Detailed Notes on Programming and Software
4. Programming and Software
-----------------------------
1. Basics of C, C++, Java, and Python:
- **C Language**:
- Developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie.
- Procedural programming language with fast execution.
- Used for system software, operating systems, and embedded systems.
- Example:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}
```
- **C++ Language**:
- Extension of C with Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) features.
- Used for game development, real-time simulations, and GUI applications.
- Example:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!";
return 0;
}
```
- **Java Language**:
- Platform-independent, runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
- Used for web applications, Android apps, and enterprise software.
- Example:
```java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello, World!");
}
}
```
- **Python Language**:
- High-level language with easy-to-read syntax.
- Used for AI, machine learning, web development, and data analysis.
- Example:
```python
print("Hello, World!")
```
2. Flowcharts and Algorithms:
- **Flowcharts**:
- Visual representation of an algorithm using symbols.
- Symbols:
- Oval: Start/End.
- Parallelogram: Input/Output.
- Rectangle: Process.
- Diamond: Decision.
- **Algorithm**:
- Step-by-step process to solve a problem efficiently.
- Example Algorithm for Sum of Two Numbers:
1. Start
2. Input A, B
3. Compute Sum = A + B
4. Display Sum
5. Stop
3. Data Structures:
- **Array**:
- Collection of elements stored in contiguous memory locations.
- Example:
```c
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
```
- **Stack (LIFO - Last In, First Out)**:
- Used in function calls, undo features, and expression evaluation.
- Example:
```python
stack = []
[Link](10)
[Link](20)
[Link]() # Removes 20
```
- **Queue (FIFO - First In, First Out)**:
- Used in task scheduling and buffering.
- Example:
```python
from collections import deque
queue = deque()
[Link](10)
[Link](20)
[Link]() # Removes 10
```
- **Linked List**:
- Dynamic data structure where each element (node) points to the next.
- Example:
```python
class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
[Link] = data
[Link] = None
node1 = Node(10)
node2 = Node(20)
[Link] = node2
```
4. Database Management System (DBMS):
- **SQL (Structured Query Language)**:
- Used for storing, retrieving, and managing relational data.
- Common operations:
```sql
CREATE TABLE Students (ID INT, Name VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO Students VALUES (1, 'Alice');
SELECT * FROM Students;
```
- **Types of Databases**:
- Relational (MySQL, PostgreSQL) - Uses tables.
- NoSQL (MongoDB) - Stores data in JSON-like format.
- **Normalization**:
- Organizing data to remove redundancy and improve efficiency.
- Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF.
These topics are essential for BPSC Computer Science preparation.
