GETTING STARTED WITH C++
Character Set e
Fundamental unit of C++ language. Classified into
letters (a - z, A - Z), digits (0 - 9), special characters
(# , ; : > { + etc.), white spaces (space bar, tab, new
line) and some other characters whose ASCII code fall
in the range from 0 to 255.
-
Tokens
Tokens are the fundamental building blocks of the program. They
are also known as lexical units. C++ has five types of tokens as listed
-
below:
1. Keywords e
-
2. Identifiers
-
3. Literals
4. Punctuators
-
5. Operators -
Keywords e
The words (tokens) that convey a specific meaning to the language compiler
are called keywords. These are also known as reserved words .
Asm as a
E
0
Identifiers
Identifiers are the user-defined words that are used to name
-
different program elements such as memory locations, statements,
-
functions, objects, classes etc. The identifiers of memory
-
--
--
locations are called variables.
-
-
⑭ I
-
a
ab
Rules of Identifiers A-2
A -
09 -
e -
• Identifier is an arbitrary long sequence of letters, digits and
-
underscores ( _ ).
-• The first character must be a letter or underscore ( _ ).
- -
a• White space and special characters are not allowed.
-
a
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
-
-• Upper and lower case letters are treated differently, i.e. C++ is
case sensitive.
⑲
⑳
adm
So -X
Literals e
⑰
-
Literals to represent data items that never change their value
-
during the program run.
They are often referred to as constants. Literals can be divided
-
into four types as follows:
1. Integer literals -
2. Floating point literals -
3. Character literals -
4. String literals e
Integer literals - 176, 707
Consider the numbers -1776, 707, -273. They are integer constants.
The tokens constituted only by digits are called integer literals and
they are whole numbers without fractional part.
Floating point literals -
Floating point literals, also known as real constants are numbers
having fractional parts. These can be written in one of the two
-
forms called fractional form or exponential form.
3.2 6.7
Character literals
When we refer a single character enclosed in single quotes that
-
-
never changes its value during the program run, we call it a
character literal or character constant.
Eg : ‘a’ , ‘1’ , ‘\n’ ,’\t’ , etc
al In
in
'in' it's
S
--
String Literals
A sequence of one or more characters enclosed within a pair of
double quotes is called string constant .
-
Eg : "Hello friends", "123", "C++", "Baby\'s Day Out", etc.
-
sa
19 I
abcall
Punctuators -
In the same way C++ also has some special symbols that have
-
syntactic or semantic meaning to the compiler. These are called
-
- -
-
punctuators. Examples are: # ; ‘ “ ( ) [ ] { }
-en
Operators -
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler about a specific
-
operation.
IE
-
opens
+, -, -
-
As B,4 F-opseads
wor
6-7
Valid floating
point literals-
6-7E-2
-
6.7x1085
Is
X -
invalid
10-2 X floaters Dont
-56 x
Litezals
y
