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Python Comprehensive Notes
Introduction
Brief History
Developed in late 1980s by Guido van Rossum; first released in
1991.w3schools
Inspired by ABC language and named after “Monty Python’s Flying
Circus” for fun, not the snake.w3schools
Importance & Use Cases
Famous for readability, simplicity, and vast libraries.
Used in web development, AI, data science, scripting, automation,
scientific computing, IoT, and more.geeksforgeeks+1
Beginner Topics
Basic Syntax, Keywords, Variables, Data Types
Python uses indentation for blocks (no braces {}).
Case-sensitive; end statements with newlines, not ;.
Keywords (can’t use as variable names): if, while, for, def, class,
True, False, etc.
python
x = 10 # Integer
name = "Python" # String
percentage = 83.5 # Float
is_active = True # Boolean
Input/Output, Operators, Conditional Statements
python
# Input/Output
name = input("Enter name: ")
print("Hello", name)
# Operators
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a, b = 5, 2
print(a + b, a / b, a ** b, a % b) # 7 2.5 25 1
# Conditional
score = 70
if score >= 60:
print("Pass")
else:
print("Fail")
Loops (for, while) with Examples
python
# for loop
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
# while loop
n=5
while n > 0:
print(n)
n -= 1
Python does not have a built-in do-while. Use while True with break if
needed.
Intermediate Topics
Functions & Methods
python
def add(a, b):
return a + b
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result = add(3, 4)
print(result)
# Method example
text = "abc"
print(text.upper())
Arrays, Strings, & Data Structures Basics
python
# List (array)
arr = [1, 2, 3]
arr.append(4)
# Strings
s = "hello"
print(len(s), s[1:4]) # 5 ell
# Dictionary
d = {'name': 'Tom', 'age': 20}
print(d["age"])
OOP: Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation,
Abstraction
python
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Woof!") # Polymorphism (method override)
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dog = Dog()
dog.speak() # Output: Woof!
Encapsulation: Hide details with private variables/methods
(_name).
Abstraction: Use abstract base classes (via ABC module if
needed).geeksforgeeks
Inheritance: Child class extends parent.
Polymorphism: Override methods.
Exception Handling & Error Management
python
try:
x=1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
finally:
print("Done")
File Handling
python
# Write to file
with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello, World!")
# Read from file
with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
content = f.read()
print(content)
Advanced Topics
Advanced Data Structures
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python
# Stack using list
stack = []
stack.append(1)
stack.pop()
# Queue using collections
from collections import deque
queue = deque([1,2,3])
queue.append(4)
queue.popleft()
# Set
s = set([1,2,3])
# HashMap = Dictionary
d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
Linked Lists (via custom class, external libraries).
collections: Counter, defaultdict, OrderedDict, deque.geeksforgeeks
Multithreading & Concurrency
python
import threading
def print_num(num):
print(num)
thread = threading.Thread(target=print_num, args=(7,))
thread.start()
thread.join()
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Memory Management & Garbage Collection
Python uses automatic memory management and garbage collector
(gc module).geeksforgeeks
Objects not referenced are deleted automatically (reference
counting).
Frameworks / Libraries
Web: Flask, Django, FastAPI
Data: NumPy, pandas, matplotlib, seaborn, scikit-learn
Automation: Selenium, Requests, PyAutoGUI
Others: asyncio (async programming), multiprocessing
(parallelism).geeksforgeeks
Design Patterns & Best Practices
Use OOP features (inheritance, encapsulation).
DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself), KISS (Keep It Simple).
Use PEP8 for style.
Use virtual environments for dependencies (venv, pipenv).
Practical Examples
Code Snippets
Beginner
python
# Odd or Even
x = int(input("Enter number: "))
print("Even" if x%2==0 else "Odd")
Intermediate
python
# Factorial using recursion
def factorial(n):
if n == 0: return 1
else: return n * factorial(n-1)
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Advanced
python
# Simple web server using Flask
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def home():
return "Hello, Flask!"
Mini-Project Ideas
Beginner: Calculator, To-Do List (console)
Intermediate: Address Book, File Organizer
Advanced: Blog App (Flask/Django), Data Visualizer (pandas,
matplotlib)
Interview Preparation
Top 20 Interview Questions (with short answers/hints)
1. What is Python?
High-level, interpreted language with dynamic typing.
2. List data types in Python.
int, float, str, list, tuple, dict, set
3. How does memory management work?
Automatic via garbage collector.
4. Explain OOP principles in Python.
Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction.
5. What are decorators?
Functions that modify the behavior of other functions.
6. How is exception handling performed?
try…except…finally blocks
7. How to define a function?
Using def keyword—def func():
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8. Difference between list and tuple.
Lists mutable, tuples immutable.
9. How is multithreading handled?
threading module, GIL (global interpreter lock).
10. Use-cases for lambda functions.
Short, anonymous functions for quick tasks.
11. How to manage packages?
pip, virtual environments
12. What is a dictionary?
Unordered key-value store.
13. File modes for open()?
‘r’, ‘w’, ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘+’
14. What is a generator?
Function using yield to produce a sequence.
15. Explain list comprehensions.
One-liner for generating lists.
16. What are Python modules and packages?
Modules = single files; packages = directories with __init__.py
17. Difference between @staticmethod and @classmethod.
Static: no self/cls, Class: takes cls (class reference).
18. How to connect to a database?
Use sqlite3, SQLAlchemy, or similar libraries.
19. Explain self.
Reference to the object in class methods.
20. Common errors to avoid?
Indentation, type errors, name errors, etc.
Common Mistakes & Pitfalls
Indentation errors
Mutable default arguments in functions
Incorrect use of global/local variables
Off-by-one index errors
Not handling exceptions
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Cheat Sheet / Quick Revision
Syntax Overview
Syntax
Concept
Example
Variable x=5
Print print("Hello")
If/else if x: ... else: ...
for loop for i in [1,2]: ...
while loop while x > 0: ...
Function def func(): ...
List [1,2,3]
Dictionary {'a':1, 'b':2}
Class class MyClass:
Exception try: ...
handling except: ...
with open(...)
File
as f:
Key Concepts Table
Topic Key Points
Data
list, tuple, dict, set, linked list, stack, queue, deque, Counter
Structures
Control Flow if, for, while, break, continue, pass
class, object, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction,
OOP
polymorphism
NumPy, pandas, Flask, Django, threading, asyncio, requests,
Libraries
matplotlib
Singleton, Factory, Observer; use proper method/class
Patterns
structure
Exceptions Handle errors gracefully using try-except-finally
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This structured resource helps students at all levels build a rock-solid
foundation, master advanced concepts, and excel in interviews or exams.
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python/python-programming-
language-tutorial/
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5KVEU3aaeQ
3. https://www.w3schools.com/python/
4. https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html
5. https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/
6. https://www.reddit.com/r/learnpython/comments/1faapzn/
most_completedetailed_guide_on_python/
7. https://www.dataquest.io/blog/learn-python-the-right-way/
8. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?
list=PLu0W_9lII9agwh1XjRt242xIpHhPT2llg
9. https://www.codecademy.com/catalog/language/python
10. https://www.learnpython.org
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