Q1.

Showing various types of networking cables and connectors, identifying them

clearly
Ans:-

Network Cable Connectors Types and

Specifications
This tutorial explains which network media cables use which connectors. Learn the
specifications of the most common types of network media connectors.

There are several types of network cables. Each type of network cable uses specific
types of connectors to connect to another network cable or network interface card. To
join two network cables or to connect a network cable to a NIC, you need appropriate
connectors. In the following section, we will discuss some most common and popular
network media connectors.

Barrel connectors

Barrel connectors are used to join two cables. Barrel connectors are female
connectors on both sides. They allow you to extend the length of a cable. If you have
two small cables, you can make a long cable by joining them through the barrel
connector.

Barrel connectors that are used to connect coaxial cables are known as BNC barrel
connectors. The following image shows BNC barrel connectors.
Barrel connectors that are used to connect STP or UTP cables are known as Ethernet
LAN jointers or couplers. The following image shows Ethernet LAN jointers or
couplers.
Barrel connectors do not amplify the signals. It means, after joining, the total cable
length must not exceed the maximum supporting length of the cable. For example, a
standard UTP cable supports a maximum distance of 100 meters. You can join two
UTP cables if their sum is not more than 100.

For example, you can join the following cables.

Cable 1 (45 meters) + cable 2 (30 meters) = joint cable (75 meters = 45 meters + 30
meters)

The length of the joint cable is less than 100 meters.

But you can't join the following cables.

Cable 1 (65 meters) + cable 2 (45 meters) = joint cable (110 meters = 65 meters + 45
meters)

The length of the joint cable is more than 100 meters.

F connectors

An F connector is used to attach a coaxial cable to a device. F connectors are mostly

used to install home appliances such as dish TV, cable internet, CCTV camera, etc.
The following image shows F connectors.
Terminator connectors

When a device places signals on the coaxial cable, the signals travel along the end of
the cable. If another device is connected to the other end of the cable, the device will
receive the signal. But if the other end of the cable is open, the signals will bounce and
return in the same direction they came from. To stop signals from bouncing back, all
endpoints must be terminated.

A terminator connector is used to terminate the endpoint of a coaxial cable. The

following image shows terminator connectors.
T type connectors

A T connector creates a connection point on the coaxial cable. The connection point
is used to connect a device to the cable.

The following image shows T-type connectors.

RJ-11 Connectors

RJ-11 connectors have the capacity for six small pins. However, in many cases, only
two or four pins are used. For example, a standard telephone connection uses only
two pins, and a DSL modem connection uses four pins. They have a small plastic
flange on top of the connector to ensure a secure connection.

The following image shows RJ-11 connectors.

RJ-45 connectors

RJ-45 connectors look likes RJ-11 connectors, but they are different. They have 8
pins. They are also bigger in size than RJ-11. RJ-45 connectors are mostly used in
computer networks. They are used with STP and UTP cables. Some old Ethernet
implementations use only four of the eight pins. Modern Ethernet implementation uses
all 8 pins to achieve the fastest data transfer speed.

The following image shows RJ-45 connectors.

DB-9 (RS-232) connectors

A DB-9 or RS-232 connector connects a device over a serial port. It has 9 pins. It is
available in both male and female connectors. It is used for asynchronous serial
communication. The other side of the cable can be connected to any popular
connector type. For example, you can connect one side of the cable with a DB-9
connector and the other side of the cable with another DB-9 connector or with an RJ-
45 connector or with a USB connector.

The following image shows DB-9 connectors.

One of the most popular uses of a DB-9 connector is to connect the serial port on a
computer with an external modem.

Universal serial bus (USB) connectors

USB connectors are the most popular. They support 127 devices in the series. All
modern computers have USB ports. Most devices that you can connect to the system
have USB ports. Some examples of devices that support or have USB ports are mice,
printers, network cards, digital cameras, keyboards, scanners, mobile phones, and
flash drives.
If the device has a USB port, you can use a cable that has a USB connector on both
ends to connect the device to the computer. If the device does not have a USB port,
you can still connect the device to the USB port. For that, you can use a cable that has
a USB connector on one side and the corresponding connector on the other.

Fiber cable connectors

A variety of connectors are used to connect fiber cables. Some popular connectors
are ST, SC, LC, and MTRJ. Let's discuss these connectors.

SC connectors

SC connectors are also known as subscriber connectors, standard connectors,

or square connectors. An SC connector connects to a terminating device by pushing
the connector into the terminating device, and it can be removed by pulling the
connector from the terminating device. It uses a push-pull connector similar to audio
and video plugs and sockets.

The following image shows SC connectors.

Straight tip (ST) connectors

Straight tip (ST) connectors are also known as bayonet connectors. They have a
long tip extending from the connector. They are commonly used with MMF cables.
They use a half-twist bayonet type of lock. An ST connector connects to a terminating
device by pushing the connector into the terminating equipment and then twisting the
connector housing to lock it in place.

The following image shows ST connectors.

LC connectors

LC connectors are known as Lucent Connectors. For a secure connection, they

have a flange on top, similar to an RJ-45 connector. An LC connector connects to a
terminating device by pushing the connector into the terminating device, and it can be
removed by pressing the tab on the connector and pulling it out of the terminating
device.

The following image shows LC connectors.

MTRJ connectors

An MTRJ connector connects to a terminating device by pushing the connector into

the terminating device, and it can be removed by pulling the connector from the
terminating device. It includes two fiber strands: a transmit strand and a receive strand
in a single connector.

The following image shows MTRJ connectors.

That's all for this tutorial. If you like this tutorial, please don't forget to share it through
your favorite social network.

Q2. Making patch cords using different types of cables and connectors - crimping,
splicing, etc
Ans:-

What is a Patch Cord?

A patch cord is a piece of equipment used for connecting network devices with one
another. In simple words, it is a small cable that connects two devices, and combines the
devices through their various ports, allowing them to exchange data.

Patch cords have fiber optic cable material that uses light pulses to send and receive
data.
They are also referred to as patch leads, jumper cables, jumpers, patch wires, or patch
lines, depending upon the region where one uses these.

How Many Types of Patch Cords are there?

There are several types of patch cords; mainly there are two types of patch cords:

1. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) and

2. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair).
UTP patch cords can be classified into three categories: Straight-through, Crossover, and
Rollover.

STP patch cords can be classified into straight-through and Crossover.

Let us know more about the types of patch cords here:

1. OFC Patch Cord:

OFC Patch Cord is a multimode or single-mode fiber optic cable restrained at either end
with connectors that allow it to be rapidly and conveniently conjoined to CATV, an
optical switch, or other telecommunication equipment.

Its thick layer of security helps connect the optical transmitter, receiver, and terminal
box.

2. LC-LC Patch Cord:

L.C. patch cord is an essential component for data center and network deployment, and
it provides the necessary connectivity between fiber optic equipment.

L.C. cable assembly offers a simple solution for installing and maintaining fiber optic
cables in high-density applications.

It is easy to change or rearrange your cabling with an L.C. patch cord without
reconfiguring the entire system.

The ends of an L.C. fiber optic patch cord are identical in appearance, and the
orientation of the cable can only differentiate it.

3. S.C. to L.C. Patch Cord:

A Standard-Cable (S.C.) to a Low-Profile-Cable (LPC) is a conversion from a larger type
of connector to a smaller one that connects devices with a small form factor connector
(S.C.) to devices with a larger form factor connector (L.C.).

It is useful in connecting any device with a single-mode fiber optic connector to a

multimode connection.

The SC connector is typically beneficial on the transmitting end of the line during the
L.C. connector on the receiving end.

As its name suggests, the L.C. connector has a smaller form factor than the S.C.
connector and is typically helpful in high-density applications such as data centers and
telecommunications.

4. Optical Fiber Patch Cord:

An optical fiber patch cord is a valuable cable connecting two optical fibers. It is
typically made up of a connector on each end, and a flexible or rigid sleeve, which
protects the connectors and helps the cable jacket stays in place.

It is a small, rugged optical link connector that provides high-bandwidth transmission

over a short distance.

Optical fiber patch cords are one of the most critical components in an optical network.
It helps connect an optical network terminal to a fiber splice closure or an optical
distribution frame.

5. S.C. to F.C. Patch Cord:

An SC to F.C patch cord is a cable with a connector on one end and a connector on the
other end. The connectors are specifically designed for fiber optic cables.

These cables provide connectivity between a transceiver and a fiber optic device. They
consist of a thin plastic jacket over a single glass or plastic fiber core.

The connectors at each cable end usually have molded boots and thumbscrews for
protection.

They can also connect two transceivers. These cables have compatibility with single-
mode and multimode specifications by having an S.C. connector at one end and F.C.
connectors (S.C., S.T., L.C.) at the other end.

6. Single-Mode Fiber Patch Cord:

A single-mode fiber patch cord refers to a fiber optic cable with two ends helpful for
optical networking.

It has a high-speed transmission medium compared to multimode and low attenuation.

It is often beneficial in network hardware like switches, routers, and fiber optic cables.
It is most commonly helpful in Ethernet network architecture, and it is also referred to
as an Ethernet cable.

7. Multimode Patch Cord:

A multimode patch cord (also known as multimode or MM fiber) is a fiber optic cable
that can connect a single device to another device or multiple devices.

It is a patch cord with two or more connectors at both ends. Two connectors are used to
create a duplex connection, and more than two connectors are used to develop
multiport relationships in the network.

Multimode fiber optic cabling applications commonly connect a computer network

interface card or a multiplexer/demultiplexer to a fiber optic backbone or
communications cable.

8. Patch Cord CAT6:

CAT6 Patch Cable is a high-quality network cable used to connect computer equipment.
It usually has eight wires surrounded by an outer covering for protection and
insulation.

The eight wires consist of 4 twisted pairs of 24 gauge wire, each color-coded. These are
usually helpful in connecting an Ethernet switch or hub to a computer, server, or other
networking equipment.

9. D-Link Patch Cord:

The D-Link Patch Cord is a twisted stranded cable terminated with modular plugs at
both ends. These cables include two pairs of wires: one for transmitting data and the
other for receiving data.

Each twisted pair is usually wrapped in foil. The foil shields the wires from outside
interference, thus reducing noise. This patch cord is appropriate for high-speed data
transmission.

10. SC-LC Patch Cord:

An SC patch cord is a short cable used to connect different networking devices.

SC-LC patch cord is a type of twisted-pair cable commonly valuable for

10/100/1000BaSE-T networks for connecting network interface devices to the hub or
switch.

It has two connectors, which are usually more significant than the other. The smaller
connector connects to one device while the larger connector connects to another device.

Uses of Patch Cords:

Patch cords have many uses in almost every industry. Some of the benefits are:

 Patch cords help connect network devices utilizing a serial connection, and they allow
for an easy change in network arrangement and do not require the use of punch-down
blocks or patch panels.
 The patch cords connect the computer system, monitors, printers, and data storage
devices to a network.
 They are also valuable for connecting audio equipment such as speakers, microphones,
and mixers.
 Patch cords are typically helpful when replacing the patch cord is more convenient or
cheaper than repairing a broken connector on the equipment.

Price of Patch Cords:

Patch cords are cables that are quite affordable in comparison to other devices. The
price range of patch cords depends upon the type of patch cord you want to purchase.

The average cost of a patch cord is around INR 100 to INR 5000, depending upon the
type of patch cord and label.

Tesca Global Patch Cords

Are you searching for a high-quality Patch cord supplier?

Well, Tesca Global, a rapidly growing international company, is here to provide you with
high-quality patch cords for data and telephony applications.

Tesca Global is a patch cord manufacturer which bridges the gap between technology
and business opportunities.

We have been developing fiber optic solutions for data transfer solutions.
Our cords are high-grade cable materials and feature a solid construction with precision
molded connectors.

Tesca Global supplies different patch cords such as Pair Patch Cord Stackable, Jumper
Wire female, etc. We offer a wide range of products in different shapes and sizes at a
reasonable price. Some of the products are:

1. Tesca Global’s 10 Connecting Jumper Wire Male to

Female – 12cm

2. Tesca Global’s 10 Connecting Jumper Wire Female to

Female – 12cm

3. 2mm Pair Patch Cord Stackable Spring Loaded Plug –

Brass Nickel Plated – 23 Strands of 38 SWG O.D. 3.0 mm

4. 10 Connecting Jumper Wire Female to Female – 24cm

All the patch cords from Tesca Global are of high quality.
Patch Cord, Fiber Optic Patch Cable, Fiber Optic Jumpers, Fiber Optic Jumper Cables are
available in different types and sizes.

So you can buy Patch cables as per your requirement from Tesca Global whenever you
want.

Q3. Configuring computing devices (PC, Laptop, Mobile, etc) for network, exploring different options and their
impact – IP address, gateway, DNS, security options, etc
Ans:-

Configure networking
In this sample chapter from Exam Ref 70-697 Configuring Windows Devices, 2nd Edition, explore the
main networking components of Windows 10 and how to configure each of them.

It is important to understand the fundamentals of networking in Windows 10 to pass the 70-697,

Configuring Windows Devices exam. Network connectivity is an almost universal assumption in typical
Windows 10 operation, so understanding how Windows networking works will help you in many areas
of the exam. This chapter will cover the basics of main networking components of Windows 10, along
with how to configure each of them.

Skills in this chapter:

 Skill 4.1: Configure IP settings

 Skill 4.2: Configure network settings

 Skill 4.3: Configure and maintain network security

Skill 4.1: Configure IP settings

The IP address is the most widely used point of contact for a Windows 10 computer that is connected
to the network. A computer’s IP address uniquely identifies it on the local network segment, and it
serves as the functional component for most of the ways that computers communicate on a network,
including name resolution and file transfer.

This section covers how to:

 Connect to a network

 Configure name resolution

 Configure network locations

Connect to a network

Networks are groups of computers and other resources. When connected, each resource that is
connected (computer, network printer, server, or other host) must acquire, or have previously been
assigned an exclusive address that will define it on that network. These addresses are unique, and you
can’t have two hosts on the same network with the same address. This makes addressing a very
important part of configuring and connecting to networks.
Understanding IP address requirements
Each host on a network must have a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address. This address, when it’s
configured as an IPv4 address, is a 32-bit number that is styled as four sets of decimal numbers. For
example: 192.168.4.20. Each host is also assigned a subnet mask, which determines which part of the
IP address defines the network and which part defines the host. Together, the IP address and the
subnet mask define the network within which a host can communicate. If the host requires
communication outside of the local network segment, a gateway must be specified, which typically
represents a network router that can provide network paths to other networks and the Internet. The IP
address, subnet mask and default gateway together provide the full definition of IP connectivity for a
network host. There are two ways to get an address to a resource: You can define it manually, or it can
be assigned by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.

When an address can’t be assigned this way, Windows will assign its own IP address using a
technology called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). APIPA addresses fall in the 169.254.x.x
address range.

EXAM TIP

Make sure to review the IP address ranges for Class A, B, and C to have an idea of how many networks
and hosts each offers. Know their default subnet masks, too. Beyond that, know the private addresses
available for local networks (192.x.x.x, 172.x.x.x, and 10.x.x.x for Class C, B, and A, respectively).

Understanding network terminology

Make sure that you are familiar with the following terms before continuing:

 APIPA This is a link-local (IP) address that is assigned by Windows when no other addressing
mechanism can be found. This enables the host to function on the local network segment.
Routers do not forward packets from these kinds of addresses.

 Default gateway This hardware or software device lets hosts connect to other networks. Often
that network is the Internet, but it could also be another network segment in an enterprise
domain.

 DHCP This is a networking protocol that dynamically configures IP addresses for hosts on a
network. A DHCP server assigns these addresses. These IP addresses are generally granted for
a specified interval and must be renewed when the interval is up. If specific static addresses
are required for clients, DHCP can be configured to allow reservations for those clients.

 DHCP Scope A DHCP scope is a consecutive range of possible IP addresses that can be offered
to hosts on a subnet (part of a network).

 DNS Domain Name Service (DNS) is a service that enables users to type the name of the host
to which they want to connect to instead of its IP address. A DNS server resolves the name.

 IPv4 This is an IP address that consists of 32 bits, notated by four 8-bit octets. It has two parts:
the network ID and the host ID. The network ID describes the network, and the host ID defines
the specific device on it. IPv4 addresses can be Unicast, Broadcast, or Multicast.

 Subnet mask This 32-bit number, notated by four 8-bit octets that consist of a set of 1s
followed by a set of 0s, is used to define which part of the IPv4 address is the network ID and
 which part is the host ID. The 1s denote the network; the 0s denote the host. The default
subnet masks are in the form 255.0.0.0 for Class A addresses, 255.255.0.0 for Class B
addresses, and 255.255.255.0 for Class C addresses. Translated to binary, 255.0.0.0 looks like
this: 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000.

 IPv6 The available IPv4 address combinations are dwindling, thus the need for a better option.
IPv6 is that option. Instead of a 32-bit space, it’s a 128-bit space with 16-bit boundaries. This
allows for many more addresses. An IPv6 address typically looks like this:
21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A..

Configuring IP settings
You can configure IP settings on a Windows 10 computer by accessing the Properties page for the
network adapter. To open the Properties page, perform the following steps:

1. From the desktop, right-click the Start button, and then click Network Connections.

2. In Settings, click Change Adapter Options.

3. In the Network Connections window, shown in Figure 4-1, right-click the appropriate network
adapter, and then click Properties.

FIGURE 4-1 Configuring network connections

4. In the Ethernet Properties dialog box shown in Figure 4-2, select Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IP4), and then click Properties.
 FIGURE 4-2 Configuring a network connection’s properties

5. In the Internet Protocol Version 4 Properties dialog box shown in Figure 4-3, select the
appropriate configuration options and specify addresses, if necessary. You can choose to
either obtain the IP address and DNS server addresses automatically (from a DHCP server), or
 specify the addresses manually. You must, at a minimum, supply an IP address and a subnet
mask.

FIGURE 4-3 Configuring the TCP/IPv4 properties for a network adapter

You might be asked how to configure IPv4 or IPv6 addresses from the command line. The command
to do this is Netsh. Make sure you understand the options associated with this command. You might
be asked to select the proper command to apply a static address for a host, among other things. That
command would look like this: netsh interface ipv4 set address ‘Ethernet’ static
192.168.5.12 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.10. If you want the address to come from a DHCP
server, the command would look more like this: netsh interface ipv4 set address
name=”Ethernet” source=dhcp.

Connecting to a network
The first time you connect to a local network, you are prompted to choose from one of these options:

 No, Don’t Turn On Sharing Or Connect To Devices This option is intended for public networks
and hot spots (libraries, coffee shops). The user’s computer can’t be seen or accessed by
others, and the user can’t see other computers also accessing the network.

 Yes, Turn On Sharing And Connect To Devices This option is intended for private, trusted
networks (home, work) and homegroups. Computers sit behind a trusted router and do not
connect to the Internet directly.

These two options do not appear when you connect to an Active Directory Domain Services domain.
However, when they do appear and when you choose an option, settings are configured automatically
for network discovery, file and printer sharing, the state of the firewall, apps that can accept incoming
connections, and so on. (Computers configured as Private or Domain have network discovery enabled;
Public networks do not.)

Resolving connectivity issues

When a host can’t reach a network, that host has connectivity issues. The issue might be isolated to
only that device; perhaps the computer’s Ethernet cable has come unplugged or the computer’s
wireless features have been disabled. Maybe there is an IP address conflict on the network and the
user’s IP address needs to be released and renewed. Often, using the troubleshooting tools in the
Network And Sharing Center can expose the problem and offer a solution. If the issue isn’t isolated
though, you have larger problems. A network server, gateway, or other necessary resource might be
down, a network segment or physical backbone might be damaged, or there could be an issue that is
caused by the Internet service provider (ISP), cloud services, or other technologies that are out of your
control.

NOTE VIEWING CONNECTION STATUS

To view the status of any connection, open the Network And Sharing Center, then click Change
Adapter Settings. Double-click the icon that represents the connected network and click Details. In the
dialog box that appears, you can view the physical address, DHCP information, and IP addresses. You
can even see the IP address of the DNS server, default gateway, and DHCP server, along with when the
DHCP lease was obtained and when it must be renewed. You can also run the ipconfig
/all command from the command line.

NETWORK AND SHARING CENTER

The Network And Sharing Center enables you to view the status of your active networks. If there’s a
problem, you can click Troubleshoot Problems to see if the Network And Sharing Center can resolve it.
It can be resolved by releasing and renewing the IP address, resetting adapter settings, or uncovering
a simple problem such as a disconnected Ethernet cable (which you can then reconnect).

If a problem exists, but can’t be resolved automatically, you can choose from a list of troubleshooting
options that include: solving problems connecting to websites, accessing shared folders, finding
computers or files in a homegroup, finding and fixing problems with wireless adapters, and
troubleshooting incoming connections. When you select any option and start the troubleshooter, it
generally finds the problem and performs the repair or prompts you to authorize the repair. It might
also require you to do something first, like insert an ethernet cable into the ethernet port on the
computer.

COMMAND-LINE TOOLS
When the Network And Sharing Center and the Action Center can’t help resolve a connectivity
problem, it’s likely a more complex issue. Perhaps a domain’s (or network segment’s) gateway is
offline or a router failed. Perhaps the DNS server isn’t available or has been incorrectly configured on
the host, or the unique, corporate, IP address of the computer has been changed to an APIPA address
because of a currently unresolved network issue.

When these kinds of problems exist, you can use command-line tools to resolve them. Here are some
of the tools you can use:

 Ping This tool verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer. To do this, it sends
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the recipient. The
receipt of these messages is displayed, along with round-trip times, if the connection is
successful. Ping is the primary command used to troubleshoot connectivity, reachability, and
name resolution.

 Ipconfig and Ipconfig /all This displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values. It can
also refresh DHCP and DNS settings. Used without the /all parameter, Ipconfig displays IPv4
and IPv6 addresses, the subnet mask, and the default gateway for all adapters installed on the
host. Common parameters are /release, /renew, and /flushdns.

 Tracert This tool determines the path taken to a destination and shows information about
each hop a packet takes to get to where it’s going. A hop is a pass through a router. You can
use this information to see where the transmission fails.

 Netstat This displays a list of active TCP connections and the ports on which the computer is
listening. It also displays Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, and IPv4 and IPv6 statistics.

 Netsh This enables you to make changes to the network configuration of the current
computer at the command line.

 Nslookup This tool displays information that you can use to diagnose problems with DNS.

Configure name resolution

Computers are represented by their unique IP address, and you can communicate with them using
that address if you like. One way to communicate with an IP address is to do so at a command line.
For instance, you can type something like ping 192.168.4.5 to troubleshoot connectivity to another host
on a local area network segment. Communicating this way however, is cumbersome.

DNS enables users to type names instead of numbers; this process is called name resolution. DNS
servers store information about the names and addresses of Internet computers, and the lists they
maintain are distributed among thousands of DNS servers available on the Internet, which are placed
all over the world. The name resolution request is forwarded to one of these servers. If the name can’t
be resolved server, it’s passed to another server and another, until it is resolved.

In many cases, your DHCP server will provide DNS server addresses for your client computers to use
for name resolution. This occurs if Obtain DNS Server Address Automatically is selected. You can also
manually configure a host to use a specific DNS server in the connection’s Properties dialog box
(shown in Figure 4-3). On a domain with a unique DNS server that the host is required to use, this is
necessary. It might also be necessary in a virtual private network (VPN) or in a virtual machine.

Depending on the configuration, Windows 10 resolves host names by performing the following
actions:

1. Checking whether the host name is the same as the local host name.

2. Searching the DNS resolver cache, which is populated from the local Hosts file.

3. Sending a DNS request to its configured DNS servers.

Troubleshooting name resolution

The primary tools for troubleshooting host name resolution are IPConfig and NSLookup, and their
Windows PowerShell equivalents Get-NetIPAddress, Get-NetIPv4Protocol, and Resolve-dnsname.

If you cannot connect to a remote host, and if you suspect a name resolution problem, you can
troubleshoot name resolution by using the following procedure:

1. Open an elevated command prompt, and then clear the DNS resolver cache by typing the
following command:

IPConfig /flushdns
Or, you can use the Windows PowerShell cmdlet Clear-DnsClientCache.

2. Attempt to verify connectivity to a remote host by using its IP address. This helps you identify
whether the issue is due to name resolution. You can use the Ping command or the Test-
Connection Windows PowerShell cmdlet. If the Ping command succeeds with the IP address,
but fails by the host name, the problem is with name resolution.

3. Attempt to verify connectivity to the remote host by its host name by using the fully-qualified
domain name (FQDN) followed by a period. For example, type the following command at a
Windows PowerShell command prompt:

Test-connection LON-cl1.adatum.com
You can also use the ping command.

4. If the test is successful, the problem is likely unrelated to name resolution.

5. If the test is unsuccessful, edit the C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\Etc\hosts.txt text file, and

then add the appropriate entry to the end of the file. For example, add this line and then save
the file:

172.16.0.51 LON-cl1.adatum.com
6. Perform the test-by-host-name procedure again. The name resolution should now be
successful.

7. Examine the DNS resolver cache to verify that the name resolved correctly. To examine the
DNS resolver cache, type the following command at a command prompt:

IPConfig /displaydns
You can also use the Windows PowerShell cmdlet Get-DnsClientCache.
 8. Remove the entry that you added to the hosts file, and then clear the resolver cache once
more. At the command prompt, type the following command, and then examine the contents
of the filename.txt file to identify the failed stage in name resolution:

NSLookup.exe –d2 LON-cl1.adatum.com > filename.txt

The Windows PowerShell equivalent command is:

Resolve-dnsname lon-cl1.adatum.com > filename.txt

Configure network locations

The first time that you connect a computer to a network, you must select whether you trust the
network. This sets appropriate firewall and security settings automatically. When you connect to
networks in different locations, you can ensure that your computer is set to an appropriate security
level at all times by choosing a network location.

Windows 10 uses network location awareness to uniquely identify networks to which a computer is
connected. Network location awareness collects information from networks, including IP address and
media access control (MAC) address data from important network components, like routers and
gateways, to identify a specific network.

There are three network location types:

 Domain networks These are workplace networks that attach to a domain. Use this option for
any network that allows communication with a domain controller. Network discovery is on by
default, and you cannot create or join a homegroup.

 Private networks These are networks at home or work where you know and trust the people
and devices on the network. When you select home or work (private) networks, this turns on
network discovery. Computers on a home network can belong to a homegroup.

 Guest or public networks These are networks in public places. This location keeps the computer
from being visible to other computers. When you select the Public place network location,
homegroup is not available and network discovery is turned off.

The Public networks location blocks certain programs and services from running, which protects a
computer from unauthorized access. If you connect to a Public network and Windows Firewall is on,
some programs or services might ask you to allow them to communicate through the firewall so that
they can work properly.

To make changes to the network location, if that location is a homegroup, you can run the
Homegroup Troubleshooter. This might never happen in a homegroup, but it’s worth noting that the
Homegroup Troubleshooter is an option. If the location is a local network in a workgroup, you can
make changes in the Settings app as follows:

1. In the Settings app, click Network & Internet.

2. On the Network & Internet page shown in Figure 4-4, click Ethernet, and then click the
adapter for which you’d like to configure the network location (Ethernet, in this case).
 FIGURE 4-4 Viewing network status

3. On the Network page, under Make this PC discoverable heading, shown in Figure 4-5, change
the toggle switch to Off (do not find devices, which is recommended for a public network
location) or On (find devices, which is recommended for a private network location). When
you choose Off, the network location profile is Public, and when you choose On, the network
location profile is changed to Private. You can verify this change by clicking Sharing options
on the Status tab.