Python
1. Variable
A variable is a named memory location used to store data.
Assignment & Examples:
x = 10
name = "Python"
Print(x, name)
You can assign multiple values in one line:
a, b, c = 5, 3.2, "Hello"
Variables can be reassigned to different values:
department_name = "CS"
department_name = "CS & AI"
2. Identifiers & Keywords
Identifiers are names for variables, functions, classes, etc.
Must start with a letter or underscore
Case-sensitive
Cannot be Python keywords
No spaces or special symbols like !, @, #
Keywords are reserved words used to define Python syntax and cannot be used as identifiers.
Examples of keywords:
False, await, else, import, for, def, class, with, yield, etc.
3. Tokens
Tokens are the smallest building blocks of a Python program.
Types of Tokens:
Identifiers
Keywords
Literals (constants like numbers, strings)
Operators (+, -, *, /)
Delimiters ((), {}, [], :, ;)
4. Interactive vs Script Mode
Interactive Mode: Run commands in the Python shell with immediate output.
Script Mode: Write code in .py and run it as a program.
5. Data Types
Python data types include:
Numeric: int, float, complex
String: str
Sequence: list, tuple, range
Mapping: dict
Boolean: bool
Everything is an object—data types are classes, and variables are their instances.
6. Difference: List vs Tuple
List ([]): Ordered, mutable, supports duplicates, flexible.
Tuple (()): Ordered, immutable, faster and safer when data shouldn't change.
Examples:
list1 = [1, 2, 3] # mutable
tuple1 = (1, 2, 3) # immutable
7. Compiler vs Interpreter
Compiler: Translates whole program; faster execution but error detection is post-compilation.
Interpreter: Executes line-by-line; slower but errors are shown instantly.
Python uses an interpreter (CPython).
8. Comments
Single-line: # This is a comment
Multi-line:
'''
This is
a multi-line comment
'''
9. Type Conversion
Implicit: Automatic type conversion (e.g., int + float → float)
x = 10
y = 3.5
print(x + y) # 13.5
Explicit: Using int(), float(), str()
a = "100"
b = int(a)
print(b + 50) # 150
10. Operators
Arithmetic: + - * / % // **
Relational: > < == != <= >=
Logical: and or not
Assignment: = += -= *= /=
Bitwise: & | ^ ~ << >>
Membership: in, not in
Identity: is, is not
11. Input Syntax
Variable = input("Enter something: ")
Example:
name = input ("Enter your name: ")
print ("Hello", name)
num = int (input("Enter a number: "))
print ("Square:", num * num)
12. Control Flow Syntax
If-Else
age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("Eligible to vote")
else:
print("Not eligible")
For Loop
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
While Loop
n = 1
while n <= 5:
print(n)
n += 1
13. Sample Programs
Hello, World!
print("Hello, world!")
Addition / Multiplication / Division
a, b = 10, 5
print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Multiplication:", a * b)
print("Division:", a / b)
Odd or Even
n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if n % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
Prime Check
n = 7
flag = True
for i in range(2, n):
if n % i == 0:
flag = False
break
print("Prime" if flag else "Not Prime")
Armstrong Number
n = 153
s = 0
temp = n
while temp > 0:
digit = temp % 10
s += digit ** 3
temp //= 10
print("Armstrong" if s == n else "Not Armstrong")
