Complete Computer Science Notes
Complete Computer Science Notes
=================================
1. Fundamentals of Computers
-----------------------------
- Components: Input, Output, CPU, Memory.
- Types of Computers: Supercomputer, Mainframe, PC, etc.
- Generations of Computers.
- Number Systems: Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal.
- Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates.
2. Operating Systems
-----------------------------
- Functions of an OS.
- Types: Batch, Multi-User, Real-Time, etc.
- Windows vs. Linux vs. macOS.
- File Systems and Memory Management.
3. Networking & Internet
-----------------------------
- Basics of Networks: LAN, WAN, MAN.
- Internet Protocols: TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
- Cloud Computing: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS.
- Cybersecurity: Malware, Phishing, Firewall, VPN.
4. Programming and Software
-----------------------------
- C, C++, Java, Python Basics.
- Flowcharts & Algorithms.
- Data Structures: Array, Stack, Queue, Linked List.
- Database Management System (DBMS): SQL, Normalization.
Detailed Content:
-----------------------------
1. Basics of C, C++, Java, and Python
-------------------------------------
- C: Procedural language, used for system programming.
- C++: Object-oriented programming (OOP), used in gaming.
- Java: Platform-independent, used in web applications.
- Python: Easy syntax, widely used in AI, data science.
Example Code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}
```
```python
print("Hello, World!")
```
2. Flowcharts and Algorithms
-------------------------------------
- Flowcharts: Diagrammatic representation of logic.
- Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for problem-solving.
Example Algorithm for Sum of Two Numbers:
1. Start
2. Input A, B
3. Compute Sum = A + B
4. Display Sum
5. Stop
3. Data Structures
-------------------------------------
- **Array**: Collection of elements stored in contiguous memory.
- **Stack (LIFO)**: Used for backtracking.
- **Queue (FIFO)**: Used in scheduling tasks.
- **Linked List**: Collection of nodes pointing to the next.
Example Linked List Code:
```python
class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None
node1 = Node(10)
node2 = Node(20)
node1.next = node2
```
4. Database Management System (DBMS)
-------------------------------------
- SQL: Structured Query Language for managing databases.
- Types: Relational (MySQL, PostgreSQL), NoSQL (MongoDB).
- Normalization: Reduces redundancy, improves efficiency.
Example SQL Query:
```sql
CREATE TABLE Students (ID INT, Name VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO Students VALUES (1, 'Alice');
SELECT * FROM Students;
```
Networking & Internet
-------------------------------------
1. **Types of Networks**:
- LAN (Local Area Network) - Small networks.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - City-wide.
- WAN (Wide Area Network) - Worldwide.
2. **Internet Protocols**:
- TCP/IP - Ensures reliable data transmission.
- HTTP/HTTPS - Web page transfer.
- FTP - File transfer protocol.
- SMTP - Email transmission.
3. **Cloud Computing**:
- SaaS (Google Docs, Dropbox).
- PaaS (Google App Engine).
- IaaS (AWS, Google Cloud).
4. **Cybersecurity**:
- **Malware**: Virus, Worms, Ransomware.
- **Phishing**: Fake emails to steal data.
- **Firewall**: Blocks unauthorized access.
- **VPN**: Secure encrypted connection.
This document covers the essential topics for BPSC Computer Science preparation.
