GOVERNMENT ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, SALEM-07

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Subject: FOUNDATION COURSE-ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 4.0 [Link] 1ST YEAR

Unit-I:IntroductionToIndustry4.0
Industry:[Link]:IndustrialRevolution1.0to4.0- Technologies
of Industry 4.0

Unit-II:ArtificialIntelligence
ArtificialIntelligence:HistoryofAI-FoundationsofAI-TheAIenvironment- Challenges of AI

Unit-III:BigData
Big Data : Meaning - Essentials of Big Data in Industry 4.0 - Big Data Components - Big
Data Characteristics - Big Data Applications

Unit-IV:IOT
InternetofThings(IOT):IntroductiontoIOT–ApplicationsofIOT:Manufacturing– Healthcare
– Education – Aerospace and Defense – Agriculture – Transportation and Logistics.

Unit-V:Impactofindustry4.0
ImpactofIndustry4.0onSociety,Business,[Link] aligning
Education with Industry 4.0

Textbooks
1. SeemaAcharyaJ,SubhashiniChellappan,(2019)―BigDataandAnalytics‖,2nd Edition,
Wiley Publication, New Delhi.
2. [Link] S, Norvig P (2010), ―Artificial Intelligence: A Modern approach‖, 3rd Edition,
Prentice Hall, New York.
3. [Link],(2017),"TheInternetofThings:Enabling Technologies,
Platforms, and Use Cases", Auerbach Publications

ReferenceBooks
1. Judith Hurwitz, Alan Nugent, Fern Halper, Marcia Kaufman, ―Big Data for Dummies‖,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Nilsson(2000),ArtificialIntelligence:Anewsynthesis,NilsJHarcourtAsiaPTELtd.

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 UNIT -
IINTRODUCTIONTOINDUSTRY4.0
INTRODUCTION
[Link] raw
material into products of more value to people. Industry refers to economic activities
concernedwiththeproductionofgoods,extractionofservicesandprovisionorservices.

MEANING
[Link]?
An industry is a group of manufacturers or businesses that produce a particular kind of
goods or services.

[Link].
The term ―industry‖ can also refer toa group of businesses that produce related or
comparable goods. Banking and transportation are examples of services that are sometimes
referred to as industries. Primary, secondary, and tertiary are the three basic categories into
which industries can be divided.
TYPESOFINDUSTRY
[Link].(10Marks)
Theindustryisconcernedwiththeprocessingandproductionofgoodsandservices with the
motive of earning profit. In simple words, it involves changing the raw materials into finished
products for the purpose of selling them to the customers. The goods sold by industry can be
either used by other companies for further production or can be used by the end consumers for
final consumption. The goods produced in the former case are known asproducer goods. For
example, machinery, tools, etc. However, the goods produced in the latter case are known as
consumer goods. For example, bread, milk, butter, cloth, groceries, medicines, etc. An
organizationcanalsoproducematerialsthatcanbe usedbyother companies to further process and
convert them into finished goods. These goods are known as
[Link],rubber,copper,plastic,[Link] classified into
three parts: primary, secondary, and tertiary industry.

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 I. PrimaryIndustry
The primary industry involves the extraction of raw materials or natural resources from
the earth and the reproduction of living organisms. The economic operations of a businessunder
the primary sector usually depend on the nature of a specific place where the
[Link],wecansaythattheeconomicoperationsofa
primary industry revolve around the natural resources available on earth. The
[Link],farming, mining,
fishing, forestry, agriculture, crop production, animal husbandry, etc. The primary sector of less
advanced economies and includes activities or businesses from these areas. As a country
develops, it becomes less dependent on primary industry and more on secondary and tertiary.
Some of the workers in the primary industry are hunters, farmers, coal miners, etc.
Primaryindustryisfurtherdividedintotwocategories:
1. Extractive Industry: As the name suggests, the extractive industry involves the extraction
of products from natural resources and manufacturing of finite raw materials that industry
cannot replenish through cultivation. In emerging countries like India, the primary industryis
usually the most important sector. For example, agriculture is the most crucial part of India’s
primary industry, and animal farming is important in Africa. Other essential extractive
industries are mining, fishing, hunting, lumbering, and farming.
2. GeneticIndustry: Thegeneticindustryinvolvesrearingandbreedingoflivingspecies like birds,
plants, etc., developing raw materials, and then improving them through human involvement
in the production process. Genetic industry examples involve seeds andnursery companies,
poultry farms, fish hatcheries, breeding farms, livestock management and forestry.
II. SecondaryIndustry
The secondary industry uses the raw materials extracted in the primary sector and then
converts them into the finished product. Therefore, the secondary industry consists of
construction and manufacturing industries. The products manufactured under secondary
industries are either consumed by the end customer or used as raw material by other industries
for further processing or production. For example, getting wood from forests is a primary
industry; however, making furniture from wood is a secondary industry. The businesses under
secondaryindustryusuallyusemassivemachineryintheirproductionplantsfor
manufacturinggoodsandevenusehumanresourcesforpackaginganddistributionofgoods to
retailers, wholesalers, etc., at different locations.
Secondary industry is further divided into two categories: Manufacturing and
Construction Industry.
ManufacturingIndustry
These are the industries that are involved in the process of converting raw materials or
[Link] it
changes the form of raw materials into finished goods. For example, cotton is a raw material
that is converted in clothes under the manufacturing industry, iron is converted into benches,
sugarcane into sugar, wheat into bread, etc.

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 The twotypesofgoodsproducedinthemanufacturingindustryare:
 Consumer Goods: Consumer goods are goods that are consumed directly by the end
consumer and are used for day-to-day consumption. Examples of consumer goods are
clothes, hand wash, soap, oil, ghee, bread, butter, etc.
 Industrial Goods: Industrial goods are the goods that are built or produced for
manufacturing consumer goods. For example, machines, equipment, etc., are used by
industries to manufacture consumer goods such as bread, butter, soap, oil, etc.
Themanufacturingindustryisfurtherdividedintofourcategories:
1. Analytical Industry: The industry in which a basic raw material is broken down intoseveral
parts for manufacturing multiple products is known as analytical industry. For example,
different products like gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel, petroleum, etc., are formedby breaking
crude oil into different parts and processing them separately.
2. Synthetic Industry: The industry in which manufacturers mix two or more materials for
[Link],products like paint,
paper, soap, cement, sanitizers, etc., aremanufactured by mixing two or more than two
materials.
3. Processing Industry: The industry in which manufacturers process a raw material through
different production stages and then manufacture the finished good is known as the
processing industry. For example, the Sugar industry processes sugarcane through different
stages to manufacture sugar for consumers and other industries.
4. Assembling Industry: The industry in which the organizations take different finished
products and combine them to form a new finished product is known as the assembling
industry. For example, computer companies buy different finished products like CPU,
motherboard, software, etc., from different companies and produce a new product.

ConstructionIndustry
These are the industries that are involvedwith the construction of roads, dams,buildings,
etc., for the development of an economy. The construction industry use products of the
manufacturing industry, such as steel, iron, cement, etc. The products of construction industries
are unique in a way that their products cannot be moved or transferred from oneplace to
another. For example, a dam can be built at a fixed place and cannot be moved as per the choice
of anyone.
III. TertiaryIndustry
Thetertiaryindustryinvolvesprovidingservicesandfacilitatingasmoothflowof goods and
services in the market. The tertiary industry is also known as the service
industry,[Link]
tertiaryindustryprovidesservicestodifferentprimaryandsecondaryindustriestosupport their
activities.
Differenttypesofservicesprovidedbytheserviceindustryare:

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 1. Transport: Transportation services help the primary and secondary industries byfacilitating
the movement of goods from one place to other. Different modes of transport used by
tertiary industry are air, water, land, rail, etc.
2. Banking: Through banking, the tertiary industry provides credit facilities and finance to
different trading firms and industries forbusiness expansion, survival and growth.
3. Warehousing: Warehousing services of the tertiary industry provides the primary and
secondary industry with storage facilities. It means that the primary and secondaryindustries
can store their produced goods until they are distributed.
4. Insurance: Insurance services of the tertiary industry involve providing coverage to the
primary and secondary industries with different types of risks while running the business.
5. Advertising: Advertising services help the primary and secondary industries by providing
information to the customers about the company or business and its goods and services.

INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand to using
machines. Its start and end are widely debated by scholars, but the period generally spanned
[Link]―industrialrevolution‖isasuccinctcatchphrasetodescribe a
historical period, starting in 18th-century Great Britain, where the pace of change appeared to
speed up. This acceleration in the processes of technical innovation brought about an array of
new tools and machines. It also involved more subtle practical improvements in various fields
affecting labor, production, and resource use. The word ―technology‖ (which derives from the
Greek word techne, meaning art or craft) encompasses both of these dimensions of innovation.

CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION
[Link]? (5
MARKS)

ThemainfeaturesinvolvedintheIndustrialRevolutionweretechnological,socioeconomic, and
cultural. The technological changes included the following:
 theuseofnewbasicmaterials,chieflyironandsteel,
 theuseofnewenergysources,includingbothfuelsandmotivepower,suchas coal, the steam
engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine,
 theinventionofnewmachines,suchasthespinningjennyandthepowerloomthat permitted
increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy,
 a new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed
increased division of labour and specialization of function,
 important developments in transportation and communication, including the
steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and
 theincreasingapplicationofsciencetoindustry.
Thesetechnologicalchangesmadepossibleatremendouslyincreaseduseofnaturalresources
and the mass production of manufactured goods.

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 TYPESOFINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONS
Q.WHATARETHE4TYPESOFINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONS?(5/10MARKS)
The four industrial revolutions are coal, gas, electronics and nuclear, and the internet and
renewable energy. Beginning from 1765 through the present day, we’ve seen an amazing
evolution. As we discovered different energy sources and later, digital technologies, the entire
[Link]’sabriefprimeronthe four
industrial revolutions.
FirstIndustrialRevolution:Coalin1765
The originalindustrial revolutiontransformed our economy from agriculture to industry.
Processes became mechanized and products were manufactured for the first time. During this
period, the discovery of coal and its mass extraction, as well as the development of the steam
engine and metal forging completely changed the way goods were produced and exchanged.
Inventions such as spinning machines and looms to make fabric were making their appearance.
Canal transportation began replacing wagon and mules for moving around these goods.

SecondIndustrialRevolution:Gasin1870
As the first industrial revolution was driven by coal, the secondrevolved around the
discovery of electricity, gas and oil. The invention of the combustion engine went hand-in-hand
with these fuel sources. Both steel- and chemically based products entered the market during
this time. Developments in communication technology got a jump start with the telegraph and
later the telephone. Transportation grew by leaps and bounds with the invention of the planeand
car. Mechanical production grew in speed through the advent of mass production.

ThirdIndustrialRevolution:ElectronicsandNuclearin1969
After another hundred years, nuclear energy and electronics enter the landscape.
Nuclearpowerbegan in Europe, grew in both Great Britain and the United States, went into
remission for years, and grew in Asia.

FourthIndustrialRevolution:InternetandRenewableEnergyin2000
As we continue moving through the fourth industrial revolution, we see a shift to
renewable energy such as solar, wind and geothermal. However, the momentum comes notfrom
the shift in energy but from the acceleration of digital technology. The internet and the digital
world mean a real-time connection within more and more components of a production line, both
inside and outside facility walls. As the development of the Industrial Internet of Things, cloud
technology and artificial intelligence continue, a virtual world will merge withthe physical
world. Predictive maintenance and real-time data will lead to smarter business decisions and
work order solutions for a myriad of companies around the world.

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 ECONOMY CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION Q. HOW DID THE ECONOMY CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?(5/10 MARKS)
Industrial Revolution, a term usually applied to the social and economic changes that
mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial
society relying on complex machinery rather than tools.
Dramatic changes in the social and economic structure took place as inventions and
technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale machine production and
greater economic specialization, and as the laboring population, formerly employed
predominantly in agriculture (in which production had also increased as a result oftechnological
improvements), increasingly gathered in great urban factory centers

EconomicChanges
 As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturing,
production shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to
factories.
 Large portions of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities
where manufacturing centers were found.
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  Theoverallamountofgoodsandservicesproducedexpandeddramatically,andtheproportion
of capital invested per worker grew.
 New groups of investors, business people, and managers took financial risks and reaped
great rewards.

INDUSTRY1.0TO4.0
Q.DESCRIBETHEINDUSTRY1.0TO4.0.(10MARKS)
Industry 1.0 TO 4.0 for centuries, goods including food, clothing, houses and weaponry
were manufactured by hand or with the help of work animals. By the beginning of the 19th
century, though, manufacturing began to change dramatically with the introduction of Industry
1.0, and operations rapidly developed from there. Here is an overview of that evolution.

 INDUSTRY1.0
In the 1800s, water- and steam-powered machines were developed to aid workers. As
production capabilities increased, business also grew from individual cottage owners takingcare
of their own — and maybe their neighbors’ — needs to organizations with owners, managers
and employees serving customers.

 INDUSTRY2.0
By the beginning of the 20th century, electricity became the primary source of power. It
was easier to use than water and steam and enabled businesses to concentrate power sources to
[Link],making them
more portable. This period also saw the development of a number of management programs that
made it possible to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of manufacturing facilities.
Division of labor, where each worker does a part of the total job, increased productivity. Mass
production of goods using assembly lines became commonplace. American
mechanicalengineerFrederickTaylorintroducedapproachesofstudyingjobstooptimize

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 worker and workplace methods. Lastly, just-in-time and lean manufacturing principles
furtherrefined the way in which manufacturing companies could improve their quality and
output.

 INDUSTRY3.0
In the last few decades of the 20th century, the invention and manufacture of electronic
devices, such as the transistor and, later, integrated circuit chips, made it possible to more fully
automate individual machines to supplement or replace operators. This period also spawned the
development of software systems to capitalize on the electronic hardware. Integrated systems,
such as material requirements planning, were superseded by enterprise resources planning tools
that enabled humans to plan, schedule and track product flows through the factory. Pressure to
reduce costs caused many manufacturers to move component and assembly operations to
lowcost countries. The extended geographic dispersion resulted in the formalization of the
concept of supply chain management.
 INDUSTRY4.0
In the 21stcentury, Industry 4.0 connects the internet of things (IOT) with manufacturing
techniques to enable systems to share information, analyze it and use it to guide intelligent
actions. It also incorporates cutting-edge technologies including additive manufacturing,
robotics, artificial intelligence and other cognitive technologies, advanced materials, and
augmented reality, according to the article ―Industry 4.0 and Manufacturing Ecosystems‖ by
Deloitte University Press. The development of new technology has been a primary driver of the
movement to Industry 4.0. Some of the programs first developed during the later stages of the
20th century, such as manufacturing execution systems, shop floor control and product lifecycle
management, were farsighted concepts that lacked the technology needed to make their
complete implementation possible. Now, Industry 4.0 can help these programs reach their full
potential.
ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFINDUSTRY4.0
Q.WHATARETHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFINDUSTRY4.0? (5/10
MARKS)
TheAdvantagesofIndustry4.0
 Competitive Advantages: Industry 4.0 smart solutions and services offer a wide
rangeofcompetitiveadvantagesfororganizationsthatareabletosuccessfullylaunchthesenew
strategies and technologies.
 Increase in Operational Efficiency: The hope for Industry 4.0 is that the nextgeneration
of industrial revolution will drive even greater profitability for organizations, as they are
able to squeeze greater output from the same resource input.
 Better Products and Services: Whether it be product quality, safety, or customer
experiences, Industry 4.0 will drive greater visibility and throughput for operations,
allowing them to continue driving value for customers to retain business.
 Growth of Markets and New Markets: With any technological revolution, new
services, products, and software will be needed to support the transformation of
organizations. This will create entirely new product categories, new jobs, and more.

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  Improving Lives Overall: With new technologies, higher profitability, and growth in
economies, peoples' lives as a whole generally get better, with income rising, betterhealth
solutions, and overall a higher quality of life.

Disadvantage

 High Costs: Not only is technology a major cost to consider, but the expertise inenabling
the technology to be implemented. Having the know-how in newer fields like IOT,
Augmented Reality, and AI can lead to major budget constraints, not to mention a lack of
understanding among all parties involved.
 High Rate of Failure: The difficulty in launching Industry 4.0 initiatives is that there is
often a lack of direction when it comes to establishing objectives. They are often cross-
functional projects with many stakeholders, which can mean projects can become mired
in conflicting goals, and may simply sputter out.
 Cybersecurity: People, products, and equipment is, and will increasingly be, connected
to the internet. Although this gives us greater access to data via the cloud, it opens up
opportunities for hackers to access networks.
 Need for Highly Skilled Labor: Manufacturing, and industry as a whole, continues to
rely on humans to enable production. However, with the move to digitally connected
systems, there is a greater need for highly skilled labor, which may unintentionallyreduce
the need for low-skill labor.
 Industry and Market Disruption: With new technologies available, existing solutions
will eventually be phased out. Similar to the Blockbusters of the world, certain industries
will be unable to survive what Industry 4.0 brings to market.

INDUSTRY4.0TECHNOLOGIES
Q.EXPLAININDUSTRY4.0TECHNOLOGIES.(10MARKS)
Industry4.0is builtonninetechnology [Link] bridgethephysicaland
digital worlds and make smart and autonomous systems possible. Businesses and supply chains
already use some of these advanced technologies, but the full potential of Industry 4.0 comes to
life when they’re used together.

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 1. BigDataandAIanalytics
In an Industry 4.0 landscape, Big Datais collected from a wide range of sources. Of
course, this includes capturing data from assets, equipment, and IOT-enabled devices.
Data sources also extend outsidethe factory floor, into other areas of the business and the
world. They can includeeverything fromcustomer reviews and markettrends thatinform
R&Danddesign,toweatherandtrafficappsthathelpensuresmoother
[Link] byAIandmachine learning are applied to the data in real time
– and insights are leveraged to improve decision-making and automation in every area of
manufacturing and supply chain management.

2. Horizontalandverticalintegration
An essential framework of Industry 4.0 is horizontal and vertical integration. With
horizontal integration, processes are tightly integrated at the ―field level‖ – on the
production floor, across multiple production facilities, and across the entire supply chain.
With vertical integration, all the layers of an organisation are tied together – and data
flows freely from the shop floor to the top floor and back down again. In other words,
production is tightly integrated with business processes like R&D, quality assurance,sales
and marketing, and other departments –reducing data and knowledge silos and
streamlining operations.

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 3. CloudComputing
Cloud computingis the ―great enabler‖ of Industry 4.0 anddigital transformation.
Today’s cloud technology provides the foundation for most advanced technologies –from
AI and machine learning to IOT integration – and gives businesses the means to
innovate.ThedatathatfuelsIndustry4.0technologiesresidesinthecloud,andthecyber-
physical systems at the core of Industry 4.0 use the cloud to communicate and coordinate
in real time.

4. Augmentedreality(AR)
[Link] an
AR system, employees use smart glasses or mobile devices to visualise real-time IOT
data, digitalised parts, repair or assembly instructions, training content, and more – all
while looking at a physical thing like a piece of equipment or a product. AR is still
emerging but has major implications for maintenance, service, and quality assurance, as
well as technician training and safety.

5. IndustrialInternetofThings(IIOT)
TheInternetof Things(IOT)–morespecifically,theIndustrialInternetofThings – is so
central to Industry 4.0 that the two terms are often used interchangeably. Most physical
things in Industry 4.0 – devices, robots, machinery, equipment, products – use sensors
and RFID tags to provide real-time data about their condition, performance, or location.
This technology lets companies run smoother supply chains, rapidly design and modify
products, prevent equipment downtime, stay on top of consumer preferences, track
products and inventory, and much more.
6. Additivemanufacturing/3Dprinting:
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing was initially used as a rapid prototyping
tool but now offers a broader range of applications, from mass customisation to
distributed manufacturing. With 3D printing, parts and products can be stored as design
files in virtual inventories and printed on demand at the point of need – reducing both
costs and the need for off-site/off-shore [Link] year, the extent of
3Dprinting grows more varied, increasingly including base filaments such as metals,
high- performance polymers, ceramics, and even biomaterials.

7. Autonomousrobots
With Industry 4.0, a new generation of autonomous robots is emerging.
Programmed to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, autonomous robots vary
greatly in size and function, from inventory scanning drones to autonomous mobilerobots
for pick and place operations. Equipped with cutting-edge software, AI, sensors, and
machine vision, these robots are capable of performing difficult and delicate tasks –
andcanrecognise,analyse,andactoninformationtheyreceivefromtheir surroundings.

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 8. Simulation/digitaltwins
Adigital twinis a virtual simulation of a real-world machine, product, process, or
system based on IOT sensor data. This core component of Industry 4.0 allows businesses
to better understand,analyse, and improvethe performance and maintenanceof industrial
systems and products. An asset operator, for example, can use a digital twin to identify a
specific malfunctioning part, predict potential issues, and improve uptime.

9. Cybersecurity
WiththeincreasedconnectivityanduseofBigDatainIndustry4.0,
effectivecybersecurityis paramount. By implementing a Zero Trust architecture and
technologies like machine learning and blockchain, companies can automate threat
detection, prevention, and response – and minimise the risk of data breaches and
production delays across their networks.

*****************************UNIT-ICOMPLETED***************************

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 UNIT- II
ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
[Link] IS AI?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with
building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a
man-made thinking power."

[Link]
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which
can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

[Link] FIRST DISCOVERED AI?

The earliest substantial work in the field of artificial intelligence was done in the mid-
20th century by the British logician and computer pioneer Alan Mathison Turing.

[Link]?
John McCarthyis considered as the father of Artificial Intelligence. John McCarthy was
an American computer scientist. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by him.

[Link]?(5MARKS)
Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is theimportance
of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues,
etc.

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  WiththehelpofAI,youcancreateyourpersonalvirtualAssistant,suchasCortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.
 With thehelp of AI, you can build suchRobots which can work in anenvironment where
survival of humans can be at risk.
 AIopensapathforothernewtechnologies,newdevices,andnewOpportunities.

[Link]?(5MARKS)
FollowingarethemaingoalsofArtificialIntelligence:
1. Replicatehumanintelligence
2. SolveKnowledge-intensivetasks
3. Anintelligentconnectionofperceptionandaction
4. Buildingamachinewhichcanperformtasksthatrequireshumanintelligencesuchas:
 Provingatheorem
 Playingchess
 Plansomesurgicaloperation
 Drivingacarintraffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself,demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

[Link] COMPRISES TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires
lots of other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination ofReasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding,
etc.
ToachievetheabovefactorsforamachineorsoftwareArtificialIntelligencerequiresthe following
discipline:
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 ComputerScience
 NeuronsStudy
 Statistics

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 Q. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE? (5/10 MARKS)
FollowingaresomemainadvantagesofArtificialIntelligence:
 High Accuracy with less errors:AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
 High-Speed:AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of
that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant:AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as
AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as
per customer requirement.
 Useful as a public utility:AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving
car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security
purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.

DISADVANTAGESOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial
intelligence. Being so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we
need to keep in our mind while creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of
AI:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

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  Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannotworkoutofthebox,as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
 No feelings and emotions:AImachinescanbeanoutstandingperformer,butstillitdoes not
havethefeeling so it cannotmake any kindof emotional attachment with human,and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
stillAImachinescannotbeatthispowerofhumanintelligenceandcannotbecreativeand
imaginative.

HISTORYOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
[Link] THE HISTORY OF AI (10MARKS)
Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technologyis much olderthanyouwouldimagine. Eventherearethe mythsofMechanical men in
Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI which
defines the journey from the AI generation to till date development.

 MaturationofArtificialIntelligence(1943-1952)
 Year1943:The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
 Year1949:DonaldHebbdemonstratedanupdatingruleformodifyingtheconnection strength
between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.

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  Year 1950:The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine
learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"in
which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence(1952-1956)

 Year 1955:An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "LogicTheorist". This program had proved
38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
 Year 1956:The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an
academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

Thegoldenyears-Earlyenthusiasm(1956-1974)
 Year 1966:The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
 Year 1972:The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.

ThefirstAIwinter(1974-1980)
o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding
from government for AI researches.
o DuringAIwinters,aninterestofpublicityonartificialintelligencewasdecreased.

AboomofAI(1980-1987)
o Year1980:AfterAIwinterduration,AIcamebackwith"ExpertSystem".Expert systems were
programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

ThesecondAIwinter(1987-1993)
 Thedurationbetweentheyears1987to1993wasthesecondAIWinterduration.

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  Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high
costbut not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.

Theemergenceofintelligentagents(1993-2011)
 Year1997:Intheyear1997,IBMDeepBluebeatsworldchesschampion,Gary Kasparov, and
became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
 Year2002:forthefirsttime,AIenteredthehomeintheformofRoomba,avacuum cleaner.
 Year 2006:AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deeplearning,bigdataandartificialgeneralintelligence(2011-present)
 Year 2011:In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to
solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
 Year 2012:Googlehas launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able
to provide information to the user as a prediction.
 Year 2014:In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
 Year2015:ElonMusk,StephenHawking,andSteveWozniak(andover3,000others)
signedanopenlettertotheworlds’governmentsystemsbanningthedevelopmentof (and
later, use of) autonomous weapons for purposes of war.
 Year 2016:Hanson Robotics created a humanoid robot named Sophia, who became
known as the first ―robot citizen‖ and was the first robot created with a realistic human
appearance and the ability to see and replicate emotions, as well as to communicate.
 Year 2017:Facebook programmed two AI chatbots to converse and learn how to
negotiate, but as they went back and forth they ended up forgoing English and
developing their own language, completely autonomously.
 Year 2018:The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with twomaster
debaters and also performed extremely well.
 Year 2019:Google’s AlphaStar reached Grandmaster on the video game StarCraft 2,
outperforming all but .2% of human players.
 Year 2020:OpenAI started beta testing GPT-3, a model that uses Deep Learning to
create code, poetry, and other such language and writing tasks. While not the first of its

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 kind, it is the first that creates content almost indistinguishable from those created by
humans.
 Year 2021:OpenAI developed DALL-E, which can process and understand images
enough to produce accurate captions, moving AI one step closer to understanding the
visual world.

[Link],bigdata,and data
science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and
Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence
is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.

FOUNDATIONOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
[Link](10MARKS)
The disciplines that contributed ideas, viewpoints, and techniques to AI. It is forced to
concentrate on a small number of people, events, and ideas and to ignore others that also were
important. I’ll explain and represent it through a series of questions
1. Philosophy
 Canformalrulesbeusedtodrawvalidconclusions?
 Howdoesthemindarisefromaphysicalbrain?
 Wheredoesknowledgecomefrom?
 Howdoesknowledgeleadtoaction?
✒Rationalism, Dualism, Materialism, Empiricism, Induction, Logical Positivism,
Confirmation Theory.

2. Mathematics
 Whataretheformalrulestodrawvalidconclusions?
 Whatcanbecomputed?
 Howdowereasonwithuncertaininformation?
Themainthreefundamentalareasarelogic,computationandprobability.
✒Algorithm,incompletenesstheorem,computable,tractability,NPcompleteness,Non deterministic
polynomial and probability.

3. Economics
 Howshouldwemakedecisionssoastomaximizepayoff?
 Howshouldwedothiswhenothersmaynotgoalong?
 Howshouldwedothiswhenthepayoffmaybefarinthefuture?
 Utility,DecisionTheory,GameTheory, OperationsResearch.

4. Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, especially the brain. We are still a long
way from understanding how cognitive processes actually work. The truly amazing conclusion

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 Isthatacollectionofsimplecellscanleadtothought,action,andconsciousnessor,brainscause
[Link] only real alternative theory is mysticism: that minds operate in some mystical realm
that is beyond physical science.

5. Psychology
 Howdohumansandanimalsthinkandact?
 Behaviourism,Cognitivepsychology. 
 Thethreekeystepsofaknowledge-basedagent:
I. thestimulusmustbetranslatedintoaninternalrepresentation
II. therepresentationismanipulatedbycognitiveprocessestoderiveinternalrepresentations
III. Theseareinturnretranslatedbackintoaction.

6. ComputerEngineering
 Howcanwebuildanefficientcomputer?
✒Operationalcomputerandoperational programmablecomputer
AI has pioneered many ideas that have made their way back to mainstream computer
science, including time sharing, interactive interpreters, personal computers with windows and
mice,rapiddevelopmentenvironments,thelinkedlistdatatype,automaticstoragemanagement, and
key concepts of symbolic, functional, declarative, and object-oriented programming.

7. Linguistics
 Howdoeslanguagerelatetothought?
 VerbalBehavior—behavioristapproachtolanguagelearning
 Computationallinguisticsornaturallanguageprocessingandknowledgerepresentation.

8. ControltheoryandCybernetics
 Howcanartifactsoperateundertheirowncontrol?
 controlTheory,Homeostaticandobjectivefunction.

TYPESOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
[Link] THE TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(10MARKS)
Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following is
flow diagrams which explain the types of AI.

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 AItype-1:BasedonCapabilities

1. WeakAIorNarrowAI:
 NarrowAIisatypeofAIwhichisabletoperformadedicatedtaskwithintelligence. The most
common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. GeneralAI:
 GeneralAIisatypeofintelligencewhichcouldperformanyintellectualtaskwithefficiency like
a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think
like a human by its own.
 Currently,thereisnosuchsystemexistwhichcouldcomeundergeneralAIandcan perform any
task as perfect as a human.
 TheworldwideresearchersarenowfocusedondevelopingmachineswithGeneralAI.
 AssystemswithgeneralAIarestillunderresearch,anditwilltakelotsofeffortsand time to
develop such systems.

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 3. SuperAI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is
an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.

ArtificialIntelligencetype-2:Basedonfunctionality
1. ReactiveMachines
 PurelyreactivemachinesarethemostbasictypesofArtificial Intelligence.
 SuchAIsystemsdonotstorememoriesorpastexperiencesforfutureactions.
 Thesemachinesonlyfocusoncurrentscenariosandreactonitasperpossiblebest action.
 IBM'sDeepBluesystemisanexampleofreactivemachines.
 Google'sAlphaGoisalsoanexampleofreactivemachines.

2. LimitedMemory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
 Thesemachinescanusestoreddataforalimitedtimeperiodonly.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars
can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.

3. TheoryofMind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be ableto
interact socially like humans.
 ThistypeofAImachinesarestillnotdeveloped,butresearchersaremakinglotsof efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awarenessAIisthefuture [Link]
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
 Thesemachineswillbesmarterthanhumanmind.
 Self-AwarenessAIdoesnotexistinrealitystillanditisahypotheticalconcept.

APPLICATIONOFAI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential
fortoday'stimebecauseitcansolvecomplexproblemswithanefficientwayinmultiple

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 industries,suchasHealthcare, entertainment,finance,education,[Link] more
comfortable and fast.
FollowingaresomesectorswhichhavetheapplicationofArtificialIntelligence:

1. AIinAstronomy
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.
2. AIinHealthcare
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AIinGaming
[Link], where
the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AIinFinance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
5. AIinDataSecurity
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks
in a better way.
6. AIinSocialMedia
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and
manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends,
hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AIinTravel&Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights,
and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can
make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. AIinAutomotiveIndustry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtualassistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure.

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 9. AIinRobotics:
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we
can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without
pre-programmed.
 HumanoidRobotsarebestexamplesforAIinrobotics,recentlytheintelligentHumanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AIinEntertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these
services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AIinAgriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture
is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AIinE-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AIineducation:
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

[Link]?(5MARKS)
Anagentisanythingthatcanperceiveitsenvironmentthrough sensorsandactsupon that
environment through effectors.
 Ahuman agenthas sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel tothe
sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.
 Arobotic agentreplaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and various
motors and actuators for effectors.
 Asoftwareagenthasencodedbitstringsasitsprogramsandactions.

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 AgentTerminology
 Performance Measure of Agent − It is the criteria, which determines how successful an
agent is.
 BehaviorofAgent −Itistheactionthatagentperformsafteranygivensequenceof percepts.
 Percept−Itisagent’sperceptualinputsatagiveninstance.
 PerceptSequence−Itisthehistoryofallthatanagenthasperceivedtilldate.
 AgentFunction−Itisamapfromthepreceptsequencetoanaction.

THESTRUCTUREOFINTELLIGENTAGENTS
[Link]?
Agent’sstructurecanbeviewedas−
 Agent=Architecture+AgentProgram
 Architecture=themachinerythatanagentexecuteson.
 AgentProgram=animplementationofanagentfunction.

TYPESOFAIAGENTS
[Link].(10MARKS)
Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence
and capability. All these agents can improve their performance and generate better action over
the time. These are given below:
1. SimpleReflexAgent
2. Model-basedreflexagent
3. Goal-basedagents
4. Utility-basedagent
5. Learningagent

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 1. SimpleReflexAgent

 [Link] of the
current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history. 
 Theseagentsonlysucceedinthefullyobservableenvironment.
 TheSimplereflexagentdoesnotconsideranypartofperceptshistoryduringtheirdecision and
action process.
 TheSimplereflex agentworksonCondition-actionrule,which meansit mapsthecurrent state
to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in the room.

Condition-ActionRule−Itisarulethatmapsastate(condition)toanaction.

2. Model-BasedReflexAgent
[Link].
Model−knowledgeabout―howthethingshappenintheworld‖.
InternalState−Itisarepresentationofunobservedaspectsofcurrentstatedependingon percept
history.
Updatingthestaterequirestheinformationabout −
 Howtheworldevolves.
 Howtheagent’sactionsaffecttheworld.

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 3. Goal-basedagents
 The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide for an
agent to what to do. 
 Theagentneedstoknowitsgoalwhichdescribesdesirablesituations.
 Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the
"goal"information.
 Theychooseanaction,sothattheycanachievethegoal.
 These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions before deciding
whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of different scenario are called
searching and planning, which makes an agent proactive.

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 4. Utility-
BasedAgents
 These agentsaresimilartothegoal-basedagentbut provideanextra componentofutility
measurement which makes them different by providing a measure of success at a given
state.
 Utility-basedagentactbasednotonlygoalsbutalsothebestwaytoachievethegoal.
 The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and an
agent has to choose in order to perform the best action. 
 Theutility function maps eachstate to a realnumberto check howefficiently each action
achieves the goals.

5. LearningAgents
 Alearning agent in AI is thetypeof agent which can learn fromits past experiences, or it
has learning capabilities.
 It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically through
learning.
 Alearningagenthasmainlyfourconceptualcomponents,whichare:

a. Learningelement:Itisresponsibleformakingimprovementsbylearningfrom
environment

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 b. Critic:Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how well
the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
c. Performanceelement:Itisresponsibleforselectingexternalaction
d. Problemgenerator:Thiscomponentisresponsibleforsuggestingactionsthat will lead
to new and informative experiences.
Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways to
improve the performance.

[Link]?
 An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part
of an agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in which an agent is
present.
 The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with something to
sense and act upon it. An environment is mostly said to be non-feministic.

FEATURESOFENVIRONMENT
[Link]?(5MARKS)
As per Russell and Norvig, an environment can have various features from the point
ofview of an agent:
1. FullyobservablevsPartiallyObservable
2. StaticvsDynamic
3. DiscretevsContinuous
4. DeterministicvsStochastic

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 5. Single-agentvsMulti-agent
6. Episodicvssequential
7. KnownvsUnknown
8. AccessiblevsInaccessible

1. FullyobservableVsPartiallyObservable:
 If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an environment at each point
of time then it is a fully observable environment, else it is partially observable.
 Afullyobservableenvironmentiseasyasthereisnoneedtomaintaintheinternalstateto keep
track history of the world.
 Anagentwithnosensorsinallenvironmentsthensuchanenvironmentiscalled as
unobservable.

2. DeterministicVsStochastic:
 If an agent's current state and selected action can completely determine the next state
ofthe environment, then such environment is called a deterministic environment.
 Astochasticenvironment israndominnatureandcannotbedeterminedcompletelybyan agent.
 Inadeterministic,fullyobservableenvironment,agentdoesnotneedtoworryabout uncertainty.

3. EpisodicVsSequential:
 Inanepisodicenvironment,thereisaseriesofone-shotactions,andonlythecurrent percept is
required for the action.
 However,inSequentialenvironment,anagentrequiresmemoryofpastactionsto determine the
next best actions.

4. Single-AgentVsMulti-Agent
 Ifonlyoneagentisinvolvedinanenvironment,andoperatingbyitselfthensuchan environment
is called single agent environment.
 However,ifmultipleagentsareoperatinginanenvironment,thensuchanenvironmentis called
a multi-agent environment.
 Theagent designproblemsinthemulti-agentenvironmentaredifferentfromsingleagent
environment.

5. StaticVsDynamic:
 If theenvironment can change itself whilean agent is deliberating then such environment
is called a dynamic environment else it is called a static environment.
 Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to continue looking
at the world while deciding for an action.

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  However for dynamic environment, agents need to keep looking at the world at each
action.
 Taxi driving is an example of a dynamic environment whereas Crossword puzzles are an
example of a static environment

6. DiscreteVsContinuous:
 If in an environment there are a finite number of percepts and actions that can be
performed within it, then such an environment is called a discrete environment else it is
called continuous environment.
 A chess gamecomes under discrete environment as there is a finite number of moves that
can be performed.
 Aself-drivingcarisanexampleofacontinuousenvironment.

7. KnownVsUnknown
 Knownandunknownarenotactuallyafeatureofanenvironment,butitisanagent's state of
knowledge to perform an action.
 Inaknownenvironment,[Link] unknown
environment, agent needs to learn how it works in order to perform an action.
 It is quite possible that a known environment to be partially observable and an Unknown
environment to be fully observable.

8. AccessibleVsInaccessible
 If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information about the state's environment,
then such an environment is called an Accessible environment else it is called
inaccessible.
 An empty room whose state can be defined by its temperature is an example of an
accessible environment.
 InformationaboutaneventonearthisanexampleofInaccessibleenvironment.

PROPERTIESOFENVIRONMENT
[Link]?(10MARKS)
Theenvironmenthasmultifoldproperties
 Discrete / Continuous− If there are a limited number of distinct, clearly defined, states
of the environment, the environment is discrete (For example, chess); otherwise it is
continuous (For example, driving).

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  Observable / Partially Observable− If it is possible to determine the complete state of
the environment at each time point from the percepts it is observable; otherwise it is only
partially observable.
 Static / Dynamic−Iftheenvironmentdoesnotchangewhileanagentisacting,thenitis static;
otherwise it is dynamic.
 Single agent / Multiple agents − The environment may contain other agents which may
be of the same or different kind as that of the agent.
 Accessible / Inaccessible− If the agent’s sensory apparatus can have access to the
complete state of the environment, then the environment is accessible to that agent.
 Deterministic / Non-deterministic− If the next state of the environment is completely
determined by the current state and the actions of the agent, then the environment is
deterministic; otherwise it is non-deterministic.
 Episodic / Non-episodic− In an episodic environment, each episode consists of theagent
perceiving and then acting. The quality of its action depends just on the episode itself.
Subsequent episodes do not depend on the actions in the previous episodes. Episodic
environments are much simpler because the agent does not need to think ahead.

TURINGTESTINAI
[Link]?ANDEXPLAINITDETAILS.
In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check whether a machine can think like ahuman
or not, this test is known as the Turing Test. In this test, Turing proposed that the computer can
be said to be an intelligent if it can mimic human response under specific conditions.
Turing Test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence," which considered the question, "Can Machine think?"

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 The Turing test is based on a party game "Imitation game," with some [Link]
game involves three players in which one player is Computer, another player is human
responder, and the third player is a human Interrogator, who is isolated from other two players
and his job is to find that which player is machine among two of them.

Consider, Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an interrogator.

Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine, but he needs to identify this on the basis of
questions and their responses.

CHALLENGESOFAI
Q. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AI
ADOPTION AND SCALING IN YOUR INDUSTRY?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming various industries with its potential to automatetasks,
optimize processes, enhance decision-making, and create new value propositions. However,
adopting and scaling AI is not a simple or straightforward endeavor. It requires overcoming
various technical, organizational, ethical, and social challenges, as well as leveraging the
opportunities that AI offers for innovation and differentiation. In this article, we will explore
some of the main challenges and opportunities for AI adoption and scaling in your industry, and
how you can address them effectively.
 Technicalchallenges
One of the main technical challenges for AI adoption and scaling is the availability and
quality of data. Data is the fuel for AI, and without enough, relevant, and reliable data, AI
models cannot perform well or generalize to new situations. Therefore, you need to ensure that
you have access to sufficient and diverse data sources, that you can store, process, and analyze
themefficiently,[Link]
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 invest in the right infrastructure, tools, and platforms that can support your AI development,
deployment, and maintenance, and that can scale up or down as needed.
 Organizationalchallenges
Another major challenge for AI adoption and scaling is the organizational culture and
readiness. AI is not just a technology, but a strategic enabler that requires a clear vision,
alignment, and leadership. You need to foster a culture of innovation, collaboration, and
experimentation, where AI is seen as an opportunity rather than a threat, and where employees
are empowered and skilled to use AI effectively. You also need to establish clear roles,
responsibilities, and governance structures for your AI initiatives, and to monitor and measure
their impact and value.
 Ethicalchallenges
A third challenge for AI adoption and scaling is the ethical implications and risks of AI.
AI can have positive or negative effects on society, depending on how it is designed, used, and
regulated. You need to ensure that your AI solutions are aligned with your values, principles,
and standards, and that they respect the rights, dignity, and interests of your stakeholders. You
also need to ensure that your AI solutions are transparent, explainable, fair, accountable, and
trustworthy, and that they comply with the relevant laws and regulations.
 Socialchallenges
A fourth challenge for AI adoption and scaling is the social perception and acceptance of
AI. AI can generate various emotions and reactions among your customers, partners,
competitors, and the public, ranging from curiosity and enthusiasm to fear and resistance. You
need to understand and address the needs, expectations, and concerns of your target audiences,
and to communicate and engage with them effectively. You also need to build trust and
credibility for your AI solutions, and to demonstrate their benefits and value.

OPPORTUNITIES
 Innovationopportunities
Despite the challenges, AI also offers many opportunities for innovation and
differentiation in your industry. AI can help you create new products, services, or business
models that solve existing or emerging problems, or that meet new or unmet needs. AI can also
help you improve your existing offerings by enhancing their features, functionality, or
performance. AI can also help you discover new insights, patterns, or trends from your data that
can inform your decision-making, strategy, or innovation.
 Differentiationopportunities
Another opportunity that AI offers is the potential to differentiate yourself from your
competitors and to gain a competitive edge. AI can help you deliver superior customer value
andexperiencebypersonalizing,customizing,ortailoringyourofferingstotheirpreferences,

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 behaviors, or contexts. AI can also help you optimize your operations, processes, or resources
by automating, streamlining, or augmenting them. AI can also help you create a distinctive
brand identity and reputation by showcasing your innovation, leadership, or socialresponsibility.

************************UNIT–IICOMPLETED******************************

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 UNIT –III
BIG DATA MEANING

[Link] IS DATA?
The quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a
computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and
recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media

[Link]?
Big Datais a collection of data that is huge in volume, yet growing exponentially
with time. It is adata withso large size and complexity that none of traditional data
[Link] size.

[Link]?(5MARKS)
FollowingaresomeoftheBigDataexamples-

TheNew York Stock Exchangeis an example of

BigDatathatgeneratesaboutone terabyteof new
trade data per day.

SocialMedia

The statistic shows that500+terabytesof new

data get ingested into the databases of social
media siteFacebook, every day. This data is
mainly generated in terms of photo and video
uploads, message exchanges, putting comments
etc.

AsingleJetenginecangenerate10+terabytesof data
in30 minutesof flight time. With many thousand
flights per day, generation of data reaches up to
many Petabytes.

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 TYPES OF BIG DATA
[Link] THE TYPES OF BIGDATA.(10MARKS)
FollowingarethetypesofBigData:

1. Structured
2. Unstructured
3. Semi-structured

1. Structured
Any data that can be stored, accessed and processed in the form of fixed format is
termed as a ‘structured’ data. Over the period of time, talent in computer science has
achieved greater success in developing techniques for working with such kind of data
(where the format is well known in advance) and also deriving value out of it. However,
nowadays, we are foreseeing issues when a size of such data grows to a huge extent,
typical sizes are being in the rage of multiple zettabytes.

Doyouknow?1021bytesequalto1zettabyteoronebillionterabytesformsazettabyte.

Looking at these figures one can easily understand why the name Big Data is
givenand imagine the challenges involved in its storage and processing.

Doyou know? Data stored in a relational database management system is one example of
a ‘structured’ data.

ExamplesOfStructuredData

An‘Employee’tableinadatabaseisanexampleofStructuredData

Employee_ID Employee_Name Gender Department Salary_In_lacs

2365 Rajesh Kulkarni Male Finance 650000
3398 Pratibha Joshi Female Admin 650000
7465 Shushil Roy Male Admin 500000
7500 Shubhojit Das Male Finance 500000
7699 Priya Sane Female Finance 550000

2. Unstructured
Any data with unknown form or the structure is classified as unstructured data. In
addition to the size being huge, un-structured data poses multiple challenges in terms of
its processing for deriving value out of it. A typical example of unstructured data is a
heterogeneous data source containing a combination of simple text files, images, videos
[Link],

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 they don’t know how to derive value out of it since this data is in its raw form or
unstructured format.

ExamplesOfUn-structuredData

Theoutputreturnedby‘GoogleSearch’

ExampleOfUn-structuredData
3. Semi-structured
Semi-structured data can contain both the forms of data. We can see semi-
structured data as a structured in form but it is actually not defined with e.g. a table
definition in relational DBMS Example of semi-structured data is a data represented in an
XML file.

Examples Of Semi-structured Data

PersonaldatastoredinanXMLfile-

<rec><name>PrashantRao</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>
<rec><name>SeemaR.</name><sex>Female</sex><age>41</age></rec>
<rec><name>SatishMane</name><sex>Male</sex><age>29</age></rec>
<rec><name>Subrato Roy</name><sex>Male</sex><age>26</age></rec>
<rec><name>JeremiahJ.</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>
DataGrowthovertheyears

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 DataGrowthovertheyears
Please note thatweb applicationdata, which is unstructured, consists of log files,
transaction history files etc. OLTP systems are built to work with structured data wherein
data is stored in relations (tables).

ADVANTAGES OF BIGDATA PROCESSING

[Link]?(5MARKS)
AbilitytoprocessBigDatainDBMSbringsinmultiplebenefits,suchas-
 Businessescanutilizeoutsideintelligencewhiletakingdecisions
Access to social data from search engines and sites like facebook, twitter are enabling
organizations to fine tune their business strategies.
 Improvedcustomerservice
Traditional customer feedback systems are getting replaced by new systems designedwith
Big Data technologies. In these new systems, Big Data and natural language processing
technologies are being used to read and evaluate consumer responses.
 Earlyidentificationofrisktotheproduct/services,ifany
 Betteroperationalefficiency
Big Data technologies can be used for creating a staging area or landing zone for new data
before identifying what data should be moved to the data warehouse. In addition, such
integration of Big Data technologies and data warehouse helps an organization to offload
infrequently accessed data.

ESSENTIALSOFBIGDATAININDUSTRY4.0
[Link]?(5MARKS)
Companiesuse big data in their systems to improve operations, provide better
customer service, create personalized marketing campaigns and take other actions that,
ultimately,[Link]

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 potential competitive advantage over those that don't because they're able to make faster
and more informed business decisions.
For example, big data provides valuable insights into customers that companies can
use to refine their marketing, advertising and promotions in order to increase customer
engagement and conversion rates. Both historical and real-time data can be analyzed to
assess the evolving preferences of consumers or corporate buyers, enabling businesses to
become more responsive to customer wants and needs.
Bigdataisalsousedbymedicalresearcherstoidentifydiseasesignsandrisk factors and
by doctors to help diagnose illnesses and medical conditions in patients. In addition, a
combination of data from electronic health records, social media sites, the web and other
sources gives healthcare organizations and government agencies up-to-date information
on infectious disease threats or outbreaks.
Herearesomemoreexamplesofhowbigdataisusedbyorganizations:
 In the energy industry, big data helps oil and gas companies identify potential
drilling locations and monitor pipeline operations; likewise, utilities use it to track
electrical grids.
 Financial services firms use big data systems for risk management and real-
timeanalysis of market data.
 Manufacturers and transportation companies rely on big data to manage their
supply chains and optimize delivery routes.
 Other government uses include emergency response, crime prevention and smart
city initiatives.

BIGDATAANALYTICSCOMPONENTS
[Link]?(10MARKS)
Using big data to position your organization for the future is not a simple task and
[Link] withadvanced BI
tools, data must first be consumed from sources, translated, stored before being finally
presented in a comprehensible fashion. That is why it is important to fully understand, in
my opinion, the three V’s of big data.

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 Big data architectures include some or all of the following components:

1- DataSources
The biggest component of big data is data sources because they represent the
building block for future data analysis. When the data sources are accurate, more
meaningful insights can be extracted. These insights, in turn, can help decision-makers
make better choices, leading to more positive outcomes.
There are different types of sources that you can have in your organization including
databases, data lakes, data warehouses, and social media platforms. These are
unstructureddataandmassiveinvolumemakingitdifficulttoprocesswiththetraditional
analytical methods.
2- Datastorage
Businesses need to store the data somewhere before being processed, and the ideal
locationforitistypicallyadatalake,whichisabigscalableunstructureddatabasecapable of
holding a huge number of differently formatted files.
Organizations should make sure that data stored on-premises are properly secured to
minimize the risk of data breaches and cyber-attacks. In addition, scalability is one of the
most important factor to think about as you can’t foresee the size of data that you will be
storing.
Failure to do so will need a significant amount of work to move data from one data
store to another, which you should avoid by selecting the optimal storage device for your
business.
3- Batchprocessing
Batch processing is waiting for a particular quantity of raw data to be obtained
before performing an ETL job to filter, aggregate, and prepare massive volumes of data for
analysis. It is utilized when data freshness is not a problem. Hadoop open-source
frameworks are a common alternative for such large data processing.
It is commonly used for data warehousing, report generation, and large-scale data
analysis that doesn’t require real time response and data to be available. In some cases,
batch processing can’t be used in applications where real time monitoring and instant
responses are needed.
4- Streamprocessing
This specific component is responsible for the continuous flow of data which is
[Link]

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 soon as it is generated and push it to other big data technology components for real time
processing.
This could be helpful in a number of use cases like financial applications however it
requires more resources and computing as it is constantly monitoring for changes in
different data sources.

5- Machinelearning
Machine learning is an essential component and technique used to help extract
insights and identify patterns from a large, complex datasets. The more data you have
stored, the more the algorithms become accurate and helpful over time. These algorithms
require a huge number of data to be trained on.
With this technology, it has become easier for us to analyze vast amounts of data by
automating the process of finding patterns and relationships. Prior to ML introduction, it
was difficult to find hidden insights as it has solved various problems including predictive
analytics, image and video processing, natural language processing (NLP), and anomaly
detection.
In summary, machine learning is a component of big data because it is a powerful
tool that enables organizations to extract valuable insights from massive amounts of data,
leading to improved decision-making, enhanced customer experiences, and increased
business efficiency.
6- Analyticsandreporting
Most big data solutions aim to provide users insights into the data throughreporting
and analysis. The design may incorporate a data modeling layer, such as a
multidimensional OLAP cube or tabular data model, to enable users to study the data.
All of these big data technology components work together to provide customersthe
opportunity to quickly evaluate data via self-service BI or conventional solutions,
slicinganddicingdatatounearthpotentinsightsthatmayhelpdrivecorporateoperations more
efficiently and boost agility.

CHARACTERISTICSOFBIGDATA
[Link]?(5MARKS)
Bigdatacanbedescribedbythefollowingcharacteristics:

 Volume
 Variety
 Velocity
 Variability

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  Volume –The name Big Data itself is related to a size which is enormous. Size of data
plays a very crucial role in determining value out of data. Also, whether a particular
data can actually be considered as a Big Data or not, is dependent upon the volume of
data. Hence,‘Volume’is one characteristic which needs to be considered while dealing
with Big Data solutions.
 Variety–ThenextaspectofBigDataisitsvariety.
Variety refers to heterogeneous sources and the nature of data, both structured and
unstructured. During earlier days, spreadsheets and databases were the only sources of
data considered by most of the applications. Nowadays, data in the form of emails, photos,
videos, monitoring devices, PDFs, audio, etc. are also being considered in the analysis
[Link],miningand
analyzing data.
 Velocity –The term‘velocity’refers to the speed of generation of data. How fast the data
is generated and processed to meet the demands, determines real potential in the data.
Big Data Velocity deals with the speed at which data flows in from sources like business
processes, application logs, networks, and social media sites, sensors,Mobiledevices, etc.
The flow of data is massive and continuous.
 Variability –This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at times,
thus hampering the process of being able to handle and manage the data effectively.

BIGDATAAPPLICATIONS
[Link]?5APPLICATIONS
The people who’re using Big Data know better that, what is Big Data. Let’s look at
some such industries:
1) Healthcare
Big Data has already started to create a huge difference in the healthcare sector.
With the help of predictive analytics, medical professionals and HCPs are now able to
provide personalized healthcare services to individual patients. Apart from that, fitness
wearables, telemedicine, remote monitoring – all powered by Big Data and AI – arehelping
change lives for the better.
2) Academia
Big Data is also helping enhance education today. Education is no more limited to
thephysicalboundsoftheclassroom–therearenumerousonlineeducationalcourses
[Link] Data
technologies to aid the all-round development of budding learners.
3) Banking

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 The banking sector relies on Big Data for fraud detection. Big Data tools can
efficiently detect fraudulent acts in real-time such as misuse of credit/debit cards,archival
of inspection tracks, faulty alteration in customer stats, etc.

4) Manufacturing
According to TCS Global Trend Study, the most significant benefit of Big Data in
manufacturing is improving the supply strategies and product quality. In the
manufacturing sector, Big data helps create a transparent infrastructure, thereby,
predicting uncertainties and incompetencies that can affect the business adversely.
5) IT
One of the largest users of Big Data, IT companies around the world are using Big
Datatooptimizetheirfunctioning,enhanceemployeeproductivity,andminimizerisks
[Link],theIT sector is
continually powering innovation to find solutions even for the most complex of problems.
6. Retail
Big Data has changed the way of working in traditional brick and mortar retail
stores. Over the years, retailers have collected vast amounts of data from local
demographicsurveys,POSscanners,RFID,customerloyalty cards,storeinventory,and so on.
Now, they’ve started to leverage this data to create personalized customer experiences,
boost sales, increase revenue, and deliver outstanding customer service.
Retailers are even using smart sensors and Wi-Fi to track the movement of
customers,themostfrequentedaisles,forhowlongcustomerslingerintheaisles, among other
things. They also gather social media data to understand what customersare saying about
their brand, their services, and tweak their product designandmarketing strategies
accordingly.

7. Transportation
Big Data Analytics holds immense value for the transportation industry. Incountries
across the world, both private and government-run transportation companies use Big
Data technologies to optimize route planning, control traffic, manage road
congestion,[Link],transportationservicesevenuseBig Data to
revenue management, drive technological innovation, enhance logistics, and of course, to
gain the upper hand in the market.

******************************UNIT–IIICOMPLETED************************************

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 UNIT–IV
INTERNETOFTHINGS(IOT)
[Link]?
IOT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical
devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and
connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology
allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating
opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.

COMPONENTS
[Link] ARE THE COMPONENTS USED IN IOT?(5MARKS)
Main components used in IOT
 Low-power embedded systems: Lessbatteryconsumption,highperformances are
the inverse factors that play a significant role during the design of electronic
systems.
 Sensors: Sensors are the major part of any IOT application. It is a physical device
that measures and detects certain physical quantities and converts it into signal
which can be provided as an input to processing or control unit for analysispurpose.
CHARACTERISTICSOFIOT
Q. EXPLAIN THE Characteristics of IOT.(5MARKS)
 Massively scalable and efficient
 IP-basedaddressingwillnolongerbesuitableintheupcomingfuture.
 An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IOT is made
possible.
 Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should beautomatically
programmed to sleep.
 A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in
another instant of time.
 Intermittent connectivity – IOT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save
bandwidthandbatteryconsumption,deviceswillbepoweredoffperiodically
[Link],connectionsmightturnunreliableandthusprovetobe
inefficient.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGESOF IOT
[Link] IOT?(5MARKS)
AdvantagesofIOT:
 Improvedefficiencyandautomationoftasks.
 Increasedconvenienceandaccessibilityofinformation.

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  Bettermonitoringandcontrolofdevicesandsystems.
 Greaterabilitytogatherandanalyzedata.
 Improveddecision-making.
 Costsavings.
DisadvantagesofIOT
 Securityconcernsandpotentialforhackingordatabreaches.
 Privacyissuesrelatedtothecollectionanduseofpersonaldata.
 Dependenceontechnologyandpotentialforsystemfailures.
 Limitedstandardizationandinteroperabilityamongdevices.
 Complexityandincreasedmaintenancerequirements.
 Highinitialinvestmentcosts.
 Limitedbatterylifeonsomedevices.
 Concernsaboutjobdisplacementduetoautomation.
 Limited regulation and legal framework for IOT, which can lead to confusion
and uncertainty.

APPLICATIONSOFIOT

[Link]?OREXPLAINTHEAPPLICATIONOF IOT.
(10 MARKS)
I. IOTApplicationsinManufacturingIndustry
BelowareafewoftheusefulapplicationofIOTinthemanufacturingsector:

1. IntelligentProductEnhancements
Similar to the other applications of IOT, IOT
in manufacturing also enhances production
[Link],thecreationofproductswould
require a heavy market research and customer
suggestions, with IOT, owners have access to large
amounts of data and information. IOT acts as a
reliable source of information about any product
and hence ensures better profits.

2. DynamicResponsetoMarketDemands
Supplying to market demands depends on a number of factors such as taste and
preferences, income of the population, consumer expectations, country capital and so on.
Keeping up with demands requires constant research and present supply could cause
[Link]

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 [Link] because
the information IOT gathers is accurate to a large extent

3. ImprovedFacilityService
IOT improves the conditions of workplaces and offers safety and security to any
typical facility. Safety managers communicate through applications and access real-time
information regarding threats and safety events. This allows organizations to monitor
events, enhance communication and increase production.

4. ProductSafety
Despite a complicated set of operations ensuring customer safety, hazards and
dangers still find their way into the market. Unknown reasons may cause serious
incidents. IOT deploys sensibility, control and management techniques to track such
incidents and raise alerts in case of potential threats.

5. LowerCosts,OptimizedResourceUseandWasteReduction
IOT replaces manual labour in various domains. It reduces the dependency on
[Link]
[Link],onecanmonitorthestatus of
their organization remotely, through sensors and security webcams. IOT offers ways to
manage and optimize the usage of resources such as humans and minerals. It offers cost
effective and feasible methods to complicated problems.

6. QualityControl
IOT proposes real-time monitoring of appliances and products in the industry.
Manufacturers can predict the breakdown of certain machinery parts and offer solutions
instead of waiting for the machine to collapse. IOT benefits systems by monitoring the
status of engines, machinery and their mechanism. The automation of certain processes
reduces the dependency on manual labour.

7. Predictive Maintenance
Traditionally, manufacturers use a time based approach to carry out maintenance
checks on machinery and engines. However, with IOT in the picture, routine checks are
automated. Meaning that the machines carry out their own maintenance without outside
support and inform the users about threats via mobile applications. IOT sensors monitor
the operations and perform data analysis on the real time data in clouds.

IOT has led to the automation of various processes. Predictive maintenance is one
such automation. It is where the device schedules a routine self maintenance check
[Link]

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 take actions to fix the ongoing issues. As a result of which owners are not required to
manually perform a maintenance check as the machine itself deploys a routine system
check in intervals of time.

8. Inventorymanagement
RFID and IOT can represent
inventory management as a
seamless and efficient process. Each
inventory comes with an RFID tag
and each tag generates its own
Unique identification (UID).

The data that RFID tagscollect

plays a vital role in running most
organisations these days. The
systemsmonitortheoutputofRFID
tagsandsendnotificationstousersincaseofmissinginventory.

9. Smartpackaging
Smart packaging is an application of the internet of things that uses forms of
technology to package products and does more than storing the products. It allows users
to interact with the package and resolve their queries regarding the bread, product or
[Link] worktogetherincludesensors,QRcode [Link]
main goal is to interact with the consumer and collect necessary data.

10. Smartmetering
This allows the consumption of resources in a more effective manner and reduces
the wastage of these precious resources. Smart meters track the consumption of water,
fuels and electricity. They measure the usage of these resources and deploy methods to
consume these resources more efficiently.

11. Supplychainmanagement
IOT devices trace and monitor the real-time data incoming from supply chains.
Authorities can monitor and control machinery, equipment, and delivery systems from
remote locations. Some IOT systems also offer ERP softwares that reduces the need for
manually documenting the processes.

12. Workshopmonitoring
Machine workshops are stores where the manufacturing of tools and substances is
[Link]

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 complicated energy flow in the manufacturing of these tools and leads to heavy energy
consumption. IOT designs an effective monitoring system to gather and trace the energy
consumption by these workshops to improve the conditions. IOT manages the
manufacturing process leading to reduction in costs and lesser consumption of energy.

13. Productionflowmonitoring
One of the important processes in manufacturing is production flow. Manually, it gets
difficult to manage and track the production flow. IOT uses sensors that provide the
owners withreal-timedata [Link] the
parts of machines and generate service calls when they notice a breakdown or damaged
parts.

14. Digital twins

Digital twins is the method of
creating exact copies or replicas of actual,
hardware devices by using cloud. IOT
scientists and IT officials create these
models for testing and deployingpurposes
before they publish the real life model.
This technology is now being used in large
buildings, construction sites and also in
cities.

II. IOTINHEALTHCARE
IOT is undoubtedly transforming the healthcare industry by redefining the space of
devices and people interaction in delivering healthcare solutions. IOT has applications in
healthcare that benefit patients, families, physicians, hospitals and insurance companies.
 IOTforPatients
Devices in the form of wearables like fitness bands and other wirelessly connected
devices like blood pressure and heart rate monitoring cuffs, glucometer etc. give patients
access to personalized attention. These devices can be tuned to remind calorie count,
exercise check, appointments, blood pressure variations and much more.
IOT has changed people’s lives, especially elderly patients, by enabling constant
tracking of health conditions. This has a major impact on people living alone and their
families. On any disturbance or changes in the routine activities of a person, alert
mechanism sends signals to family members and concerned health providers.
 IOTforPhysicians

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 By using wearables and other home monitoring equipment embedded with IOT,
physicians can keep track of patients’ health more effectively. They can track patients’
adherence to treatment plans or any need for immediate medical attention. IOT enables
healthcare professionals to be more watchful and connect with the patients proactively.
DatacollectedfromIOTdevicescanhelpphysiciansidentifythebesttreatmentprocessfor
patients and reach the expected outcomes.
 IOTforHospitals
Apart from monitoring patients’ health, there are many other areas where IOT
devices are very useful in hospitals. IOT devices tagged with sensors are used for tracking
realtimelocationofmedicalequipmentlikewheelchairs,defibrillators,nebulizers,oxygen
pumps and other monitoring equipment. Deployment of medical staff at differentlocations
can also be analyzed real time.
The spread of infections is a major concern for patients in hospitals. IOT-enabled
hygiene monitoring devices help in preventing patients from getting infected. IOT devices
also help in asset management like pharmacy inventory control, and environmental
monitoring, for instance, checking refrigerator temperature, and humidity and
temperature control.
 IOTforHealthInsuranceCompanies
There are numerous opportunities for health insurers with IOT-connected
intelligent devices. Insurance companies can leverage data captured through health
monitoring devices for their underwriting and claims operations. This data will enable
them to detect fraud claims and identify prospects for underwriting. IOT devices bring
transparency between insurers and customers in the underwriting, pricing, claims
handling, and risk assessment processes. In the light of IOT-captured data-drivendecisions
in all operation processes, customers will have adequate visibility into underlying thought
behind every decision made and process outcomes.
Insurers may offer incentives to their customers for using and sharing health data
generated by IOT devices. They can reward customers for using IOT devices to keep track
of their routine activities and adherence to treatment plans and precautionary health
measures. This will help insurers to reduce claims significantly. IOT devices can also
enableinsurancecompaniestovalidateclaimsthroughthedatacapturedbythesedevices.
III. IOTINEDUCATION
To make learning accessible and interactive, the education sector is adopting IOT
[Link] Internet of Things developers utilize AR and big data to develop such
[Link] in education refers to implementing smart IOT solutions in educational
environments like schools and [Link] developershave facilitated the shift in
teachingapproachesfromtraditionaltodigital. Notably,studentscanlearnallthesubjects
fromlanguagesto medicalsciencesthroughgraphicsand [Link] words,IOTis
helping education to become practical and expand beyond classrooms. Here’s how:
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 1. Evolving Smart Classrooms
Smart boards have made learning interactive by projecting images. In addition to
writing on the projection, they can move it around the classroom. Words and numbers on
textbooks and blackboards do not explain the concepts as easily as smartboards.
Consequently, IOT training is also becoming a part of teachers’ skills.
IOT will prove an asset while teaching practical-based subjects, especially biology.
AR will enable dissection without the need for live animals. Moreover, downloadable e-
books can control and monitor the syllabus. Further, students can devote extra time to
developing ideas and performing practicals because of voice-command features and
speech-to-text note-taking gadgets.
2. Safety in Establishments
Most schools and institutions are devoid of any technology to detect abuse, assaults,
theft, or other crimes. They also lack a containment plan in case of an emergency. IOT can
assist them. One example can be smart cameras which can monitor any intolerable
activities and start recording them. It is possible due to IOT and its network system that
connects every computer on the premises.
Moreover, if someone tries to breach the school, smart doors can automatically lock
themselves and trigger the sensors to call for help. Also, in the case of fire outbreaks, IOT-
based detectors can activate alarms and start resolving the issue before humans reach the
fire zone. Internet of Things developerscan create customized machinery or devices to
ensure safety and ease the burden on crisis management teams.
3. Automated Attendance Tracking
Most institutions require students to have a certain minimum attendance before
appearing for examinations. Besides calculating attendance, IOT devices can extract the
data [Link] daily attendance manually is a hefty task for teachers and the
management. Thus, barcode-based systems or biometric attendance can save a lot of time
while generating regularity and punctuality [Link] trainingcan also help teachers to
[Link],IOTcanmechanicallynotifytheparentsif their
ward is absent from the lecture.
4. Accommodating Disabled Students
It is comparatively difficult for people with disabilities to receive the
sameeducationas others. However, with new technological developments in IOT,theycan
learn and perform new activities. For instance, they can convert verbal speech to sign
language and vice versa. Furthermore, teachers can use sensor-connected gloves to
provide educational assistance. The inventions ofIOT developersare applaudable as smart
devices are modifying classrooms and curriculums to accommodate students with sensory
disabilities.
5. Distance Learning
IOT-based systems can store and distribute data in specially designed applications.
Withthehelpofspecialsoftwares,studentsfromaroundtheglobecansigninfordistance

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 learning programs. Since the institution issues IDs and passwords, only registered
students can access the content, keeping intruders at bay.
Everyone who wishes to learn from reputed universities can now pursue their
desired educational path. Moreover, students benefit from live and pre-recorded classes,
online timer-based assessments, and automated checking of assignments.
6. AR in Classrooms
Augmented Reality is an enhanced, simplified real world. Through computerized
tools and IOT training, teachers can make learning immersive and fun for students.
Besides accessing the course content through barcodes, students can grasp the concepts
better through graphics and sounds.
AR and softwares can provide 3D visions with enhanced detailing, for example, the
working of the human digestive system. In brief, animated applications and portals can
upgrade the school curriculum for more advanced and engaging teaching methods.
7. Monitoring the students
It is possible to monitor students’ activities using the institute’s portal. IOT sensors
can collect data and offer a personalized learning plan. Further, they can also suggest the
topics or resources which might help the students.
IOTwillalsobenefitteachersbytrackingwhethertheirstudentshavecompletedthe
assessments. Additionally, IOT can track learners’ progress and notify the concerned
authorities if they face any issue in a particular topic. To prevent misuse of internet
facilities, schools can employ Wi-Fi systems which allow network usage for specific
purposes only.
8. Improving productivity and engagements
Computerized and device-based classrooms present an interactive platform for
students. Also, mobile applications are better for teaching some topics as students can
simultaneously accesstheir textbooks and graphic, 3D visualizations. Not only does it help
in better understanding, but students can also raise their doubts.
Immersive learning methods spark interest in students and excite them to
participate in group assignments and activities. Also, learners can scan barcodes available
in textbooks to revise through digital content.
IV. IOT IN AERO SPACE AND DEFENCE
The aerospace industry is constantly evolving, and the
Internet of Things (IOT) is one of the most exciting
developments to emerge in recent years. And in theaerospace
industry, the IOT is transforming the way companiesoperate
by making flying safer,more efficient, and making journeys
better for passengers.

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  Operational Efficiency

By using IOT devices, companies in the aerospace industry can monitor and control
various devices, equipment, and systems in real-time, resulting in improved operational
efficiency. This means fewer delays and more on-time departures for passengers. Real-
time monitoring allows for early detection of issues and reduces the likelihood of costly
breakdowns, resulting in improved flight safety and more efficient maintenance planning.
Predictive maintenance, enabled by IOT devices, provides insights into equipment use and
wear, enabling proactive maintenance planning. This reduces downtime and maintenance
costs, which is great news for airlines and passengers alike.

 Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance is all about being proactive rather than reactive. By
collecting and analyzing data from various sensors and systems, IOT devices can provide
insights into patterns of equipment use and wear, enabling maintenance teams toschedule
repairs before equipment fails. This results in fewer disruptions to flights and a more
enjoyable experience for passengers. In short, predictive maintenance helps ensure that
planes stay in the air, and passengers stay comfortable.

 Safety and Security

Safety and security are always top priorities in the aerospace industry, and IOT
devices are helping to enhance both. By monitoring various systems and equipment on an
aircraft in real-time, IOT devices can help detect potential safety issues early and take
proactive steps to address them before they become a problem. Remote monitoring of
maintenance hangars or supply depots can improve security and safety by allowing for
remote monitoring of these areas. Predictive maintenance can help prevent equipment
failures, reducing the likelihood of accidents and incidents related to equipment
malfunctions. Real-time data about flight conditions and passenger systems can improve
decision-making and enhance flight and passenger safety.

 Custom Software
While IOT devices offer significant benefits to the aerospace industry, their true
value can only be unlocked through custom software that binds these elements together.
Custom software solutions enable companies to analyse vast amounts of data in real-time,
optimiseprocesses,[Link] the
specific needs of each company, incorporating all relevant data sources and metrics.
Custom software can also provide real-time alerts, notifications, and insights, enabling
companies to take proactive steps to prevent equipment failures or other issues. This can
improve operational efficiency, enhance safety and security, and improve the passenger
experience.

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 Applications of IOT in Defence and Military

In the modern world, military operations are becoming more complex and
unpredictable. Using IOT can help defence and military personnel to take suitable actions
[Link] in
defence and the military.

1. Gathering Battlefield Data

IOT enables armed forces to survey the battlefield

withunmannedaerialdrones thatareequippedwith
cameras and sensors. These drones can capture live
images, trace the landscape and location of the
enemies, and send real-time data to the command
center. Using this data, officers can keep an eye on
the battlefield and make informed decisions on time.

2. Monitoring Soldier’s Health

Another application of IOT in defence and the military

is knowing the health status of a soldier. This is done
by placing sensors in the soldiers’ clothes to track or
centrally monitor their physical health and mental
health. Sensors can monitor heart rate, body
temperature, and thermal distribution as well
[Link]
data about their changing medical condition can be shared with doctors in real-time so
thattheycanarrangemedicalsupplementsorequipmentinadvancebasedontheirneeds.

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 3. Equipment and Vehicle Fleet Management

Regular maintenance of military vehicles and

efficient transportation of ammunition and troops is
important for a successful military operation. Connected
sensors and analytics provided by IOT technology canhelp
in tracking supplies from the source to where they are
required on the battlefield.

Incorporating sensors into military vehicles can help track their position, fuel
efficiency, damage level, engine status, and other crucial parameters. Smart tracking of
defence and military transportation enables military fleets to quickly identify
inconsistencies and implement solutions. This helps them lower transportation costs and
reduce human operational efforts.

Similarly, arms, ammunition, and unmanned equipment can also be tracked using
sensors. Integrating sensors into weapons can help the soldiers know when to reload.
Unmanned equipment can be tracked and monitored during spying and surveillance the
enemy grounds.

4. Identifying the Enemy

Enemies can access military bases with stolen badges or

appear as civilians. IOT sensors can capture irises,
fingerprints, and other biometric data to determine the
identity of a person and find the individuals who can pose a
threat.

5. Smart Bases

IOT sensors and devices can be incorporated into military

bases to improve the efficiency, performance, andconvenience
of assets and services on a military base. It can help in
automated screening, efficient resource management, and
more. Smart management of resources such as water and
Electricity can help enhance the capacity and output of military bases.

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 6. Remote Training

IOT can help military personnel to get prepared for the real
battlefield fight. Movement sensors, acoustic sensors, and more
can screen the personnel during preparation or practice and
send data and insights to the coaches who prepare them.

7. Data Processing & Analysis

TheinformationcollectedbyIOTaboutvariousdefenceand
military areas, such as weapons, aircraft, fleet, and troops
can increase the effectiveness of their intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance systems. The data
obtained related to these areas can enable armed forces to
identifykeythreatsquicklyandwithmoreaccuracy.
Military personnel can perform analysis on the collected data to recognize patterns and
derive correlations.

V. BESTIOTAPPLICATIONSINAGRICULTURE
1. PrecisionFarming
The world is moving towards sustainable agriculture to reduce its carbon footprint.
In this context, smart farming technologies form an essential component by ushering in
numerous innovative practices. As a result, farmers are now veering into a previously
unexplored area — Precision Agriculture, also known as Precision [Link] increases
productivityand financialbenefits while reducingthe amount of waste generated,thereby
minimizing the damage to the environment.
This approach uses IOT sensing and communication technology to collect
information on every aspect of the field ecosystem. For instance, data is collected on
temperature, lighting conditions, soil health, and humidity.

 Crop Monitoring– Agtech companies harness IOT technology to view their farm
conditions from anywhere around the world. Remote crop monitoring allows field
staff andfarming companiesto detect weeds, pests, and other production risks.
Further, it provides information regarding the weather and water stress. It allows
them to proactively prevent extensive crop losses.
 Crop Management–Precision agriculturealso incorporatescrop management
devicestoensurehealthycropgrowth.
These devices need to be placed in the fields to
collectaccuratedataregardingcrops,

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 rangingfromtemperaturetoleafwaterpotential.
2. LivestockMonitoring
Farm owners can now utilize IOT devices to detect the real-time health of their
livestock. IOT sensors and smart devices can be attached to animals to monitor theirhealth
and physical location.
An animal is a primary cause of concern for farmers. Usually,farmers can reducethe
costs of a wandering herd or the health of pregnant labor through drones that provide live
cattle tracking facilities to the farmers. These devices send alerts to the owners regarding
the health conditions of animals to separate unhealthy ones from the herd to prevent the
spread of infections. Labor costs are reduced through the use of drones that provide live
cattle monitoring facilities to the farmers.
3. Smart Green houses
Environmentalfactorsarecrucialtoacrop’sdevelopment.
Greenhousefarmingenhances the productivity of crops by monitoring and controlling
factors such as humidity,temperature,pressure,
andlightlevels.
Manual intervention is not an
effective way to managegreenhouses
since it leads to high labor costs and
energy loss.
IOT technology eliminates the
requirement for manual
interventions. It has created a system
that can design a smart greenhouse
capable of monitoring and
automatically controlling the
environmentalparametersrequired
for the crop’s growth. It makes a cloud server that provides remote access to the
intelligent greenhouse along with control options.
For example, a WiFi signal can direct the sensors to switch on the lights, turn on a
[Link], smart
greenhouses are an effective solution for farmers to increase crop yield without manual
intervention.
4. Agricultural Drones
IOT applications in agriculture include Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones
for real-time data capturing and processing. These drones may either be ground-based or
aerial-based.

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 The primary functions of these drones include assessing crop health, analysis of the
typeofsoilandfield,targetedsprayingoffertilizers
andpesticidesoncrops,cropplanting,andirrigation.
In addition, these drones provide a bird’s eye
view of the farm, thus making it easier and less time-
consuming to survey agricultural lands. The dronedata
sheds light on several characteristics, including plant
height, canopy cover, plant counting, weed pressure
mapping, yield prediction, nitrogen content, and the
level of chlorophyll, among others.
Suchdronespossessthepotentialtotransformtheagriculturalsector throughvaluable insights
regarding the yields of crops.
5. Monitoring of Climatic Conditions
Climate is a crucial factor for farming. Farmers can take preventive measures once
they have complete information regarding the weather conditions. This knowledge is
[Link]
devices in various locations across the fields from where they capture data regarding the
hyper-local environment and store it on cloud servers.
Farmers use this data to understand the weather conditions that contribute to the
[Link]
increase the yield of these crops.

6. Tank level monitoring

IOT helps to remotely monitor the level
of the water tank and configure the alertswhen
the specific level has been reached.
7. Smart Irrigation system
It is one of the parts of smart agriculture
using IOT. In it, IOT checks the water lanes
created by the farmer or the moisture level in
the environment.

BENEFITSOFIOTAPPLICATIONSINAGRICULTURE
[Link]?(5MARKS)
TheincorporationofIOTapplicationsinagriculturewilltransformthissectorby bringing
a host of benefits such as the ones listed below:

 IncreasedEfficiency:Farmerscanmonitorthecropsinreal-time,andtherefore,
predict issues and make informed decisions before they occur.

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  LessConsumptionofWaterandEnergy:Sensorsacrossthefieldshelpthe
farmers determine the appropriate resources required.
 ReducedOperationCosts:TheutilityofIOTinagriculturegeneratesmoreprofits
since it leads to less manual intervention due to automated processes.
 Low Usage of Chemicals: IOT-based systems help farmers switch to cost-effective
andeco-friendlyfarmingmethodsthroughmuch-reducedconsumptionofharmful
pesticides and fertilizers.
 BetterFoodQuality:Throughtheprocessesmentionedabove,farmerscancreate the
conditions necessary to improve the quality of the crops.
 MonitoringofFarmsFromAnywhere:Farmingcompaniescanmonitormultiple
fields in various locations from any part of the world.
VI. TRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICS
Understanding the context of IOT in transportation and logistics is of great
importance for transport and logistics companies, but do you know, what are these
technologies going to look like? Let’s discuss IOT applications in transportation, logistics
and fleet management that are revolutionizing the industry.
1. EfficientFleetManagement
The first application of IOT in transportation and logistics is fleet management.
Thanks to smart sensors and devices fixed in the transport vehicles that aid to collect
information regarding the condition of the vehicle, the current location of the vehicle,
driver behavior, and amount of fuel. Transport companies that offer online truck booking
services understand that monitoring the condition of essential parts of vehicles like tire
pressure, fuel, coolant level, etc. can reduce the chances of unexpected failures. With real-
time access to such data makes maintenance quite easier and cost-effective. This kind of
advanced fleet management system is used by top logistics companies in Delhi. They
created a monitoring system that gathers data from GPSand IOT sensors to reduce the
number of repairs.

2. WarehouseandInventoryManagement
Another application of IOT in logistics is Inventory Management System or
Warehouse Management System. Using IOT solutions in warehouse management,
businesses can improve the complete warehouse performance and workers’ productivity.
The most important thing to boost warehouse efficiency is to manage the storage space
efficiently. With the help of smart systems or warehouse management software,
businesses can optimize the storage space and locate the items at the most ideal place.

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 Installing smart sensors in the warehouse will be very helpful to automatically
create orders when there are fewer items left. Even if you have limited space in the
warehouse, you can store the items efficiently using smart sensors. Companies often use
RFID tags to manage their products and warehouses. These sensors automatically send
information to the database when the item has left the storage house.

3. FreightSafety
Freight theft has been gradually becoming one of the key reasons for losses for
freight businesses and logistics companies in Delhi. Solutions such as advanced sensors
provide full monitoring for the freight across the transit time and becoming popular
[Link] monitoring
systems are equipped to notice changes such as temperature, shock events and crack or
break in the freight container which will help in taking immediate action against the
freight which is in danger or prone to any damage.

4. SupplyChainManagement
Before the goods reach to its final destination, it undergoes a complete process of
shipment. As the millions of products are changing its locations together, it’s difficult to
handle them efficiently. Here, IOT sensors come in to play. With these smart sensors, the
[Link] insupply
chain managementcan provide real-time data on the location of shipment and identify
whether the consignment is delayed.

For a business, it’s critical to have access to the goods that are highly demanded and
sale quickly. With the quantity of goods being manufactured, ordered and shipped. The
whole supply chain process can be optimized to reduce the costs and increase the profit.

5. TrackingandTracing
For the logistics companies that offer online transport service, it is important to
ensure that the goods are in the right trucks, the safety of goods in the right warehouses,
etc. It also takes a huge time as well as resources.
Smart sensors such as AIDC (automatic identification and data capture) and RFID
(radio-frequencyidentification)arehelpfultechniquestotracktheshipmentsandmanage
them efficiently. Microchips in RFID sensors use radio waves to detect the location of
[Link],

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 [Link]
scanning is that it is being processed wirelessly. Additionally, data can be moved onto the
database in real-time. Thereby, you can access the information anywhere, anytime.
6. Analytical Maintenance
Machines are the major part of every warehouse and logistic center. That is why
predictive or proactive maintenance has become important. Usually, maintenance is
planned as per the age of the machinery. But, it has been proven to be an ineffective wayas
most of the errors occur randomly. One application of IOT is Machine Learning that allows
searching for patterns and recurring situations to foresee the issues. It gathers and studies
the previous and real-time information and processes them to detect possible errors that
can occur in the future. Packers and Movers Vadodara believe that predictive maintenance
is the best way of using IOT in logistics. It helps to keep all the systems and devices in
healthy and working conditions.
7. Visibilityforin-transitcarriers
Cloud-based RFID & GPS systems provide logistics carriers location details thatwere
otherwise impossible to collect. This not only makes the whole supply chain process agile
but also proving a better control to the supply chain managers to foresee delivery time
and schedule consequently. When you know the accurate location and tentative time of
delivery, you can better utilize the team of drivers as well as fleet.
8. OrderandDeliveryTracking
As said above, tracking of goods is extremely important IOT application in logistics.
But, it’s not only meant for the company’s satisfaction but also helps in improving
customer service and manage the order and delivery process. With IOT the companies as
well as customers can have access to information about their orders in real-time since the
moment they bought the product. Moreover, some enterprises use sensors in their
products so that customers can automatically reorder the product when there is little of it
[Link] veryhelpfulandconvenientforcustomersaswellasforthecompany.

The Internet of Things we’re using today is only a small part of what it’s going to be
like in the upcoming years. Presently, our main focus is on the implementation of different
typesofsensorswhichwillaidtomanagethewholelogisticsprocessefficientlyand

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 economically. However, the same devices can be a huge part of autonomous
distributionwhether it’s only within a warehouse or worldwide.

************************************UNIT–IVCOMPLETED****************************

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 UNIT-V
IMPACTOFINDUSTRY4.0

IMPACTOFINDUSTRY4.0ONSOCIETY
Q.INWHATWAYSWILLINDUSTRY4.0CHANGEOURSOCIETY?(10MARKS)
Sensors and machine-to-machine networks are not new to industries. What will
change is the way they interact. For instance, data is still in silos, but Brainwork and
paperwork are still substantial, and processes are often dependent on specific individuals.

1. Customiseeverythingindetail
New manufacturing processes will make it possible to customise products on a
whole new level: “We will see a massive increase in customised solutions. You will be able
to customise and configure products to your needs on a detailed level, including
everything from cars to personalised medicine.”

2. Lessshippingandincreasedsupply
3d-printing on an industrial scale means less transportation and increased supply:
“We are already working with companies that don’t ship but build spare parts across the
globe. Which means less global footprint and increases speed and innovation and will also
help us bring jobs back.”

3. Ashiftinjobs
Industry 4.0, especially when coupled with machine learning and
artificialintelligence, will substantially change conditions for workers: “Many jobs will
disappear while we will gain a lot of new jobs, and many repetitive tasks will shift from
manual labour to automation. It will have a big impact.”

4. [Link]
Manufacturing will change, and this will affect industries on a global scale, and the
labour advantages China currently have will be less critical due to automation and time-
to-market: “Many high-cost countries are scared about robotics, but already have
hundreds of these robots in their industries, which will increase into the thousands. But it
is important to make this shift carefully. Much manufacturing will move back from China
and closer to the consumers.”

5. Blockchain technologyis not only disrupting banking and finance, but it also has the
potential to impact many industries and community as a whole. For instance, this
technology can enable a car to provide for itself during its lifecycle.
“In the manufacturing process, a digital wallet, based on blockchain technology, can
[Link]

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 vehicle, including maintenance, modifications, charging or filling up gas, naming a few. It
makes it possible to predetermine the total cost of ownership and calculate return on
investmentforthecaronaverydetailedlevel,[Link] of how
enterprises are experimenting with new technologies, changing their manufacturing
processes and building differentiation through innovation.

INDUSTRY4.0'SIMPACTONBUSINESS
Q.EXPLAINTHEIMPACTOFINDUSTRY4.0’SINBUSINESS.(10 MARKS)
Industry 4.0, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, refers to the
integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things
(IOT), and automation into manufacturing and other industries. This integration is
expected to lead to significant changes and improvements in the way businesses operate.

SomeofthepotentialimpactsofIndustry4.0onbusinessinclude:

 Increased efficiency and productivity: The use of advanced technologies can help
streamline and automate many business processes, leading to increased efficiency
and productivity.
 Improved decision-making: The use of data analytics and machine learning can
help businesses make more informed decisions by providing real-time insights and
predictions.
 Enhanced customer experience: Industry 4.0 technologies can be used to
personalize and improve the customer experience, for example by using IOT devices
to track and optimize delivery routes or using chatbots to provide quick and
convenient customer service.
 Newbusiness models and revenue streams: Industry 4.0 technologies can enable
businesses to create new products and services and explore new revenue streams,
such as by offering subscription-based or pay-per-use models.

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 Overall, Industry 4.0 has the potential to bring about significant changes and
improvements in the way businesses operate, and companies that are able to effectively
leverage these technologies are likely to have a competitive advantage.

IMPACTOfINDUSTRY4.0ONGOVERNMENT
Q.DISCUSESTHEIMPACTOFINDUSTRY4.0ONGOVERNMENT.(10MARKS)

Asthephysical,digitalandbiologicalworldscontinuetoconverge,newtechnologies and
platforms will increasingly enable citizens to engage with governments, voice their
opinions, coordinate their efforts and even circumvent the supervision of public
authorities. Simultaneously government will gain new technological powers to increase
their control over populations based on pervasive surveillance systems and the ability to
control digital infrastructure. On the whole, however, governments will increasingly face
presuure to change their current approach to public engagement and policymaking, as
their central role of conducting policy diminishes owing to new sources of
competitionandtheredistributionanddecentralizationofpowerthatnewtechnologiesmakep
ossible.

Ultimately, the ability of government systems and public authorities to adapt will
determine their survival. If they prove capable of embracing a world of disruptive change,
subjecting their structures to the levels of transparency and efficiency the will enablethem
to maintain their competitive edge, they will endure, if they cannot evolve, they will face
increasing trouble. This will be particularly true in the realm of regulation. Current
systems of public policy and decision making evolved alongside the second industry
revolution, when decision makers had time to study a specific issue and develop the
necessary response or appropriate regulatory framework. The whole process was
designed to be linear and mechanistic, following a strict “top down” approach. But such an
approach is no longer feasible. Given the fourth industrial revolution’s rapid pace of
change and broad impacts legislators and regulators are being challenged to an
unprecedented degree and for the most part are proving unable to cope.

The fourth industrial revolution will also profoundly impact the nature of national
and international security, affecting both the probability and the nature of conflict. The
history of warfare and international security is the history of technology innovation and
today is no exception. Modern conflicts involving states are increasingly “hybrid” in
nature, combining traditional battle field techniques with elements previously associated
with non state actors. The distinction between war and peace, combatant and
noncombatant and even violence and nonviolence is becoming uncomfortably blurry. As
thisprocesstakesplaceandnewtechnologiessuchasautonomousorbiologicalweapons
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 become easier to use, individuals and small groups will increasingly join states in being
capable of causing mass harm. This new vulnerability will lead to new fears. But at the
same time, advances in technology will create the potential to reduce the scale or impactof
violence through the development of new modes of protection for example or greater
precision in targeting.

Q.WHATARETHEIMPACTONINDUSTRY4.0ONPEOPLE?(5marks)
Technological change affects inequality through jobs, wages and profits. In the case
of Industry 4.0, new technology mainly increases productivity. As companies becomemore
productive, they are also more competitive and more likely to hire more higher- skilled
workers in better jobs.

IMPACTOFINDUSTRY4.0ONPEOPLE
Q.DISCUSESTHEIMPACTOFINDUSTRY4.0ONGOVERNMENT.(10MARKS)

The fourth industrial revolution finally will change not only what we do but alsowho
we are. It will affect our identity and all the issues associated with it; our sense of privacy,
our nations of ownership, our consumption patterns, the time we devote to work and
leisure, and how we develop our careers, cultivate our skills, meet people and nurture
relationships. It is already changing our health and leading to a “quantified” self and
sooner than we think it may lead to human augmentation. The list is endless because it is
bound only by our imagination.
The inexorable integration of technology could diminish some of quintessential
human capacities, such as compassion and cooperation. Our relationship with our smart
phones is a case in point. Constant connection may deprive us of one life’s most important
assets; the times to pause reflect and engage in meaningful [Link] of the
greatest individual challenges posed by new information technologies is privacy. We
instinctively understand why it is so essential, yet the tracking and sharing of information
about us is a crucial part of the new connectivity. Debates about fundamental issues such
as the impact on our inner lives of the loss of control over our data will only intensify in
the year ahead. Similarly the revolutions occurring in bIOTechnology and AI, which are
redefining what is means to be human by pushing back the current thresholds of life span,
health, cognition and capabilities will compel us to redefine our moral and ethical
boundaries.

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 Q.WHATISTHEEDUCATION4.0FRAMEWORK?(5MARKS)
Education 4.0 isa desired approach to learning that aligns itself with the emerging
fourth industrial revolution. This industrial revolution focuses on smart technology,
artificial intelligence, and robotics; all of which now impact our everyday lives.

[Link]?

Teaching and learning frameworks are research-

informed models for course design that help instructors align
learning goals with classroom activities, create motivating and
inclusive environments, and integrate assessment intolearning

FRAMEWORKFORALIGNINGEDUCATION WITHINDUSTRY4.0
Q.EXPLAINTHEFRAMEWORKFORALIGNINGEDUCATIONWITHINDUSTRY4.0.(10
MARKS)
Learning to solve problems throughout our life. We need to address different types
of problems and levels from children to retirement (Children - college-age - Early career -
Late career - Retirement). Therefore, you need to be able to adapt, analyze, and process in
the working environment as well as life.
Therefore, Edu4.0 needs to be flexible and the curriculum is tailor-made to support
students in receiving and maximizing their abilities to adapt with IR4 .0 (Figure 1). The
roles of educators have changed, from teacher-centered to student-centered learning.
Teachers become mentors or coaches for their students. Help them become a quality
workforce and to become active lifelong learners. Edu4.0 helps students know how to
identify and find ways to solve problems.

Figure1-Aligningoftheindustryrequirementswitheducation(Intelitek,2018)
The education platform changes many to forwards Edu4.0. From location classroom
to technology, curriculum structure togadgets. So you have suitable assessments for this

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 model. The assessments also change to forward to Edu4.0. From the manage and controlto
support, assessment as a separate and only final exam to Embedded learning process
andmultiplemethodsevidencetheircompetencies,etc(Figure2)What is basic to help
students be DIY and have well-collaboration in working

Figure2:RethinkingassessmenttowardsEdu4.0

**********************UNIT–VCOMPLETED*************************

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 ONEMARK

1. What is the full form of IOT?

(a) Internet of Things
(b) Idea of Things
(c) Integration of Things
(d) Institute of Things

2. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) IOTisasubsetofIIOT
(b) IIOTisasubsetofIOT
(c) AllthedevicesinIOTareconnectedtotheinternet
(d) AllIIOTdevicesareconnectedtotheinternet

3. WhichcountrygovernmentintroducedtheIndustry4.0concept?
(a) UnitedStatesofAmerica
(b) France
(c) Germany
(d) GreatBretain

4. Whichoneoftheindustrialrevolutionsusedelectricenergytocreatemass production for

the first time?
(a) 1stIndustrialRevolution
(b) 2ndIndustrialRevolution
(c) 3rdIndustrialRevolution
(d) 4thIndustrialRevolution

5. WhataretheadvantagesofIndustry4.0?
(a) Improvedproductivityandefficiency
(b) Lowcostofimplementation
(c) Creatingmorevacanciesforworkers
(d) Noriskofhackingintotheinternalnetwork

6. Mechanizationis...
(a) Whenahumanoperatesamachine
(b) Usingmachinestodoworkinsteadofhumans
(c) Installingmachinesintothehumanbody
(d) Advancingmachinetechnology

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 7. Thiscompanywasthefirsttoutilizearoboticssysteminitsproductionline
(a) FordMotorCo
(b) Volkswagen
(c) GeneralMotors
(d) Toyota

8. TheFirstIndustrialRevolutionwasbroughtinbywhattechnology?
(a) SteamPower
(b) ElectricityandMassProduction
(c) ComputersandSemiconductors
(d) AgrarianRIOTsandStarvation

9. IntheDigitalAge(3rdIndustrialRevolution)whattwomajorinventionschanged production and

paved the way to Automation
(a) ModelControlSystems
(b) SwitchesandRelays
(c) ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC)andRobots
(d) ProcessAutomation

10. TheInternetofThings(IOT),accesstoreal-timedata,andtheintroductionof cyber-physical

systems mark the big changes for this era
(a) 3rdIndustrialRevolution
(b) Industry4.0
(c) ManufacturingAge
(d) IndustrialRevolution

11. Whendidthefirstindustrialrevolutiontakeplace?
(a) SeventeenthCentury
(b) EighteenthCentury
(c) NineteenthCentury
(d) Twentieth Century

12. HowdidtheeconomychangeduringtheIndustrialRevolution?
(a) NativeAmericansbecamefarmersinsteadofhunters.
(b) Plantationschangedtosharecroppingbecauseofthe13thamendment.
(c) Morepeoplestoppedfarming(agriculture)andworkedinfactories
(manufacturing).
(d) Peoplestoppedworkinginfactoriesandbecamefarmers.

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 13. InwhichEuropeancountrydidtheIndustrialRevolutionbegin?
(a) France
(b) Britain
(c) Prussia
(d) Spain

14. WhichofthefollowingisconsideredanimpactofIndustrializationduringthe 18th and 19th

centuries?
(a) Increasedcompetitionbetweenindustrializednations
(b) Riseofglobalinequalities
(c) Transformationofsociety
(d) Alloftheabove

15. WhenIndustry4.0starts?
(a) 2007
(b) 2010
(c) 2013
(d) 2016

16. Whenwilltheindustry4.0reachthemarket?
(a) Itisalreadybeingused
(b) Itwillnotbeused,itjustaproject
(c) Itwillbereleasedon2030
(d) Never,becauseitisabadidea

17. InwhichyearwasthetermIndustry4.0firstintroduced?
(a) 2009
(b) 2010
(c) 2011
(d) 2012

18. Whataretheobjectivesofindustry4.0?
(a) Enabledself-controlling
(b) Increaseefficiency
(c) Reducecomplexity
(d) Alloftheabove

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 19. WhatdoestheIIOTacronymstandfor?
(a) IntelligenceInternetofThings
(b) InternationalInternetofThings
(c) IntelInternetofThings
(d) IndustrialInternetofThings

20. Theautomationofcommunicationbetweendevices,withnohuman intervention.

(a) Sensor
(b) MachinetoMachine(M2M)
(c) BigData
(d) Wearables

21. WhataretheapplicationsofAIinAirbus?
(a) Improvetheproductivityofthemanufacturingprocess
(b) Increasetheamountofrawmaterialsrequired
(c) Decreasethecostofperunitproduct
(d) Minimizethetimerequiredforproduction

22. Whendidthe3rdindustrialrevolutionprompted?
(a) 1950s
(b) 1960s
(c) 1970s
(d) Noneoftheabove
23. InwhichyeardidPrimeministerNarendraModilaunchMakeinIndiato promote India's
manufacturing industry?
(a) 2013
(b) 2014
(c) 2015
(d) 2016

24. Flipkartislookingatroboticstoimproveefficiencyin
(a) Production
(b) Delivery
(c) Warehouses
(d) Noneoftheabove

25. ThevisionofIndustry4.0is
(a) Todecreasethecostofindustrialproduction
(b) Moreefficientuseofnaturalresourcesandenergy
(c) Enablingacustommassproductionwithoutsignificantlyincreasingoverall production
costs
(d) Alloftheabove

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 26. WhydoweneedIndustry4.0?
(a) Detectingmachinefailure
(b) Improvingsafety
(c) Preventingmachinefailure
(d) Alloftheabove

27. WhichofthefollowingisnotadriverofIndustry4.0?
(a) Thereismoredataaccessible.
(b) Theprocessingofinformationismuchfaster.
(c) Newmaterialsallowlighterproducts.
(d) Thealgorithmsforforecastingandoptimisationarebetterthantwodecades before.

28. WhichinventionsparkedtheSecondIndustrialRevolution?
(a) Computers
(b) TheTelephone
(c) Electricity
(d) FarmingEquipment

29. Which of the following is generally considered to be a key enabler of the ThirdIndustrial
Revolution?
(a) PersonalComputer
(b) Printers
(c) Robot
(d) ProgrammableLogicController(PLC)

30. Whatisthefullformof“AI”?
a) ArtificiallyIntelligent
b) ArtificialIntelligence
c) ArtificiallyIntelligence
d) AdvancedIntelligence

31. WhoistheinventorofArtificialIntelligence?
a) GeoffreyHinton
b) AndrewNg
c) JohnMcCarthy
d) JürgenSchmidhuber

32. WhichofthefollowingisthebranchofArtificialIntelligence?
a) MachineLearning
b) Cyberforensics
c) Full-StackDeveloper
d) NetworkDesign

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 33. WhatisthegoalofArtificialIntelligence?
a) Tosolveartificialproblems
b) Toextractscientificcauses
c) Toexplainvarioussortsofintelligence
d) Tosolvereal-worldproblems
34. WhichofthefollowingisacomponentofArtificialIntelligence?
a) Learning
b) Training
c) Designing
d) Puzzling

35. WhatisthefunctionofanArtificialIntelligence“Agent”?
a) Mappingofgoalsequencetoanaction
b) Workwithoutthedirectinterferenceofthepeople
c) Mappingofpreceptsequencetoanaction
d) Mappingofenvironmentsequencetoanaction

36. WhichofthefollowingisnotatypeofArtificialIntelligenceagent?
a) LearningAIagent
b) Goal-basedAIagent
c) SimplereflexAIagent
d) Unity-basedAIagent

37. Whichofthefollowingisnotthecommonlyusedprogramminglanguagefor Artificial

Intelligence?
a) Perl
b) Java
c) PROLOG
d) LISP

38. WhatisthenameoftheArtificialIntelligencesystemdevelopedbyDaniel Bobrow?

a) programknownasBACON
b) systemknownasSTUDENT
c) programknownasSHRDLU
d) systemknownasSIMD

39. Whichofthefollowingisnotanapplicationofartificialintelligence?
a) Facerecognitionsystem
b) Chatbots
c) LIDAR
d) DBMS

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 40. Whichofthefollowingmachinerequiresinputfromthehumansbutcan interpret the
outputs themselves?
a) Actuators
b) Sensor
c) Agents
d) AIsystem

41. Whichofthefollowingisanadvantageofartificialintelligence?
a) Reducesthetimetakentosolvetheproblem
b) Helpsinprovidingsecurity
c) Havetheabilitytothinkhencemakestheworkeasier
d) Alloftheabove

42. Whichofthefollowingis/arethecompositionforAIagents?
a) Programonly
b) Architectureonly
c) BothProgramandArchitecture
d) Noneofthementioned

43. ArtificialIntelligencehasevolvedextremelyinallthefieldsexceptfor_________
a) Webmining
b) Constructionofplansinrealtimedynamicsystems
c) Understandingnaturallanguagerobustly
d) Allofthementioned

44. Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofartificialintelligentagent/agents?
a) AutonomousSpacecraft
b) Human
c) Robot
d) Allofthementioned
45. WhichofthefollowingisanexpansionofArtificialIntelligenceapplication?
a) GamePlaying
b) PlanningandScheduling
c) Diagnosis
d) Allofthementioned

46. WhatisanAI‘agent’?
a) Takesinputfromthesurroundingsandusesitsintelligenceandperformsthe desired
operations
b) Anembeddedprogramcontrollinglinefollowingrobot
c) Perceivesitsenvironmentthroughsensorsandactinguponthatenvironment through
actuators
d) Allofthementioned

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 47. Whichofthefollowingenvironmentisstrategic?
a) Rational
b) Deterministic
c) Partial
d) Stochastic
48. Whichofthefollowingarethe5bigideasofAI?
a) Perception
b) Human-AIInteraction
c) SocietalImpact
d) Alloftheabove

49. WhichofthefollowingcontainstheoutputsegmentsofArtificialIntelligence programming?

a) Printedlanguageandsynthesizedspeech
b) Manipulationofphysicalobject
c) Locomotion
d) Allofthementioned

50. TheconferencethatlaunchedtheAIrevolutionin1956washeldat?
a) Dartmouth
b) Harvard
c) NewYork
d) Stanford

51. Datain_______________ bytessizeiscalledBigData.

a. Tera
b. Giga
c. Peta
d. Meta

52. Transactiondataofthebankis?
a. Structureddata
b. Unstructureddatat
c. BothAandB
d. Noneoftheabove

53. InhowmanyformsBigDatacouldbefound?
a.2
b.3
c.4
d.5

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 54. WhichofthefollowingareBenefitsofBigDataProcessing?
a. Businessescanutilizeoutsideintelligencewhiletakingdecisions
b. Improvedcustomerservice
c. Betteroperationalefficiency
d. Alloftheabove

55. WhatarethemaincomponentsofBigData?
a. MapReduce
b. HDFS
c. YARN
d. Alloftheabove

56. Bigdataanalysisdoesthefollowingexcept?
a. Collectsdata
b. Spreadsdata
c. Organizesdata
d. Analyzesdata

57. WhatmakesBigDataanalysisdifficulttooptimize?
a. BigDataisnotdifficulttooptimize
b. Bothdataandcosteffectivewaystominedatatomakebusinesssenseout of it
c. Thetechnologytominedata
d. Noneoftheabove

58. Whopopularizedbigdataterm?
a. Johndeere
b. JohnMashey
c. johnyMashe
d. JhonMash

59. Numbers,text,image,audioandvideodatais____
a. Volume
b. Value
c. Varity
d. Variety
60. Realtimedatais __________ _.
a. Field
b. PrimaryKey
c. unique
d. record

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 61 ______ isthetermthatisusedtodescribedatathatishighvolume,highvelocity
and/orhighvariety.
a. Analytics
b. Bigdata
c. HadoopData
d. Bigdataanalytics

62 _________ hastheworld’slargestHadoopcluster.
a. Apple
b. Datamatics
c. Facebook
d. Noneofthementioned

63. Datascienceistheprocessofdiversesetofdatathrough?
a. Organizingdata
b. Processingdata
c. Analysingdata
d. Alloftheabove

64. WhatisthefullformofIOT?
a) InternetofTechnology
b) IncorporateofThings
c) InternetofThings
d) IncorporateofTechnology

65. Whocoinedtheterm“InternetofThings”?
a) KevinAston
b) JohnWright
c) EdwardJameson
d) GeorgeGarton
66. Whenwastheactualterm“InternetofThings”coined?
a) 1998
b) 1999
c) 2000
d) 2002
67. WhichofthefollowingisnotanIOTdevice?
a) Table
b) Laptop
c) Arduino
d) Tablet

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 68. WhichofthefollowingisnotanIOTplatform?
a) AmazonWebServices
b) MicrosoftAzure
c) Salesforce
d) Flipkart

69. WhichofthefollowingisnotanapplicationofIOT?
a) BMP280
b) Smarthome
c) Smartcity
d) Self-drivencars

70. WhichofthefollowingisnotafundamentalcomponentofanIOTsystem?
a) Sensors
b) Connectivityanddataprocessing
c) Userinterface
d) Transformer

71. WhatisthefullformofIIOT?
a) IndexInternetofThings
b) IncorporateInternetofThings
c) IndustrialInternetofThings
d) IntenseInternetofThings

72. WhichlayerisusedforwirelessconnectioninIOTdevices?
a) Applicationlayer
b) Networklayer
c) Datalinklayer
d) Transport layer

73. WhatisthecomponentofanIOTsystemthatexecutesaprogram?
a) Asensor
b) A microcontroller
c) Anactuator
d) Adigitaltoanalogconverter

74. WhichofthefollowingissuesareconsideredinIOT?
a. Securityissue
b. Reliablityissue
c. Standardissue
d. Allissues

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 75. WhenIndustry4.0starts?
a) 2007
b) 2010
c) 2013
d) 2016

76. Whataretheobjectiveofindustry4.0?
a) Enabledself-controlling
b) Increaseefficiency
c) Reducecomplexity
d) Alloftheabove

77. ThevisionofIndustry4.0is
a) Todecreasethecostofindustrialproduction
b) Moreefficientuseofnaturalresourcesandenergy
c) Enablingacustommassproductionwithoutsignificantlyincreasingoverall production
costs
d) Alloftheabove

78. WhichofthefollowingisnotadriverofIndustry4.0?
a) Thereismoredataaccessible.
b) Theprocessingofinformationismuchfaster.
c) Newmaterialsallowlighterproducts.
d) Thealgorithmsforforecastingandoptimisationarebetterthantwodecades before.

79. WhatisaSmartFactory?
(a) Robotswhowillreplacepeople?
(b) Factories and logistic systems that will operate and organise themselves without
human interaction?
(c) Factories and logistic systems that will organise themselves by human
interaction.
(d) Alloftheabove

80. Mechanizationis...
(a) whenahumanoperatesamachine
(b) usingmachinestodoworkinsteadofhumans
(c) installingmachinesintothehumanbody
(d) advancingmachinetechnology

81. Theautomationofcommunicationbetweendevices,withnohuman intervention.

(a) Sensor
(b) MachinetoMachine(M2M)
(c) BigData
(d) Wearables

0 Government Arts college Salem -07