priore and Gómez, 2006, among others:

Solution to the issues that may arise regarding the

products that, for various reasons, are reintegrated into the chain of
supplies,
Raw materials,
Reduction of the amount of waste generated and its disposal costs,
Definitive solutions for the final disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste
dangerous,
• Information that impacts the early stages of product design,
mainly.
 Table 2: Most common activities in the Reverse Logistics process (Rogers and
Tibben-Lemke, 1998

Reverse logistics is undoubtedly a philosophy that any company

should be added to your environment, due to all the mentioned factors and
In light of the globalization that is occurring, it is important to have a
strategic planning of reverse logistics. (Angulo, 2000)

Reverse logistics involves the following activities:

Withdrawal of goods
Classification of merchandise
Refurbishment of products
Return to origins
Destruction
Administrative processes
• Recovery, recycling of containers and packaging and waste
dangerous (Angulo, 2000)

10 key elements were identified for proper management.

in reverse logistics:

1) Incoming filtering: It is about controlling defective merchandise or

that did not meet the return requirements.

2) Time cycles. Returns are always processes.

exceptional, which makes it very difficult to reduce the time cycles
regarding decisions on the acceptance of an order
returned. It is about defining a good decision-making mechanism,
that is to say, what to do with each possible return (resale, repair,
elimination) This would also include the decision of how to reward the
company personnel that can shorten this cycle to the maximum
time.

3) Information systems for reverse logistics. There is no software.

designed specifically for this purpose, so the logical choice
either the development of a custom system, or the implementation and
modification of one that is already owned (more economical option). This
the system must be flexible enough to handle the
huge variety of different cases that can occur in the
returns, and complex enough to work well at
through the possibly numerous departments of the company. An
successful reverse logistics software must gather information
significant that can actually help in the tracking, both of the
own returns as well as the costs involved in them, and
create a database with information related to the reasons for each
refunds, among which are:

Repair / Service
Factory repair: It is returned to the supplier for
repair.
Maintenance.
Seller error when sending.
Customer error while ordering.
Input error. Error in the order processing system.
Shipping error. Incorrect material has been sent.
Incomplete shipment.
Wrong amount.
Duplicate shipment.
Duplicate order by the customer.
Requested by the customer.
Incomplete. A component or part is missing.
For defects or damaged
Damaged.
It doesn't work.
Defective. Does not work well.
Expired.
•Damaged during shipping. A claim will be made to the company.
transportation.
Others.

4) Centralized return centers. The return centers

centralized (CDC) are facilities dedicated to handling returns
quickly and efficiently. Here the products will be organized,
processed and sent to their respective destinations. The CDC has been
used for many years, but recently have been seen
increased for the following reasons:

An increase in benefits is achieved.

The returns process is greatly improved.
Train and prepare the staff in this regard.
The inventory levels are reduced.
Logic of customer satisfaction.

5) Returns 'ZERO'. In a typical ZERO return program the

The supplier informs its customers that returns will NOT be accepted.
Instead of this, the provider will offer the customer a discount on the
invoice of the general order, and then, depending on the supplier, the
The client will either destroy the product or dispose of it freely in another way.
way.

6) Repair and renovation. There are 4 categories: Repair, renovation, use

partial and recycling. The first two categories imply a
conditioning and/or updating of the returned product. The used
partial is based on the strict recovery of only those elements or
still functional parts.

7) Recovery of goods. It is the classification and disposition of the

returned products, that is, surpluses, expired, obsolete,
waste... carried out in a way that increases benefits and
reduce costs. The main objective will be to recover both
economic (and ecological) value as much as possible, while also reducing the
final amounts of waste. Essentially you can rebuild,
resell, recycle, repackage or destroy these returned products.
The decision will determine the design of your processing facility, the type
training for your employees and the specific procedures in
regarding the handling of returned products. The appliances,
for example, they could be repaired and sold again in stores
discount, and perishable or pharmaceutical products that expire
they would be destroyed.

8) Negotiation. This is an important part of a logistics process.

inverse well defined. Given a 'forward' flow of products
prices are set by brand directors or specialists in
marketing. In our reverse process we will find ourselves, on the contrary,
with a "bargaining" phase, where the value of the returned product will be
negotiated without the use of prior guidelines on establishment of
prices. These negotiations tend to be 'flexible'.

9) Financial management. The vast majority of companies need

improve their internal accounting processes. The fact is that, the
huge amount of accounting problems that comes with a return
further alienate the already unwilling warehouse managers. Let's put here a
Example of this: Merchandise that is returned to the supplier due to
stock surpluses or why it has not been sold. It is returned through
from the normal reverse logistics channel. So far, everything is going well. Without
the accounting system, for example, will establish
automatically a discount price on these products, since
they come through the returns channel, and they are presumed to be expired, damaged,
defective... There are suitable programs that can provide support
directly to these accounting activities, collecting and supplying the
necessary information.

10) 'Outsourcing'. Hiring the reverse process outside. Increasingly more

Companies are hiring specialized external firms in logistics.
Often, these firms carry out reverse logistics processes more
efficiently and better, as well as leaving us to take care of
sell more and better. Still, let's not deceive ourselves. This does not mean that
we should abdicate all responsibility to these firms. The level of success
In a reverse logistics program, it is proportional to your level of control.
about it. If you do not know all the nooks and crannies of reverse logistics
you will be "sold" to what a possible negligence of these firms may
bring to your company. (Angulo, 2000)

The key factors for the success of reverse logistics are:

• Administration and control: The processes of reverse logistics

they must be 'mapped' in the interfunctional structure to be
understood throughout the entire supply chain and be
positioned in the correct relational context of direction.

• Performance indicators: It is necessary to establish cost accounting.

based on activities to measure the performance of logistics
inverse. Every program, as well as each of its actions
it must be measured; the practice will allow for faster evaluation and
easily any innovative proposal.

• Financial aspects: Implementing reverse logistics involves the

need to allocate sufficient financial resources for: a) auditing
logistical processes throughout the entire supply chain; b)
conduct industrial design studies compatible with the environment of
containers, packaging, packaging and handling units; c) finance
specific equipment for recovering and recycling materials, and d)
establish strategic alliances. (Angulo, 2000)

We can apply reverse logistics to a well-known field such as

controversial, especially nowadays. The recycling of materials
environmentally hazardous. Some companies are observing
that a well-implemented reverse logistics system can, moreover
achieving significant savings in costs, getting
their companies earn a reputation as 'good citizens' through hard work
"committed to the environment." (Angulo, 2000)

Let's take an example. A well-known manufacturer of products of

Cosmetics used to 'throw away' around 60 million dollars to landfills.
coming from returns. The manufacturer dealt with this problem
developing processes that reduced the volume of products
destroyed halfway. The process was based on scanning the boxes
of material returned at the time of entering their warehouses,
thus knowing the expiration dates of the returned products, and
calculating if these could be sold again, or given away like
samples. (Angulo, 2000)

During the first year, this cosmetics company was able to

evaluate 24% more of your returns, distribute 150% more with
returns and saving 475,000 dollars in just one year in costs
In general, the company destroyed 27% of the products anyway.
returned due to expiration. The manufacturer hopes in the future
close to being able to lower this figure to only 15%. All this only at the expense of
of an adequate reverse logistics system. The development of a good
reverse strategy will require a great effort as well as the use of
external consultants. (Angulo, 2000)

GREEN LOGISTICS:
There is also what is known as green logistics that deals with
more broadly on environmental issues, although as its name suggests
indicates it is more associated with the definition of environmental quality, which
...Safe drinking water, ecosystems
healthy, safe food, communities free of toxic substances,
safe management of waste and the restoration of contaminated sites
Council of Environmental Quality, 1996

We can also observe how the perception of this has changed.

theme in business due to this social awareness for the environment in
Table 3:

Table 3: perception of environmental matters in business (Beamon,

1999

The idea of a system with these characteristics can be realized.

easily, if a simple diagram of any industry is observed;
For this purpose, the extended diagram of the supply chain is taken from the
Figure 4: the solid lines represent the traditional links of the
supply chain, and the dotted lines represent the extension of the
chain due to the reverse flows; the W enclosed in the diamonds
they represent the waste (or disposal) of materials.
 Figure 4: Supply chain (Beamon, 1999)
One way that could help establish the relationship between Logistics
Green and Reverse Logistics is to cite the definition of both practices.
referenced in the academic field and/or by practitioners of the same.
the fact of not finding an explicit definition regarding Green Logistics
check what was established by Murphy & Poist (2003) about the limited
literature about this practice. Limitation that includes the fact of the
absence of a formal definition regarding the term Green Logistics.
In an effort to remedy this deficiency and be able to reach the second
the objective of this work, the following information has been located, which
help to establish the origins and the evolution of what is known
currently as Green Logistics, and identifies its objectives and
the activities to achieve such objectives. This information is summarized
in the following seven points:

1. The legal provisions, environmental groups, and society

in general, they exert strong pressure on the industrial sector
(Fleischmann et al, 2001) to take preventive and corrective actions
about aspects such as deforestation, pollution, and decrease of the
natural resources, among others. Some of the actions they are taking
certain sectors of society are the generation of environmental policies and
prevention, protection and/or restoration programs to face
various environmental problems such as: pollution control of
air and water, laws for mandatory recycling, reduction of the use of
toxic substances, taxes on companies and charges to the consumer, among
others. As a reference, it can be stated that it has become customary
relate these actions to the color green; for example, in the States
In North America, there exists the Green Index.
study conducted by the Institute for Southern Studies to find out what
states of the American Union have been more innovative regarding the
aforementioned actions. Likewise, the term 'manufacturing'
green," which implies minimizing the waste generated during the
manufacturing process of the product, (especially harmful waste)
(Mohanty and Deshmukh, 1999).
2. Regarding the term 'green,' Naredo (2004) indicates about the widespread use
of this type of epithets in economic-environmental literature, which are
They are inscribed in the inflation that social sciences accuse in terms of
fashion, whose ambiguity leads to using them more as spells than as
useful concepts to understand and solve the problems of the world
real. The same Naredo (2004) states:

As Malthus had warned early on in his

"Definitions in Political Economy" (1827), the success in the use of
new terms are especially marked in the sciences
social, due to its connection with the very mental status quo,
institutional, and terminological already established in the society in which
they must take shape.

It can be said that the success of the term 'green', when relating it to the idea
doing something in favor of the environment is not foreign to this rule.
Likewise, and according to Aliste, the "green fashion" that emerged at the end of the
the sixties brings to mind the new connection of man with the
nature. This new relationship with nature and the rejection of forms
of production, consumption and other forms associated with the mode of production
capitalist, brought in a group of people the concern and the need to
to review what is related to our relationships with the environment. Thus, the Club of Rome
it concludes in its 1972 report on the serious deterioration of conditions
environmental.

3. The adoption and effectiveness of environmental requirements and performance

of the same among the traditional logistical activities that are carried out
forward between suppliers and customers, it is also identified as Logistics
Green (Simpson et al. 2007).

4. Green Logistics considers environmental aspects in all the

traditional logistical activities -from producer to consumer-. The topics
environmental factors that stand out in traditional logistics are the consumption of
non-renewable natural resources, air emissions, congestion and the
use of roads, noise, and the final disposal of both hazardous waste
as non-dangerous, (de Brito 2003, Qinghua et al. 2008).

5. Green Logistics deals with attempts to measure and reduce

minimum the ecological impact of traditional logistics activities.

6. Soto (2005) indicates that Green Logistics pursues the objectives of;
reuse of containers, recycling packaging materials, redesign
from the same packaging, use of fewer materials, reduction of
energy and pollution concerning the transportation of products.

7. The application of Green Logistics, by those who promote it,

favors the environmental commitments that these
companies can incur, as well as in the operational performance of the
the same (Qinghua et al. 2008).

It can be established, based on the above, that Green Logistics

it is more related to traditional logistics than to Logistics
Inverse; this relationship occurs when the environmental impact is measured that
presents during the development of traditional logistics, and of that
measurement, proposals emerge that seek to reduce this impact. To
it can be assumed that Green Logistics helps logistics
traditional to complete their tasks efficiently, according to the
environmental criteria that are intended to be achieved. In figure 5 is
represented the interaction of Green Logistics and a typical chain of
supply.

Figure 5: Green Logistics and its interaction with a typical chain of

supply. (De León, et al., 2006)

It is also necessary that the activities and purposes that are identified.
in Green Logistics are:

Measure the energy consumption levels during transportation of the

product with the purpose of reducing such consumption,

2. Similar to the previous point regarding the reduction of pollution of the

air, soil, water, and auditory,

3. The reuse of containers is proposed,

4. The recycling of packaging or the material of the same is proposed,

5. A redesign is sought to minimize material consumption as much as

the final product as for its packaging, and
6. They promote a final disposal of products and packaging where
aims to minimize the environmental impact as much as possible.

conclusions

1. Reverse Logistics is responsible for the recovery and recycling of packaging.

packaging and hazardous waste; as well as the return processes of
inventory excesses, customer returns, obsolete products and
seasonal inventories. It even anticipates the end of the product's life, with
Objective of providing an outlet in markets with higher turnover.

2. Reverse Logistics is an activity with enormous potential

growth that has been defined as the final frontier for reduction
of costs in companies, in addition to becoming an important and
novel source of opportunities.

3. The processes in reverse logistics focus on five key objectives:

procurement of purchases, reduction of virgin materials; recycling;
substitution of materials, and waste management.

4. Reverse logistics helps to preserve the environment by

recycling of materials that endanger terrestrial ecosystems.

5. Reverse Logistics and Green Logistics are mutually processes.

exclusive.

6. Green Logistics focuses on the environmental impact of all

supply chain to make the final product, such as the
water pollution, air pollution, soil exploitation, etc.

7. Green Logistics proposes the reuse of containers, as well as the

recycling of packaging or materials thereof; these proposals
activities that have been identified within the scope of Logistics
Inverse

Green Logistics proposes, as an activity, the search for redesign.

to minimize material consumption both in the final product and in
its packaging, and one of the results obtained by developing the
The practice of Reverse Logistics is the generation of such information. It could
to affirm that Reverse Logistics provides such information to Logistics
Green, for the redesign where the aim is to minimize consumption of
materials and their packaging.
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