ROVUMA UNIVERSITY

Bachelor's Degree in Accounting and Taxation

NUMERICAL SEQUENCE AND LIMIT OF SEQUENCE

Florinda Renato Junqueiro

Lichinga

2023
 INDEX

INTRODUCTION

NUMERICAL SEQUENCE AND LIMIT OF SEQUENCE...................................................2

1. Concept of Succession

Succession increasing and decreasing.......................................................................3

1.2. Substitution

1.3. Successions limited.................................................................4

2. Progression Arithmetic (AP) and Geometric Progression (GP)......................................5

2.1. Progression Arithmetic (PA)................................................................................5

2.2. Progression Geometric (PG)..............................................................................6

3. Limit of a succession.............................................................................................6

4. Succession divergent

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION

In the study of mathematics, the notion of sequence is fundamental. It describes the order.
ordered sets of numbers or terms that follow a specific pattern. Sequences are
widely used in various areas of mathematics and have practical applications in
many fields, such as science, economics, engineering, and statistics. There are different
types of successions, each with its distinct characteristics. Successions can be
classified as increasing, decreasing, limited, arithmetic progressions or
geometric progressions. Each of them has specific properties and applications,
which are widely studied in the theory of sequences.

In this work, we will explore the essential concepts related to sequences.

Initially, we will discuss the concept of succession and its general properties.
Next, we will address increasing and decreasing sequences, which are those in which the
terms increase or decrease as the sequence progresses. Subsequently,
we will deal with limited successions, which have a maximum or minimum value for
your terms. Next, we will study arithmetic progressions, which are sequences
in which the difference between consecutive terms is always constant, and the progressions
geometric, in which the ratio between consecutive terms is always constant. Finally,
we will discuss the concept of the limit of a sequence, which is a fundamental notion in
mathematical analysis and describes the value that a sequence tends towards as its
terms approach infinitely.

3
NUMERICAL SEQUENCE AND LIMIT OF SEQUENCE

1. Concept of Succession

A succession is an ordered sequence of numbers or terms, usually denoted

for a₁, a₂, a₃, ..., a_n, ..., where 'a₁' is the first term, 'a₂' is the second term, and so on.
thereafter. The terms of a sequence can be real numbers, complex numbers
or even other mathematical objects, such as polynomials or matrices.

With this we can conclude that the sequence of real numbers is called any
IN application* in IR. For example, an= 3n -2, the sequence thus defined is 1, 4, 7, 10,
13, ..., 3n - 2.

Examples of sequences are:

If the range is R then it is called a sequence of real numbers.

It is designated byn:

The values of the sequence images are called terms of the sequence and are designated as

to break1, u2, … u..., that is, 1oterm, 2oterm, …, nth term or term of
order n.
The expressionnit is called the general term of the succession.

The codomain of the function is called the set of all terms of the sequence.

Ways to designate a succession

Ordering: To designate a succession, it is common to write in order a

sufficient number of terms from the sequence, so that we have an idea of the
behavior of the succession. For example, the succession whose first three terms
it is 1, 3, 5, written in the following way:

1, 3, 5, ...

The most common way to designate a sequence is to indicate a formula.

through which one can obtain, for each natural n, the corresponding n-th
term. For example, the formula:

1
un = n ∈ N
n

allows us to obtain the following sequence of ordered terms:

4
 1 1
1, ,,….
2 3

The formula:

vn= 1, n∈ N,

Design a constant succession with all terms equal to 1, and which, when ordered, becomes
write:

1, 1, 1, …, 1, ….

Recurrence: Another way to designate a succession is to indicate the

instructions on how to obtain the successor terms knowing one or more of the first ones
terms. For example, the formulas:

Define the (Fibonacci) sequence whose first eight terms arranged are
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ….
A succession determined by this process is said to be a succession defined by
recurrence.

For simplicity of writing, any succession is denoted byn, whatever it may be

shape by which it is defined.

1.1. Ascending and descending succession

A sequence is considered increasing when its terms increase as

we move forward in the sequence. This means that the next term is always greater than the
previous term. Mathematically, a sequence (a_n) is increasing if and only if, a_n
a_(n+1) for all n ≥ 1. For example, the sequence (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...) is a sequence
increasing, as each term is obtained by adding 2 to the previous term.

On the other hand, a sequence is considered decreasing when its terms decrease.
as we progress in the sequence. This means that the next term is always
less than the previous term. Mathematically, a sequence (a_n) is decreasing if, and
only if, a_n > a_(n+1) for all n ≥ 1. For example, the sequence (10, 8, 6, 4, 2, ...) is
a decreasing sequence, as each term is obtained by subtracting 2 from the previous term.

With this we can conclude that a sequence of real numbers {anIt is said to be increasing if
isn+1 -an0

5
And it is decreasingn+1 -a< 0.
A sequence is said to be monotonic if it is increasing or decreasing. A monotonic sequence
It is a sequence of numbers in which the terms constantly increase (succession
increases) or constantly decreases (descending succession) as the
sequence progresses.

n+ 3
an =
Example: Study the monotonicity of the sequence 2 .
Resolution:
( n+ 1 ) + 3 + 3 1
an+ 1− a n = − = 0>
2 2 2 the sequence is increasing.

1.2. Substitution

It is called by the succession of God.n any succession that results from the suppression of some
terms gaven

Example: Consider successionun = (−2 )n .

The first terms are -2, 4, -8, 16, -32, 64...

It is evident that in any sequence, an infinity of subsequences can be extracted.

such as the subsucession of odd-order terms: -2, -8, -32 ... or of order
4, 16, 64...

Two sequences {an}e{bnthey are said to be equal whenn=bnfor everyone IN*.

It is called the sum of the sequences {ann} to the succession {cnthat whichn=an +bn
for everyone IN.
It is called the product of the sequences {a} e {bn} to the succession {cn} tal quecn=an binfor
todon IN.
Similarly, it is called the quotient of the sequences {atranslatedText} e {bnn 0 for everything
an
c n=
IN, to the succession {cn} such that
bn for everyone IN*.

1.3. Limited successions

A sequence is considered bounded when there exists a real number that is greater than or
equal to all the terms of the sequence (superiorly bounded sequence) and to the same
less than or equal to all terms of the sequence (inferiorly bounded sequence).

6
In other words, a sequence is bounded if there are numbers M and m such that m ≤
a_n ≤ M for all n ≥ 1.

In summary, a limited succession is one in which the terms are restricted to a

finite interval of real values, which can be limited above, below or
in both directions.

A real sequence {anIt is said to be bounded if there exists a positive real number M such that,
for everyone IN* é an M.
n+1
un = 1+
Example: Consider the sequence n Show that the proposition is true.
¿
2< un≤ 3∀ n ∈ N What can be concluded from the truth of the previous proposition.

Resolution:

{ 1+
n+ 1
n
2¿ ¿ ¿>
Therefore the proposition is true.
¿

We can conclude that the successionnis limited.

2. Arithmetic Progression (AP) and Geometric Progression (GP)

2.1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)

Arithmetic progression is a sequence of real numbers in which the difference is constant.

between each term and the previous one, that is, n IN, an+ 1-an= d; where d is a constant.

The number d is called the common difference of the progression.

an= a1+ ( in− 1 ) d is the expression of the general term;

2a 1 + ( n−1 ) d
.n
2 ( 1
s n= a+ a= n )
2 it is the expression of the sum of the first n
terms
Example:
Consider the following arithmetic progression {2, 5, 8, 11, …}:
a) Determine the term of order 10.
b) Determine the sum of the first ten terms.
Resolution:

7
a)an= a1+ (n - 1)d a10 = 2 + (10 - 1)3 = 29
a 1+ a n 2+ 29
S n= ⋅n⇒ S10= ⋅10= 155
b) 2 2

2.2. Geometric Progression (GP)

Geometric progression is a sequence of real numbers in which the quotient is constant.

a n+ 1
=q
between each term and the preceding one, that is, n IN an where a constant is.
The number is called the common ratio of the geometric progression.

n−1
an= a1⋅q it is the expression of the general term;

( q
a11− )
s=
1−q it is the expression of the sum of the first n terms
Example: The sum of the first eight terms of a geometric progression with a ratio of 2
is equal to 255. Calculate the 2nd term.

Resolution:

( q
u11− n
) ( 2
u11− 8
)
S= ⇒ S 8= = 255⇔ u1= 1
1−q 1−2
n− 1 2− 1
un = u1q ⇒u 2= 1⋅2 = 2

3. Limit of a sequence

It is said that the royal succession {aconverges to the real number a or that a is the limit of
succession of the tender n to infinity, when to all the >0 corresponds to a natural0=n0

( such that, for all terms of order n > n0if there is |an-a| < .

If the conditions of the definition are met, the successionnsaid to be convergent e

it is written

and younwhen there is no doubt about the den variation of a succession

that does not satisfy the conditions of the definition is called a succession without limit or succession

divergent: divergent infinite (or to infinity) if, when n →∞ , |a nit becomes

8
greater than any positive real number; oscillating divergent, if it does not exist
no limit.

lim =1
Example: Prove that +
n → ∞n 2
According to the definition, it must be shown that any chosen there exists a
order
from which the terms of the succession are all situated at a distance of 1 or less
,
n
| −1| ¿ ¿
that is, if the relationship is verified n+2
n −2 2
| −1|=| |= <ε
Now, indeed, solving the inequality yields +
n 2 + +
n 2n 2
2
¿¿
That is, n+2
2−2 ε
n>
Where it comes from ε
What is the order from which the condition is verified.
2−2⋅0.1
n> = 18
Therefore, if we consider = 0.1 there is 0.1 ; what it means that the
Starting from term 19, all the terms of the sequence are close to 1 by less than 0.1.

General properties of limits:

The limit of a sequence, when it exists, is unique;
2. Every convergent sequence is bounded (the converse is false);
3. Every monotonic and bounded sequence is convergent;
4. All subsequences extracted from a convergent sequence are also convergent.
for the same limit;
5. Every bounded sequence of real numbers has at least one subsequence.
convergent.

Algebraic properties of limits:

lime= a limbn = b
1. If {annthey are real sequences such that n→ ∞ e n→ ∞ , then
five±( b= n)
n a±b
n→ ∞ .
2. If {a}nthey are convergent real numerical sequences, respectively, to
( n abn )
lima.b=
so, then : in→ ∞ .
9
 lima= a≠0
3. If n→ ∞ there exists a number M>0 such that, for any number greater than M is
1
|a n|> |a|
2 .
1 1
lima= a≠0 limit =
4. If n→ ∞ so n→ ∞ a n a
an a
limen= a limbn= b lim =
5. If n→∞ e n→∞ (bnif eb ≠ 0 then n→∞ bn b .
fiven= alimbn = b
6. If n→∞ , n→∞ so it was a little embarrassing:

) n= a
p
lim( a= nlime
( )
p p

a) →∞ n→ ∞ ;
p p
√ five= √ √
p
five= n a n
b) n→∞ n→∞

b limb n b
five( n ) =(lime)
n
n→ ∞ =a
c) n →∞ n→ ∞

7. If {an} tends to a finite and positive limit, then we have

lim ( loga= ) limitb a= logo
n→∞
b nlog n
( n→ ∞ ) b
.
Liman = a
8. Theorem of the limit of the Arithmetic Mean: If →∞ , then
a + a + ⋯+an
lim 1 2 = limen= a
n→∞ n n→∞ (finite or infinite).
limen= a
9. Theorem of the limit of the Geometric Mean: If a>0 e →∞

lim √a⋅a⋅
n
1 ⋯⋅
2a Liman= a
infinite)then →∞ = n→∞ .
10. In each of the following cases, whenever the second limit exists, the first one does too.
it also exists and has the same value (the reciprocal is false).
an
+1
limn√
a= nlim
a) n→ ∞ →∞ an

a
limn = lim(an −a n )
b) n→ ∞ n n →∞+1
a a n+1 −a n
limn= lim
c) n→ ∞ bn n→ ∞ b n+1 −b n

Examples:

10
 1−3 n 2
lim
1.Calculate n→ ∞ 2 n 2 + 3 n + 1
Resolution:

lim
n2
( 1
n2
−3
) lim
( ) =− 3
1
2
−3

[ ∞∞ ] =
2
lim
1−3 n 2
2
n → ∞ 2 n +3 n +1 =
n→ ∞ 2
2+ +
3 1
n n2( )= n→ ∞
( n )
3 1
2+ + 2

2
3 n +1
limit
2. Calculate n→ ∞ n
Resolution:

2 n3n+( 1
)
lim
n→ ∞
3 n +1 ∞
n
= [∞ ] lim
= n→ ∞
n
=
lim3n−
n→ ∞ ( 1
)= ∞
to draw(√ or √
depict+1− n)
3.Calculate n→ ∞

Resolution:
( √ n+1− n ) (√n+1+
√ n) √ n+1−n
( √ n)
limn+1− √ lim lim
n→ ∞ =[ - ] = →∞ ( √+1+ n√ ) = n→ ∞ n√+ 1 +n √ =
1
lim
= n→ ∞ +√1 +n √ =0

limn√n
4.Calculate n→ ∞ .
Resolution:
1
limn√n limn= ∞ [
n 0]

Direct substitution leads to an indeterminacy. n→ ∞ = n→ ∞ .

n n+1
√ = 1 in detail=
to draw or paint; to outline lim
Referring to item a) of property 10, we have n→ ∞ n→ ∞ n

lnn
lim
5.Calculate n→ ∞ n
Resolution:

Direct substitution leads to an indeterminacy.

[ ∞∞ ] , to lift a
indeterminacy we will refer to item b) of property 10:

11
 lnn n+ 1 n+ 1
lim lim [ ln ( n+ 1 ) − lnn=] limit ln = in lim = ln 1= 0
n→ ∞ = n→ ∞ →∞ n n→ ∞

n
limn!√
6. Calculaten→ ∞
Resolution:
n
limn!√
= [ ∞ ] from property 9 we have
0
n→∞

n n
limn!√ √ 3⋅ ⋯⋅n
lim1⋅2⋅ limn= ∞
n→ ∞ = n→ ∞ = n→∞

4. Divergent Successions

A sequence is said to be divergent if it is not convergent. It is said that a real sequence

Invalid input.n} diverges to more infinity and is written as:

limen= +∞
an + or n→ ∞

When every positive real number L corresponds to an order n0from which it is

always ton L.

It is said that a real sequence {a} diverges to negative infinity and is written as:

limen= −∞
a - or n→ ∞ , when -an + .

Classification of sequences regarding the existence and nature of the limit

{− Convergent(they tend to a real number) ¿ ¿ ¿¿

¿

12
CONCLUSION

The study of sequences is a fundamental part of mathematics, which addresses the analysis of
sequences of numbers and their characteristics. In this work, we discuss some
important concepts related to successions, including the basic concept of
sequence, increasing and decreasing sequences, bounded sequence, arithmetic progression and
geometric progression, as well as the concept of limit of a sequence. The sequence is
an ordered sequence of numbers that can be ascending, descending, or alternating,
presenting different numerical behaviors throughout its sequence.

The study of sequences is essential for understanding mathematical patterns and

numerical behaviors of sequences of numbers. The notions of increasing succession
and decreasing, bounded sequence, arithmetic and geometric progression, as well as the
the concept of the limit of a sequence is fundamental for understanding
advanced mathematics and have applications in various areas of knowledge.

13
BIBLIOGRAPHY

. Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions: Theory and Applications

São Paulo: Blucher.
. Guidorizzi, H. L. (2001). A Course in Calculus, vol. 1. 5th edition. Rio de Janeiro:
LTC.
. Iezzi, G., et al. (2017). Fundamentals of Elementary Mathematics: Sequences, Series,
Functions, 11th edition. São Paulo: Atual.
. Mathematical Analysis I
. Mathematics: single volume
. Calculus, vol. 1

14