RETICULATION DESIGN

AND MANAGEMENT
Ch.1 Introduction
RETICULATION SYSTEM
• Reticulated water refers to the piped-water network (as opposed to well
water).
• Water reticulation systems are water distribution networks which have
to be collected and then treated before distributed to the consumer.
• Delivery by pipes-material such as plastic, metal or even concrete.
• While delivering water from the source to the consumer.
• Need energy and will decide design of the pump type and its
capacity.
• Gravity should be used to maximum.
• Design of the system should avoid pipe resistance.
• The pipeline sizes must be planned according to the water demand
of each outlet.
Types of reticulation systems
Possible water supplies using surface water. (Hazeltine, B., 2003)
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
RELATING TO FLUIDS
Why Fluids?
• Brainstorm a list of engineered devices that require
an understanding of fluids to explain how they
work.
• What fluids properties do you think would be
important in explaining each of the devices?
DAMS and Reservoirs
Water Distribution
Introduction to Fluids
• Fluid mechanics:- a study of the behaviour of fluids that are
either at rest or in motion.
• It is one of the primary engineering sciences that has
important applications in many engineering disciplines.
• Aerospace engineers:- To study flight, and to design
propulsion systems.
• Civil Engineers:- design drainage channels, water networks,
sewer systems, dams and reservoirs.
• Mechanical Engineering :- To design pumps, turbines, wind
turbines etc.
Introduction to Fluids
Branches of Fluid Mechanics
• Hydrostatics:- Considers forces acting on a fluid at rest.
• Fluid Kinematics:- study of the geometry of fluid motion.
• Fluid Dynamics:- Considers forces that cause
acceleration in a fluid.
• The principles are based on Newton's laws of motion,
conservation of mass, first and second laws of
thermodynamics, laws related to physical properties of
the fluid.
FLUIDS
• Solid maintains a definite shape and volume.
• Liquid composed of molecules that are spread and takes
the shape of the container.
• Gas fills the entire volume of the container.
Definition of fluid
• Substances that continue to deform or flow when
subjected to shear or tangential force. Liquids and gases
are classified as fluids.
 The Continuum
• A continuous distribution of matter leaving no empty
space
• Fluids are considered to be as continuum to study its
engineering properties.
• For the study of engineering principles of fluids, average
properties of a small volume of fluid are considered.
Analysing fluids by considering properties of each
molecule will be difficult.
BASIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• Density. The density ρ (rho) refers to 'the mass of the fluid that is contained
in a unit of volume. It is measured in kg / m3 and is determined from
𝑚
ρ=
𝑉
• Specific Weight. The specific weight ϒ (gamma) of a fluid is its weight per
unit volume. It is .measured in N/ m3.
𝑊
γ=
𝑉
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
γ = ρ𝑔
G is acceleration of gravity – 9.8 m/s2
• Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water.
Density is measured in the units kg/m3. The density of water at 4.0°C is 1000
kg/m3
ρ
S= ρ𝑤
Ideal Gas Law
Ideal gas is assumed to have enough separation between
molecules so that there is no attraction to one another.
• Ideal gas equation is
𝑝 = ρRT
𝑝 = absolute pressure which is force per unit area = m/V
ρ = density of the liquid
R= gas constant
T = Absolute temperature
Gas constant (R) values for different gases
 Ideal Gas Law
Problem 1

Gas constant of air (R) = 286.9 J /(kg.K).

Answer: M = 17.8 kg
Problem 2
Calculate mass of air in a typical classroom that measures 4 m by 6 m by 3 m
at a standard room temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.3 kPa?
Answer: M = 86.8 kg
Bulk Modulus / Compressibility
• The bulk modulus of elasticity (K), or simply the bulk modulus is a measure of the
amount by which a fluid offers a resistance to compression. To define this property,
consider the cube. of fluid, ·where each face has an area A. and is subjected to an
incremental force dF. The intensity of this force per unit area is the pressure. dp = dF
/A. 𝑑𝑝
K=−
𝑑𝑉/𝑉

• The minus sign is included to show that the increase in pressure (positive) causes a
decrease in volume (negative).
• The units for are the same as for pressure- that is, force per area or Pa, and N/m2.
• The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is sometimes referred to as the compressibility.
Alternatively bulk modulus of elasticity (K)

K = dp / (dρ / ρ0)
= (p1 - p0) / ((ρ1 - ρ0) / ρ0)

where
dρ = differential change in density of the object (kg/m3)

ρ0 = initial density of the object (kg/m3)

ρ1 = final density of the object (kg/m3)

Answer: -61.9 x 10-6 m3

Viscosity
 Viscosity

• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It

describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with
large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup
gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity
flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very
little friction when it is in motion.
• Example of honey versus water flowing from a cup with a
hole.
• Ethanol <Water < Honey< Sludge < Slurry <Paste
Newton’s law of viscosity
Velocity gradient
 Shear stress
Shear stress (Ʈ) acts tangentially to the surface (F=tangential force).
Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Newton’s law of viscosity states that “Shear stress is
directly proportional to velocity gradient”

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Ʈ ∝ Ʈ = µ
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Where µ is viscosity of the fluid.
Units of µ are Poise or Kg/m.s or Pa.s

1 Poise = 1g/cm. s
Where is viscosity important
Statics–
• Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy= 0–Therefore the
shear stress is 0 and is independent of the fluid
viscosity.
Flows–
• Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid is
moving.
Example
A plate 0.025 mm apart from a fixed plate moves at
60 cm/s and requires force of 2 N/m2 to maintain the
speed. Determine the fluid viscosity between the
plates.
Answer
fluid viscosity between the plates. : 8.33 x10 -3 Pa.s
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Ʈ= µ
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
= (60 – 0)/(0.025 x 10-1) = 24000 cm/s2
𝑑𝑦

Ʈ = 2N/m2
2 = µ x 240
µ = 8.33 x10 -3 Pa.s
 Classifications of Fluid Flows
Viscous and Inviscid flow:
• The fluid flow in which frictional effects become
signification, are treated as viscous flow. When two
fluid layers move relatively to each other, frictional
force develops between them which is quantified by
the fluid property ‘viscosity’. Boundary layer flows are
the example viscous flow.
• Neglecting the viscous terms in the governing
equation, the flow can be treated as inviscid flow.
 Classifications of Fluid Flows
Internal and External flow:
• The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface is
treated as ‘external flow’ and if the fluid is completely
bounded by the surface, then it is called as ‘internal
flow’. For example, flow over a flat plate is considered
as external flow and flow through a pipe/duct is
internal flow.
• However, in special cases, if the duct is partially filled
and there is free surface, then it is called as open
channel flow. Internal flows are dominated by viscosity
whereas the viscous effects are limited to boundary
layers in the solid surface for external flows.
Compressible and Incompressible flow:
• The flow is said to be ‘incompressible’ if the density
remains nearly constant throughout. When the
density variation during a flow is more than 5% then it
is treated as ‘compressible’.
Laminar and Turbulent flow:
• The highly ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth layers of fluid is
called ‘Laminar Flow’, e.g. flow of highly
viscous fluids at low velocities.
• The fluid motion that typically occurs at
high velocities is characterized by velocity
fluctuations are called as ‘turbulent.’ The
flow that alternates between being laminar
& turbulent is called ‘transitional’.
• The dimensionless number i.e. Reynolds
number is the key parameter that
determines whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent.
• Velocity is same at all
time at a particular
cross section – Steady
non-uniform flow.
• Velocity changes with
time and cross section.
– Unsteady non-
uniform flow.
Natural and Forced flow:
• In a forced flow, the fluid is forced to flow over a
surface by external means such as a pump or a fan.
In other case (natural flow), density difference is
the driving factor of the fluid flow. Here, the
buoyancy plays an important role.
• For example, a warmer fluid rises in a container due
to density difference.
Steady and Unsteady flow:
• When there is no change in
fluid property at point with
time, then it implies as
steady flow.
• However, the fluid property
at a point vary with time
which means the flow is
unsteady/transient.
One/Two/Three dimensional flow:
A flow field is best characterized by the velocity
distribution, and thus can be treated as
one/two/three dimensional flow if velocity varies in
the respective directions.
Home work

Answer
P =113 N
Next lecture
• Principles of Fluid motion.