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Java Comprehensive Notes
Introduction
Brief History
Java was developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun
Microsystems and released in [Link]+2
Originally called “Oak,” later renamed “Java” (named after coffee,
reflecting vitality and energy).wikipedia+1
Created to provide portability and robustness across distributed
[Link]
Key design philosophy: “Write Once, Run Anywhere” powered by the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM).tutorialspoint
Why Java is Important & Where It Is Used
Java is platform-independent—code can run on any device with a
[Link]+1
Used in enterprise software, Android apps, desktop applications,
web servers, middleware products, IoT devices, and scientific
computing.u-next+1
Features security, strong community support, and extensive
[Link]+1
Beginner Topics
Basic Syntax, Keywords, Variables, Data Types
Every Java program starts with a class, and the main method is the
entry point.
Syntax uses braces {} to mark code blocks and ; to terminate
statements.
Case-sensitive and statically typed.
java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10; // Integer
double price = 85.5; // Double
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char grade = 'A'; // Character
boolean isActive = true; // Boolean
String name = "Java"; // String (class)
[Link]("Hello, " + name);
Keywords: class, public, static, void, int, double, if, else, for, while,
switch, etc.
Input/Output, Operators, Conditional Statements
java
import [Link];
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
int a = [Link]();
[Link]("Input received: " + a);
Operators: + (addition), -, *, /, %, ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, &&, ||, !
and more.
java
int x = 5, y = 3;
[Link](x + y); // 8
[Link](x > y); // true
Conditional Statements:
java
if (x > y) {
[Link]("x is greater");
} else if (x == y) {
[Link]("Equal");
} else {
[Link]("y is greater");
}
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Switch Statement:
java
int day = 2;
switch(day) {
case 1: [Link]("Monday"); break;
case 2: [Link]("Tuesday"); break;
default: [Link]("Other day");
Loops (for, while, do-while) with Examples
java
// for loop
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link](i);
// while loop
int n = 5;
while (n > 0) {
[Link](n);
n--;
// do-while loop
int j = 0;
do {
[Link]("Count: " + j);
j++;
} while (j < 3);
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Intermediate Topics
Functions & Methods (with Examples)
In Java, methods are functions defined inside a class.
java
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
Calling a method:
java
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
int result = [Link](2, 3);
Arrays, Strings, and Data Structures Basics
java
// Arrays
int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};
[Link](arr[0]);
// Strings
String s = "Hello";
[Link]([Link]());
// ArrayList (dynamic array)
import [Link];
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Java");
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Classes and Objects
java
public class Student {
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String name;
int age;
void display() {
[Link](name + " " + age);
Student s1 = new Student();
[Link] = "Alice";
[Link] = 21;
[Link]();
Inheritance
java
class Animal {
void eat() { [Link]("eating..."); }
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { [Link]("barking..."); }
Dog d = new Dog();
[Link]();
[Link]();
Polymorphism (Compile-Time and Run-Time)
java
class Shape {
void draw() { [Link]("Drawing"); }
class Circle extends Shape {
void draw() { [Link]("Circle"); }
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Shape s = new Circle();
[Link](); // Output: Circle (Run-Time)
Encapsulation
java
class Person {
private String name;
public void setName(String n) { name = n; }
public String getName() { return name; }
Abstraction
java
abstract class Animal {
abstract void sound();
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() { [Link]("Woof"); }
Exception Handling & Error Management
java
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
} finally {
[Link]("Done");
File Handling
java
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import [Link];
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("[Link]");
[Link]("Hello, File!");
[Link]();
java
import [Link];
int i;
FileReader fr = new FileReader("[Link]");
while ((i = [Link]()) != -1)
[Link]((char) i);
[Link]();
Advanced Topics
Advanced Data Structures
Linked List: Provided by [Link]
Stacks and Queues: Stack, Queue interfaces, and classes like
ArrayDeque
HashMap, HashSet: [Link], [Link]
java
LinkedList<Integer> ll = new LinkedList<>();
[Link](1);
Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
[Link](3);
[Link]();
Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();
[Link](5);
[Link]();
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HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
[Link]("A", 1);
HashSet<Integer> hs = new HashSet<>();
[Link](10);
Multithreading & Concurrency
java
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
[Link]("Thread running!");
MyThread t = new MyThread();
[Link]();
Runnable Interface:
java
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() { [Link]("Runnable running!"); }
Thread t = new Thread(new MyRunnable());
[Link]();
Memory Management & Garbage Collection
Java has automatic garbage collection for unused objects.
Use [Link]() to suggest a GC run; avoid manual memory
management.
Frameworks / Libraries Commonly Used
Web Development: Spring, JavaServer Faces (JSF), Servlets, JSP
Enterprise: Java EE (Jakarta EE)
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Testing: JUnit, TestNG
Build Tools: Maven, Gradle
Other: Hibernate (ORM), JavaFX/Swing (GUI), Apache Commons
Design Patterns and Best Practices
Singleton, Factory, Observer, MVC, DAO, Strategy
Encapsulate code, favor interface over inheritance, keep classes
focused (SRP principle).
Use packages to organize code.
Practical Examples
Code Snippets for Each Topic
Beginner
java
// Palindrome Check
String str = "madam", rev = "";
for (int i = [Link]()-1; i >=0; i--)
rev = rev + [Link](i);
[Link]([Link](rev) ? "Palindrome" : "Not Palindrome");
Intermediate
java
// Find largest in array
int[] arr = {2, 5, 1, 8};
int max = arr[0];
for(int num : arr)
if(num > max)
max = num;
[Link](max);
Advanced
java
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// Spring Boot REST Controller
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String hello() { return "Hello, Spring Boot!"; }
Mini-Project Ideas
Beginner: Simple Calculator, Student Record System (console)
Intermediate: Library Management, Address Book
Advanced: RESTful Web Service (Spring), Android Weather App
Interview Preparation
Top 20 Frequently Asked Questions (with Answers/Hints)
1. What is Java?
High-level, object-oriented language; platform-independent.
2. Explain JVM, JRE, JDK.
JVM: Java Virtual Machine; JRE: JVM + class libraries; JDK: JRE +
development tools.
3. What are wrapper classes?
Classes for primitive types (e.g., Integer, Double).
4. Difference between ‘==’ and .equals()?
== compares references, .equals() values.
5. Explain access modifiers.
public, protected, default, private—controls visibility.
6. What is inheritance?
Acquiring properties/methods from another class.
7. Interface vs Abstract Class?
Interface: all abstract by default, multiple inheritance; Abstract:
allows method bodies, only single inheritance.
8. What is polymorphism?
Many forms: method overloading/overriding.
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9. Checked vs Unchecked Exception.
Checked: at compile-time (IOException); Unchecked: at run-time
(NullPointerException).
10. What is Serialization?
Converting object to byte stream for storage/transmission.
11. What is multithreading?
Running multiple threads concurrently.
12. HashMap vs Hashtable.
HashMap: not synchronized, allows nulls; Hashtable: synchronized,
no null keys/values.
13. String vs StringBuilder vs StringBuffer.
String: immutable; StringBuilder: mutable, not thread-safe;
StringBuffer: mutable, thread-safe.
14. What are design patterns?
Best practices for software design; e.g., Singleton, Factory.
15. Garbage Collection?
Automatic memory management (unused objects removed).
16. What are Generics?
Allows type-safe data structures (e.g., ArrayList<Integer>).
17. Difference between throw and throws.
throw is used to explicitly throw an exception; throws declares
exceptions.
18. What is final keyword?
Used for constants, prevents inheritance/method override.
19. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList.
ArrayList: dynamic array, fast random access; LinkedList: fast
insertion/deletion.
20. How to create a thread?
Extend Thread or implement Runnable.
Common Mistakes & Pitfalls
Not closing resources (files/streams).
Using == for string comparison.
Forgetting exception handling.
Not overriding hashCode() with equals().
Concurrency mistakes (unsynchronized code with multiple threads).
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Cheat Sheet / Quick Revision
Syntax Overview
Concept Syntax Example
Variable int x = 5;
Output [Link]("Hello");
If/Else if (a > b) {...} else {...}
for loop for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {...}
while loop while (a > 0) {...}
do-while
do {...} while (a > 0);
loop
Method int add(int a, int b){...}
Array int[] arr = {1,2,3};
ArrayList<Integer> l = new
List
ArrayList<>();
Class class MyClass { ... }
Exception try { ... } catch(Exception e) {...}
File new FileWriter("[Link]");
Key Concepts Table
Topic Key Points
Data
Array, LinkedList, Stack, Queue, HashMap, HashSet
Structures
Control Flow if, else, switch, for, while, do-while
class, object, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism,
OOP
abstraction
Libraries [Link], [Link], Spring, Hibernate, JavaFX
Patterns Singleton, Factory, Observer, MVC
Exceptions try-catch-finally, checked, unchecked
Threads Thread, Runnable, synchronization
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This set of notes provides a step-by-step learning path from Java basics
through advanced topics, with code samples, essential concepts, best
practices, and interview preparation—a complete resource for exam and
job [Link]+2
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
programming-language/
5. [Link]
6. [Link]
programming-language/
7. [Link]
programming-language
8. [Link]
qhozre/programming_origin_stories_or_how_did_java_come/
9. [Link]
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