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Here are comprehensive, structured notes for Data Structures &
Algorithms (DSA) :
Introduction
Brief History: Computer science began organizing data and writing
efficient procedures (algorithms) for problem-solving in the mid-20th
century, with formal DSA concepts emerging in the 1960s as
computers became widespread tools.geeksforgeeks+2
Importance & Applications: DSA is fundamental for software
development, enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation
of data for tasks such as database indexing, web searches, social
media feeds, operating systems, and more.w3schools+2
Beginner Topics
Basic Syntax, Keywords, Variables & Data Types
Every language has:
o Syntax rules (statements, indentation)
o Keywords (for, if, while)
o Variables (e.g., int x;)
o Data types: int, float, char, string, boolgeeksforgeeks+1
Input/Output, Operators, Conditional Statements
Input/Output functions:
o Python: input(), print()
o Java: Scanner, System.out.println()
o C++: cin, cout
Operators: Arithmetic (+, -, *, /), Relational (==, <, >, !=), Logical
(&&, ||, !)
Conditional statements: if, if-else, switch-case
Loops (For, While, Do-While) with Examples
For loop:
python
for i in range(5):
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print(i)
While loop:
java
int i=0;
while (i<5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
Do-While (C++/Java):
cpp
int i=0;
do {
cout << i;
i++;
} while(i<5);
Intermediate Topics
Functions & Methods
Break code into reusable blocks:
o Python: def add(a, b): return a+b
o Java: int add(int a, int b) { return a+b; }geeksforgeeks+1
Arrays, Strings, and Data Structures Basics
Array: Linear contiguous structure, fast access, fixed size
String: Sequence of characters, with built-in operations
Examples:
python
arr = [1,2,3,4]
s = "Hello"
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
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Classes/Objects: Templates and instances (Python: class, Java:
class)
Inheritance: One class derives from another, reusing code
Polymorphism: Functions/objects can behave differently based on
context
Encapsulation: Hiding implementation details
Abstraction: Showing only important features, hiding
detailsdev+2youtube
Exception Handling & Error Management
Errors managed with try-catch or try-except blocks:
o Python:
python
try:
# code
except Exception as e:
print(e)
o Java:
java
try {
// code
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
File Handling
Read/Write files:
o Python:
python
with open('file.txt','r') as file:
data = file.read()
o Java: FileReader, BufferedReader classes
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Advanced Topics
Advanced Data Structures
Linked List: Nodes linked together, dynamic size
Stack: LIFO, use for parsing, undo operations
Queue: FIFO, use for process scheduling
Hashmap: Key-value store, fast lookup
Set: Unique unordered collectiongeeksforgeeks+3
Multithreading & Concurrency
Handle multiple tasks at once for efficiency:
o Threads, synchronization, locks
Memory Management & Garbage Collection
Manual (C/C++) vs. automatic (Python, Java)
Concepts: Stack vs. Heap, reference counting, garbage collectors
Frameworks / Libraries Commonly Used
Langua
DS/Algo Libraries/Frameworks
ge
collections, heapq, queue
Python
geeksforgeeks
Standard Template Library (STL)
C++
geeksforgeeks
Java Util package (java.util.*) geeksforgeeks
JavaScri
Array, Set, Map, Stack implementations
pt
Design Patterns & Best Practices
Singleton, Factory, Observer, Strategy etc.
Write clean, modular code. Follow SOLID principles.
Practical Examples
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Code Snippets
Stack implementation (Python):
python
stack = []
stack.append(1)
stack.append(2)
print(stack.pop()) # 2
Queue implementation (Java):
java
Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>();
q.add(1);
q.add(2);
q.remove(); // 1
Real-World Mini-Project Ideas
Beginner: Calculator, Word Counter, Address Book
Intermediate: Tic-Tac-Toe game, File Organizer, Todo List with Priority
Queue
Advanced: Trie-based Autocomplete, Mini Social Network, Multi-
threaded Web Crawler
Interview Preparation
Top 20 Frequently Asked DSA Interview Questions
1. What is an array? Difference between array and linked list?
interviewbit+1
2. How is a stack implemented? Application in real-world?
geeksforgeeks+1
3. Explain queue and its variants (priority, circular, deque).
4. What is a hashmap? How do collisions work?
5. Difference between BFS and DFS? Use cases.
6. How to reverse a linked list?
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7. Implement binary search.
8. What is a binary tree? Difference from BST.
9. Balance a BST. What is AVL/Red-Black tree?
10. Explain dynamic programming. Example problem.
11. Describe recursion with stack trace example.
12. What are time and space complexity?
13. Implement sorting algorithms (merge, quick, bubble).
14. Applications of heaps.
15. Find duplicate in an array.
16. Two-pointer technique – what and where is it used?
17. Detect cycle in a linked list.
18. How to design an LRU cache?
19. Difference between abstract class and interface.
20. How to handle concurrent access in a hashmap?
Answers should follow concise, interview-style explanations with an
emphasis on clear, practical examples and trade-offs.interviewbit+1
Common Mistakes & Pitfalls to Avoid
Not practising enough code implementation
Overlooking time/space complexity analysis
Ignoring edge cases in problem statements
Forgetting to ask clarifying questions in interviews
Cheat Sheet / Quick Revision
Syntax Overview Table
Concep
Python Example Java Example C++ Example
t
Variable a = 5 int a = 5; int a = 5;
Function def foo(x): return x int foo(int x){} int foo(int x){}
Array arr = [1,2,3] int[] arr = {1,2,3}; int arr[3] = {1,2,3};
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Concep
Python Example Java Example C++ Example
t
stack=[]; Stack<Integer> s =
Stack stack<int> s;
stack.append(1) new Stack<>();
from collections
Queue<Integer> q =
Queue import deque; queue<int> q;
new LinkedList<>();
deque()
Hashma HashMap<K,V> map unordered_map<K,V
dict = {}
p = new HashMap<>(); > map;
Key Concepts Table
Topic Must-Know Points
Contiguous, fixed-size, fast index
Array
access
Linked
Dynamic nodes, sequential access
List
Stack Last-in-first-out (LIFO)
Queue First-in-first-out (FIFO)
Unordered, key-value, collision-
Hashmap
handling
Hierarchical, parent-child, traversal
Tree
types
Nodes & edges,
Graph
directed/undirected
Sorting Bubble, Merge, Quick
Search Linear, Binary
These notes provide a complete, structured DSA overview for foundational
learning as well as rigorous interview preparation.w3schools+4
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from-scratch/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dsa/dsa-tutorial-learn-data-
structures-and-algorithms/
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3. https://www.w3schools.com/dsa/
4. https://dev.to/emmanuelayinde/object-oriented-programming-your-
first-step-toward-mastering-dsa-16a3
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/object-oriented-programming-
oops-concept-in-java/
6. https://getsdeready.com/oop-concepts-explained-with-examples/
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSVKUk58K6U
8. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dsa/top-100-data-structure-and-
algorithms-dsa-interview-questions-topic-wise/
9. https://www.interviewbit.com/data-structure-interview-questions/
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subtraction_angiography
11. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/digital-subtraction-angiography
12. https://www.gleneagleshospitals.co.in/mumbai/procedures/
digital-subtraction-angiography-dsa
13. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/digital-subtraction-
angiography/35007831
14. https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8506/850605.PDF
15. https://www.preplaced.in/blog/dsa-preparation-the-ultimate-
guide-to-crack-dsa-interviews
16. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9829562/
17. https://www.techinterviewhandbook.org/algorithms/study-
cheatsheet/
18. https://www.gleneagles.com.sg/tests-treatments/digital-
subtraction-angiography
19. https://www.codechef.com/roadmap/data-structures-and-
algorithms
20. https://www.compva.com/science/digital-subtraction-
angiography
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