TELECOMMUNICATION FOR SOCIETY

ASSIGNMENT QA

TCS QUESTIONS FOR MID-I

1. Differences between Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Communication & Network

Topologies

In telecommunication, data transmission can occur in different modes depending on whether

communication is one-way or two-way. Understanding these modes helps in designing efficient systems for
voice, data, and multimedia services. Similarly, network topology defines how devices are connected,
affecting reliability, speed, and cost.

Feature Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

Direction of Data One direction only Both directions, but Both directions
Flow (sender →
receiver) not at the same time simultaneously

Sender/Receiver Role Sender always Devices alternate Both devices send and
transmits, receiver between sending and receive at the same
only receives receiving time

Example Television broadcast, Walkie-talkies, push- Telephone, mobile

public address system to-talk radio phone, VoIP calls

Efficiency Least efficient (no Moderate efficiency Highly efficient (real-

feedback) time)

Cost/Complexity Low cost and simple Moderate cost and Higher cost and more
moderate complexity complex

Feedback No feedback possible Feedback possible but Immediate feedback

delayed possible

Best Use Case Broadcast or one-way Two-way but low cost Two-way real-time
communication systems communication

2. Telecommunication Impairments: Amplitude Distortion, Phase Distortion, and Noise

Telecommunication signals face impairments during transmission which can degrade quality.
Understanding these impairments helps in designing robust systems.
 Amplitude distortion occurs when signal amplitudes are altered during transmission. High or low
frequency components may be amplified or attenuated differently, leading to loss of fidelity, unclear
voice, or corrupted data for the end-user.
Phase distortion changes the phase relationship between frequencies during transmission, causing
delay and smearing of signals. The effect on the end-user is echo, jitter, or misaligned data packets.
Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic interference. Common types include thermal noise,
impulse noise, and crosstalk. Noise causes static in voice calls or errors in data transmission for the
end-user.
Designers use signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets to ensure acceptable performance. Typical systems
include error detection and correction, filtering, and shielding. Standard noise levels are defined by
ITU and other bodies to meet quality thresholds.
By controlling these impairments and maintaining acceptable SNR, telecommunication networks can
deliver reliable voice, data, and video services to society.

3. Quality of Service (QoS) & Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

With multiple applications such as voice, data, and video sharing networks, maintaining service
quality is vital. QoS ensures that the user receives the expected performance.
Quality of Service is the measure of overall network performance from the end-user’s perspective. It
includes parameters like latency, jitter, bandwidth, and error rates. It ensures smooth voice calls, fast
data transfer, and clear images or videos.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio is the ratio of signal power to noise power, expressed in decibels. A higher SNR
means a clearer signal. It reduces static or hiss in voice, minimizes transmission errors in data, and
ensures sharp, artifact-free images in video.
QoS and SNR together ensure user satisfaction, enabling telecommunication networks to support
critical services such as telemedicine, e-learning, and digital commerce.

4. Voice Channel & Frequency Characteristics

Voice communication remains a fundamental service of telecommunications. The “voice channel” defines
the standard bandwidth used to transmit speech.

A voice channel is a dedicated frequency band allocated for transmitting voice signals. In traditional
PSTN, one voice channel equals 64 kbps digital bandwidth. The typical analog voice frequency range
is 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. This limited bandwidth conserves network resources but is sufficient for
intelligible speech.
Understanding voice channel characteristics allows engineers to optimize network capacity while
maintaining acceptable call quality.
Voice channels are designed to transmit speech frequencies only, which allows efficient use of
bandwidth without transmitting unnecessary frequencies.
Modern digital systems use Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to encode analog voice signals into 64
kbps streams per channel.
In mobile networks, compressed voice codecs (like AMR) reduce the bandwidth per voice channel
while maintaining intelligibility.
Echo cancellation and noise suppression are often implemented within voice channels to improve
perceived quality.
 The limited frequency range (300–3400 Hz) means music or high-frequency sounds do not pass
clearly, but it is adequate for normal human conversation.

5. Significance of Quality of Service (QoS) & Factors Affecting It

As networks handle increasing traffic, QoS determines whether services meet user expectations. It ensures
predictable performance across applications and is critical for real-time services like VoIP, streaming, and
online gaming.

Factors affecting QoS include bandwidth availability, latency, jitter, packet loss or error rate, network
congestion, and prioritization policies used by routers to allocate resources.
QoS ensures fair allocation of resources between competing services (voice, data, video) in the same
network.
It allows operators to provide Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to customers with guaranteed
performance levels.
QoS mechanisms (like traffic shaping and prioritization) prevent critical services such as emergency
calls from being delayed during congestion.
It supports network scalability by managing bandwidth and latency even as more users or
applications join.
Maintaining high QoS is vital for business continuity, remote work, cloud applications, and real-time
collaboration tools.

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Which mode of communication permits data transmission in both directions simultaneously?

(c) Full Duplex
2. A network design where every device is connected to a central hub is best described as which
topology?
(c) Star
3. Which type of distortion occurs when a signal's different frequency components are delayed by
different amounts?
(b) Phase Distortion
4. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is used to quantify what characteristic of a communication link?
(c) The ratio of the desired signal power to the unwanted noise power
5. What is the typical frequency range allocated for a standard voice channel in telephony?
(c) 300 to 3400 Hz
6. A Point Of Presence (POP) in the PSTN refers to:
(c) An access point where long-distance carriers connect to local exchange networks
7. What is the primary purpose of a Tandem Switch in a local area connectivity?
(b) To route calls between local end offices
8. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measure of:
(b) The power of the signal relative to the power of the noise
9. When different frequency components of a signal travel at different speeds through a medium, it leads
to:
(b) Phase Distortion
10. The component of a telephone subset responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals is
the:
 (c) Transmitter

Fill-in-the-Blanks

1. The Public Switched Telephone Network is commonly abbreviated as

PSTN
2. A __________ is used to route calls between local end offices, interconnecting a wide range of calling
areas.
Tandem Switch
3. A measure of the probability that a call will be blocked due to network congestion is known as the
Grade of Service (GoS)
4. In voice transmission, a reflected signal that causes interference is called an
Echo
5. The device used by the end-user to initiate and receive voice calls is known as a telephone
Handset
6. Typical levels of noise and signal are often measured to assess the _________ in telecommunication
systems.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
7. The unwanted addition to a signal that degrades its quality is referred to as
Noise
8. The _________ defines the frequency band allocated for a single voice conversation in telephony.
Voice Channel

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