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Module 3 Discrete Math

Dm note of mod 3 that help students to study easily

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26 views69 pages

Module 3 Discrete Math

Dm note of mod 3 that help students to study easily

Uploaded by

gauribws
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
dale 3 CReledion amd funciens ) A set 4 a well defened Collection of objecks- Aire objeck in a given sek 4 called Elements lembers, Sh ase denokea by Capital ledken A,B%Y. amd Elements or memben ef ser are denoted by srrall = abt, Hy z. 7 If an clement'’belongs fo a sek AL then we cam write PEA rif am element “9? docs nek belongs Sel A, them we cam wat og 7 A set can be reprcsemked by Lisheng the element tn within seb braces. SPA i a seb of & positive stage. , them We caw Yeprexat the sel A as b A= {Lars} or b A= falx a8 an Antler Omd isxssf or & An [x] XEN, Isx85] then N- Set of pasibive natural Number > Zr sek of all mhgers foe 8O433--f > Re seb Aeal wurde Ni set of all tye roby, {49,3 4re J > @ + Seb gd valional numba wi sel all wholens 0,434... - 7 C2 Sebo Commples nnabat Download from [Link] — Set Operations Baste Btrwry Qperakions for seb ase 1 Untom Fox ony Two sls A emt Bo, Union of A oma B denoted by AUB amd is defined as AvB = {xla@ea) v (x €a)} te tb as tee set of all element of A or B ov both. 2. Intersection Fox amy uw sels A omd B , Intersectsan of A emt denoted by. ANB amd is defined as AoB = fx|@ea) A (xen) } ie Ik i the Seb of alt elormerds whieh belongs fo Doth A omd B. 3. Symmetaic Difference Fon any bis set A omd B , the Syunmel aie cliffevenre belueen A omd B denoted by 4 AB or A+B amd 4 defined as Aap = { 2|(xeayv eB) a xq Aas} or Ass =fxl(xe gua) AG ¢ Ane) Gy Anfvarr] Bef anol Ave = [13,345.64 ANB ={ 34} AdB ={ 1276 eta * bownload from [Link] mi Ondered Pais. Am ondesed par of tine objet * 4 paia_4 objects sdawonged, He a fired onder, ab An oxderect paix can be denobed as <4,67 OA Cab). ulus Seask elemen} is ‘a’ amd Second element a b’ - PAu ordered paix is mot a sob comsishing of. 2 elbmeali Ve cadening af- “th, Live objects 6 important. je Ondaned paix aml K09> -, ft BxAaf JF LUIZ <2 DVD MRID/ S BAZ £339, 419,<3,09 07} Z ‘ 2 pmesonigcatn ao ty an the saumbes of elemerils. 21 AxB tehich is denobed by [Axe] ttle produch of (al) mo elemesl A, end orf elements 9 BIBI) © JAxa) = ale dol Reb of same set on bebsven objrts & @errmresek A selalion between Give objects, cam be defined b bjeds 7 iSong the Gos objedls Gs an oadered paia- « A set of att such ordesech para te oleh “Lhe frask mumber las some definite Aclationship £0 the gud dusrtbes a. paakicular Aelabion ship. Binary Rebalior CRelabion) A binary adelon R fom set A to B waittenas ARB or R(A,B) ts a Subset of the Cartesian Produk Axp, Let R ts a Ardebon and if an oredead pain (xy)ER them we can wade Ry meaus thet” "x % to a rebbnt R + y” : Reakren ship can also be demoted by special sym lbools Let 5 Sa greter than | relation for red numbers, then Amy ordered pair (ao) where a’ amd “b’ ane Atal anumbens., we can say (ab)E > if arb. re >= [ | AER 7b Download from [Link] & heh OL denoks the Aelebion less than os equal to” amd D denotes tle Ackabion “cbivrdes” where XZ LY mean “x less than or equal oy” amd DY means“ gt civics Y", Both Land D aw dufined on the sek fiaxepy wk Lad D. b&L =fxxy> |] ay > xgetiescd} ee {< Lis £¥3> SLED SQ0> £4977 S262 | £339, $362 S66} ’ D=- f aye (13363 f €192,<139 $1,62 £3,27, S467 , * p-{¢ 1,12 4 €3,39, ©3677 ©6697 sf Doman and Range of a Achehion Doroain : Let R be a bimmy relabion . Domain f R dencked by DCR) 45 4 seb fax such that for some Y GER. iw DeR= f x) ay GVeERt | Range: ; Le) S be « dbiney relation. Ramge 4S deneted by RCs) & tue set Ft ally Such Monk fr some x, eS a RCs) = fy) da- @west &:- Specify the Daraiin annd Romye 4 reltion se{cax) xen} an Saf CD (24) 60,6), E2536), vies } Natieagect DD =(1- V5 456---- 45 go RGA T a cae. Re eWinload from ktuspectat.in_——— ies aed Geet Fropesties d Relabions 4 Types: Oo Reflexive — son erphy Let A be a sek amd R be @ aclahion % A, then R is said + be reflexive if aRe aca OA WaeA .avER thn Rs 4 reflexive relation ® Ia sef lexive A adelion R on a set A As thatflextve , if aha fr ah a€A. eno element is Related to cesetp OR Ya CA Gar Hum Ris called tAneflexive selalion @ Syrametase Let A be @ mnromempty sk and R be a binary Belebron 1 A, thm R 4s said to be Symmetae if aRb =p bRa atabeA. os tare A , GERD Hare R Hem RAs a Spminelvic | ; Aetoliod * @ Ante Sxyorneh sic Lek A be a nomemply set amd R de @ brnory Belebion on A, R is said bo be avibe-syrnmnetalc gebabion if aRbva> bh a Yabea unles a=. O4 ‘ fe “fab EA (apreR => aE Rother Ba ty toe gee Download from ktuspé[Link] Fens @ Thonsthive het A be a nonemply sek amd R ba @ binary sehebion in AL tun Ris said to be rausthive if aRb amd bRe BD aRe wabceA Os Vabces -@WER amd GER D GOER, them Ras called transilive Aclebion gy © Gutvelome Relebion A binary peloton R on a seb A is saich fo be am equivalence sellabion if Ri DS Reflexive °o Sgmmvna baie D Proust ve. @ Pastis Wy — Ordering Relabion A binary Aelebon R on 2 sek Ais said fo be pasta bly oadercing selation if Rt S Reflexive 9 AnLiSy rnvnetaic. i 9 Fransthve | | Q, which of the follorsing Aelabion on {0,422} cm equivalence achabion 2? Tushfy the antser. D R= [@%),00,@2),63)5 D Re =f C00), Cond), @0),62) 63) G2GI ® Rs =f cao), Cu0,Ca) 61) .@2,43)5 ) m= { Co). C1, @ad, 629,63) Ga D Rea f (0,5), (019,02) 000), (119, C2 6,2),69G,2)} onsucrt », phive Hi'sy women A) RB reflexive 5 symmetate Transt bis Cadtiayon Rp is am equiva dine, retains [Pontially ordering ratleon als] because CLIDGRA 5 set wg? Ra & nob refleou've | ne Sipe sia “pve dt get Not Aransibive pecause GAER md GD ERS ents al bur GOERS , | “Re is mob am equivabrny relate Wi) Ry vefliatve , Syrormelate ond TPennsabie ee ae eee : a ah ta 2 Ry & am equvals nee Ac lalion wer pati pa | 5 "Ra ts am equivalence pelelisrn - i Y Re as reflestve Not Symmebte beaut Gage Rs bat I) RE | yell ; me ar, we Not Transitive beeuie @olek, ~~ (01) Es mee vb 60 Eke Z "RG mot am eguivalnw — pelahoo Download from [Link] | Tee p ; epacsenlalion of Relabions 2 representalion meateds for relabions DS Rela tien Mabox 2 Digasph / Directed graph. D Relatiin Mabxin A aelalicn R_ from Bo cam also be Aeprcsenbed ya moakas Agbelien roata'e of R a fra sob A finale Cobled the Patong capa Bef ator bl an finde sobs cenbasing om ond elements respec amt R is a relation from A to B, thin We Com mepresent” Ro by an mam maksex Mp M(R)-fr4] which is defined as oh @wjer Ts it Guyer A= { 14,3] Be {abt R { Gay 04) Caf oO Ho A las 3 elemenh and B law ad ge any allio R hut A dod Be, be represen ted using 4 3x a Pit lebion a b mnabyot OA Hee Mp =*]o | a{ uv, 2 8 A-fya3a} and R18 4 velalion on A Re {ened GA) Bad} » Retahoortabon. Mam ' a 3 +. Caaeat Bo cols er Be ePo- & e-o + le 9 Digsaph / Dinccted Grape A aelehion can be Aepaesenked pictostably R be 4 aelalion 19 « a | by daawwing ths graph. Let See a {4,890 Sn} - The elements of X ane Aepacsenked by poinlgs 04 Circles called nodes ov Veaticas f digraph: if a> Raz os G47) ER then we connect modes 2 awk ite by waeans of an are Aud puk an asso on He aac im “the diredlron fem ahr. when all the medes Coss esporeeling fo “Lhe ordered pais 39 Ro ame conneched by ALC With proper ashous , we gee & graph of te Aalakion . aif XRy o GER the ce x « @ if xR or (ax)ER then Q OY 2Ry mu yRa , tm w EVER om Gxder Sy ®D Ref Lye) BY ten Oke GD} ten Q x y dondeg ree do averten tn 4 digraph is the nord edges teretnekiing 04 coming towards dhe vesten. Dubdegree a veston 5 the maf edges Leaving foro tle verber. Yr a. bet ¥-<{143,4] , Re {cay | x79} | Datavs fle. graph of R amd also giv Us matata - seielion & r={@n, 61,62) 419,48), G 9) disraph | Mati, Ma’ I a roao3 + ' ° ° ° oO a4 0-60 0 3 1 i o oO 3 4[ 1 1 1 0 + indeiee C1) 13 indegreta) ? 2 tndegrer() 1 todemve oubdegres (1): 8 oubdesree(a) > 1 oubehepres( 3) 12 Sublet) :3 Properties of. this sellin axe '- > laseflextve > Anlisy mmetzic . Conqrurot module n Relahen y % dbiy istlle by 3} a. Led XO AB 449} / R= { onal x She thal- R is am equivalent. Ackek ion Draco the geoph fr. an? R= { O,hadn G+ G4), 4) BAILLEIED LO, (a) 9), G+) } ie CH), @ay G4) € & we Rs ref levive a Vxex , Gager > Su ab as divisiole by3 " ba also Laer anek ie if GERD AER 4-6 > Store a-b 8 divisible by 3 (wr Ger): and b-& 4s wehto clivisible by 3 (eR) then ac wv also divisiby by 3CE0CR) a (eR ws OVE “Download Sth Reuspectanin Aewsieh O43) og is _ (a- by Hb - 2h) 0 # Tubontal & eee ho ands give “ls ay tet Axfta3z,4} » sae the grep 9 mo wri of ds follavsing ye lbions ‘- D = (6,0,60 09 G02 4,05 ®) Raf (19 AD), 099, 62),.60,69,.6-9) D R= { ca4) 639,630.63, 64) 4) Determine the properties f “ll, vehbons given by the gq raphs showon below and write tHe esr res ina relehion — mebrices. dQ a 6 UG ae ce G;, Watts Indes vee And ouldyree f at verbies in the follows Ukhected graph: ' x 8 5 te as — Ansuiem s- a. A areal Bs Mataia of Ri: i: ‘2 #4 ft 6 00 alo 0 tO Bo Ow tl 100 t 3 ) Ra: graph f Ra: Skoda’ 1aa4 N10 0 0 ; yi1 00 3joo 1 3 74 4lo ot t Al 3 Hi) Ra: graph of Rar: Malia 4 R oa 2 Mie ig es [0 000 {0 On tl 360 4 1 | 3 © 00 + %, 4) Vareflexive , aril symmme bate lea’ 465 Miizs 'fo 1 100 26 Oo a oo slooo lt +10 0000 5loe@ 0 oO D Reflerive , Symmetsic , Aah symmetric Tramibive Mears Wt oo ajo 10 slo ot Download from [Link] D) Reflertve , Sypmommetaie tg 4 Moalvixs 1 4+ @ ai t 3 © SiO 1 1 0 mm. oo f D lesoflerive , Anil, mb, Travsthve ' 34 Meawiz: 1 fo o ma 2l1 o i 2)0 0 oF tle 0 00 QO 83.4 @ Ss Idle sree C1) 13 a (a).3 raderee(s). 3 Oukderree Cy 33 Ouldesree( a’ ; 3 Guklere ts). 3 Foclesvee C4): 2 @ were (5) ; 2 Cubdeyreeeay + 2 Outdles ree Gs): 2 Download from [Link] ee ea ee Composition of Relabion Suppose that A,B,C ane sels and Ris * Golabion fom Ab B amd $ # 2 welakion fom B#C. Them we can define 4 neo relation as the Composition f& Ramd S, walks as RoS am SoR. is Bowe 2? Rt arelahen foro AZO and S is 4 yetakion from Tim RoS i @ rsdatiom from A te C aud cam be defined as: if x EA omd ZEC then x Rsz iff for Some Yin B we have. Ry ome y Sz. Slt A=fvas} B=f 23,6,8,125 c= {13 17,0a5 fmt R= [ay,03) 129 ,.@D 4&0) 63).@la)} S$ =f @13), G19) 61) G28) , G22) Ros = [G),9) , C22,@9) G29} 4. Given Anfua24) ond R= (69.60.09, 9405 Pt (64) .63) 69-60.693 an aeldrons ov A . Find RoS amd SoR? Res = {09 GA), eneos SoR = § (a), 6,2),6.29,69 63.4, 6,693 Download from [Link] Aetorieh (oi) Se. Rafa), Gaya) } ond Fimd 4) Rog = {os), (3.4) (e ay}. DP -haes f Ga) (aa) (GR) ort Re(50R)~ { (4), G27, J Y) sor =f (i4,620,64 J 2) SoS ~[@,3) /@) 49,093 f) RR. fay, Gard D RRR -f6,a), Ray} 5 ={4,a), 4 engi G. Lal P amd @ be sedabiin on sek Aa{1234} Mehr 6 Pf Gay G2) 600,62) 62.4069] 8 nf 629,629,696 .64).10.62) Fema ~(69, 960, Cd, Gar GED 0 429,69, (44) F -) Poa “fey 3), @2) Ga), @4),4,6.9G9 2,63), @4) F DMC RE)» Fay 69 ,60,09 COI (9,6), 60,20, Anyer fener} DownloadtronrRtuspecrarin ia Reachability Rebar Tiw seadiabilely nelabiem R for the cligaaphe 43 Sha sel of all ordered paiss of verbier CHD gure Rleal Me, tb a Aisecked path fom % to y i? the raph ehuilay Atkelra g bet Ros dhe aracabthtthy AE : Me for this clevecd eel ger & , te P 5 d Goer , Aer Gaer, e G (G,0¢ R BOER y $ne than ‘am! ede Mes cc # paachable from e & OER ye Siig them is @ path fom abe * Le neechabb fom d 152 GER: (Pat to Sequene of eeket :) Reabhab i hely Relabion can be Aepreseontect called — kegehabitiliy mnobny whe REG] = Reachability roatvis fox the Abvove Sraphe deat a matrix ys 1 tp thee 1 Tpninjpaies 0 otherwise Eb a ri bah bogether tdrdamt élg o 1 if 4 gem MP) HBDUL CMO Om eid vscobe na, aie Reachobibly mabe all the dramstbave closure f that graph Downtoad from [Link] Tutorial 8 (cooht) Weve closure f “the Gq Waili the reachabihity roabrin 0 dransihs 4 folastny groph 2 3 * Ooms) Reachabilikiy monte RK: Frmelbeoint Let ~ "Xpand y be any two shs. A sdobren f from % tb ¥ a called @ fumckion if for every x EX thes t 2 wag ue, yey ach Chat- fy) ef OR _ A funtion f from 4 see X te St ys a Ashebion from xX to Yssuck Dhak each ehoment 4X 4s sedate tr ecackhy one Clement- of the Sa, tl 43 demoled 43 fix—ay Download from [Link] Domain of a funcken Let f be a fumtiun fom x bY [$2 xX>Y] Hon Xi cabled “the domain of Wa foncbisn f. Co- Demmein of 4 funckiim hek fs xy dln y is cabhea the ¢o-dornain 4 fF: Tf am element 4 the. set X torrvespords boy f st Y under the functids fr then y Codded Lhe “nage A x under 7 and written afte» =y, Benge gt Time The Aamge q foocbion £:x3y is “the set f rages of “LE domain . Haw h- bee A = {+93} ay Be fw zyz} on Se f cu .@2)- Gx} % & fucthon fork das {(%) .@, DS i moh 4, funchon ifs (609,027, G9) BH} ts net « funchor dovonin 4 Si- fas mase f tin Sh = [Link] a $; =f. 09,9092 J ve feyewd vange f fin f%*5 x rot ere om [Link] Types Ad Sunclion 2) One te Ome -famebron (tajecsve fondbion) A fanhion fi A>B # Celle one bo One or Injechive if cack element f B appears at anosh ona as Be tare f am element of A. f £2 A5B is one-beone then Al S |b} &- A =f rea} B=f1asa5} Fe feu (9), GP} % 4 ome do Oe further, a= {60 ,@9, ED % 4 functor but nok dere Our - fo -one ,bemuse SF 9)=S(9 3. D Onb fundion [ Surjede function ) A funckiso ft A> 15 called Ondo on Surjechve rf f{CA) = 8B . te for ak BEB . these is akteask one a€A with Sta) =b & A-tyas+} Befay 25 Fi = (0-%),099 6294995 # onto Suschinn rut at one fone $a = £012) ,02) Gy) G2} 8 dle Suschon no) anemone $s - [019 /09,6y,4 VJ 6 « furchon bul- Mok Onto also net nebo Pfr A 58° % onko , then lA] |B} tr Download from [Link] | 3) Ome to One amd Onto fundion (Bie -fanehos) A fandioos which is both injebve onde Surjechive ar Cebed 2 dijechive funcbion, A-{xy4 2] ad B= {a,4,0} th f: ASB a as oveto om 2 {G69 9@04 ap onto tb is a bijecbice funchinn _ 4) Ident fundion fia Sanction Ty: A +A defined by To) =a br 2 CA is called He Wdorihiy funchon for A Gre teh Aa (12343 then identity finchon fA x, $= (O02) 6) 40} =2, D. Equed fonckien if £92 A>B an sail to be equal fr al als Fo) = gta), ten we can wali ve | A={v43} Bafasicl $- ,@»),@»)} 5- $0-9,09,65) f, a fg , Download from [Link] Covaposthtom funckions if £5 AB tank Ft Bac theo Le compositisn fuackion go f with g 8 4 funckien fom A 4+ 6 amd if damsked by geof AC Gnd Can be defied a5 get @ = gf gear) for each aéA, Gr x f 4,3} y= fa} z={56o7f fi voy -[00,60,6495 gi: yon -f49,60} gof « xe when gof (1) = glden)e g(a)= 5 gef (2) = GCI) = gale gel CD = GCH)) - 90u)= + ia = {09 .@5) Gn} — Invease of 4 funckion th Lt ASB thm fas “said to be onveshbb if thes ts a fuvebedn gof = fy 92 BOA suéh bok Band fey =T, davened fe oh SAL nabegs rf Download from [Link] qe Asics) B= fabch frase = f c19,05).G0) 3: Bsa ~ £ & 2,621 Sin fiAre a 318K baa jot a veheesy jefe AVA ie gef Cy) - il fen) -jide 1 Se} Ca) « gi) -jCv)-2 Sf (2) ~ JUD) = 5Ce) = 3 St - { 00,027,695 Als. fog 72, Sire G2 BOA oma $1 428 a , foj= B>B foy( 4) = £0900) $01) <4 fey) = $190) feeb Fogle) = Flyeaf(y=c - ™ fy = {49 6.60) def" GO frnae «1 i, Ger,bHi 52834 -[§69,69,694 Step agedivse gt AVA =f, 00 GO) #7, Sh Ca) gest fos ; Sf C)= ste) BS SF BOB. es bb) {b) t pte 4 (G4), 6» 9p 40_ haeswe jtt Ses) = £B)- $0) = FICO -Sgeyp- j= Download from [Link] 8. ket fg od bh an oll funthens ©” wotegers dafyig dy fonda xn gord= nr and hln)= 7-1. Determine 4) thofeg ») gofek <) fogoh. Boy wer J 4) hofeg = h(Feg) = n(FCsem) = h SC n4i) - K(Ga) = Or -1 = nkpandti-r = isan | ») Jofoh « 1G CHEn)) - 9(F( 9) = 1&9) = @4% 41 = ntlonerg, 2 nt ante D fegeoh - F (30% 09) - £€5(»-0) FC C-DH) 6 Fen) = f(r) 2. ne Download from [Link] %. Tbovial 9 bef xv {yas} and Sg h be funchors frre X40 X Jivm by S- {627,@2) G03 9 - f(a) 1) .G393 he f cw 6,2),6)} Find fog goh , foe, Sp pose for KER probe Ra de set f Yat vumbew. Find D Gob vi) heg Leh £2 RSR ard g: ROR hese Ras the se} of veal SA) = AHQ GAD = A-Q amd Wl) =H i) fog i) Fof , iv) Gey WY fob vii) hob vin) GowJeg mumbers. Find fog ond gof where $x) =9%_2 Fed GAD = 244. Stile whether Abese funckins are recive Q Consider the -funelions given by LO) = 2543 amd jode7 Find 5 Surjeck\e Gud bijech ve 2 gof ant fog. Download from [Link] es Oy KAW aL Fitch koe F=\Ga) @d , 3 3= (Ga) ,@),@9} he {69 , @2) G5 iy fog) = Fg) = $@) + 4 Jog (a) « S0g¢a)) = $C) = 2 fog ls) = $(3tv) - $€3) =1 Jok » "gee = glaco) = 5028 * Jowly = gluta = $ay-1 9 Jou =f 62,60 Gal Jok(3) = gluty). - 4 = a Fohog (1) = $(UL gC) = FCA a) = fC ad- 3 Foheg le) = $ (WC gtay)) = 4(WC1)) = £0) = 2 Foley (3) = £( WC g(d)) ef (KC 9) ad Yak > Sobos = f 02), G2) G2} > fog -f OD 62), 6) a, Sx)- xta ge 2-2 |, beade 3x ) gof = 9 ($00) = gC tra) = 44a -2 DA i) fog = $F (90m) = f(%-a) = z-atraax W) fof - fUlM) = $C x42) = Marae rte W) Jog = 9 9Cx)) = jC %-) - 2-0-9 54-4 YD Sor = fCnly) 2 5¢ at) a’ axed vl) hey = Wgea) 2 uc 1-2)» 34-4) 9 ark Download from [Link] vi) heh = hChO)) = W3x) 2 33x) 2 ax WD Gobo = Gony(4in)= Gon) @-9) = FCA) of (ate) = HX-D4AQ = jr -bte 2 92-4 bs F090. 22a gi = Tey @ Soy = Seg) = $ (784) = Graig - x pamedy fog = tage 44 Sef = 90400) = genta) - (xtaeq = HR gof ae +2 wu £: Rap Fe) ork g L£9G-2) ED, 8.2)-G,4)---~ has fCad= RB => Surjecheve Sunchon or Ontofuncken . My g ROR §ir)eatqe = { -- €22),09,048,00,---- 5 Fe gOt)-R > ges alee surjectte fog + R>R amd gef :RaR is also surjecds've.. Foye Gra =f. 6 ,.C9,—. J he ete = fC) 09,60,60,J fo50x) = R > Both are surjech se o Jofcx)=R Onto , Download from [Link] = 8. feays ang, give x. fe gts) = 9( arts) = (ax+3)? , = (ax) %y Qearxa + 3° = fartpraxtd Fey= $Cgexd) _ Le) = att43, Download from [Link] Fastitiine A pasli ben of a vo nenspky set A 4s defined. as 4 colleckrow of. sronempaly subséls Ay Ay, Agro? f A suck that ) Every tlemenk A bebngs to one f Ay je te umon of A; is cquel fo A: Dif As amd A; am Aiibiioct them ApO As =G 1@ AU the subsel are Li joiat on mo cloment te Comme , G- A= fae}. i Partitions 4 A mes ve ffs) ,feh, a3] : = Th} Baty 3. { &3, fall 4.44, fst} Sf fieatt beh Ax (10 3,4,536,1,8 |, Detesmie rabethes flv Folloaing fa pulekin of A ov mok. , DF af tues} ,fL35eas3 f Sioa ast as A ) Pa = {ftasal fa} feet} are eee WD) Ps = { asa fos f aoot NUE & patihon Ce 5.4 stot bebags 'Y Pee {fixers} , B45} paryyey rr ee, Download from [Link] = Equivalence Class fin on a sch A, het Robe an’ equivalence ele class of 2%, devoted Fox cach x CA the equivalence as [x] cam be clefived — by te] -fyeal ye} X Thess » lef A a sek aud Ris an equivalence alalion in A, Me equivalence class of A undex Ro anduce 4 past hen fa & Aw [va sas} and R= fon ,C2,2),63),69,8,9,60 14,6.4),65) Equivalent class of each clement of A is as follocos 01} - {J [a] = { 2,33 [3] = [3,23 (o> {4-73 (5) 2 { 454 les Equivalent class of 2 end 3 ate some IG equivalent class of 4 amd & are Same [:Jvulaluls]=A tel" Cate =o > {09 Uta), Cay} a ie Cajata] = 6 "663 fast fost Cihacal =¢ Download from [Link] =a a. Find the paskbion amducect bby the followseng equivalence era Ge) G1) Ga) 69), G12), 69 G44) 4a), 63) ,6), 60) ,€1) 60, G4), GAO, | 2), C2) a) 1G)49 pote) / Gor)» CU 6,6) 09 Gana) , (8,2) 7 a9 } Equivalent classes ase». | PD FL ens Ce =f enh Ci) (07 = [ 2,7, 1aJ (ad -{ aan fa} fs]. f 3,8] (tJ= f 323 033 (T= fr pay C4) =f} =Ca3 {s] = f stop fe} = fs} = C5} (Je (vend eo O32 faa) Cal + dhe perks induced by Ro { 095023, 01 01,615. js Ya fxs] ale} @. lee Am (1,2,44} amd R be an equivalence sulelion on AXA, defined by (4b) R GA) ifand only if, atbactd. Prove that R 48 am equivalne yelalizn and fnd tee Cquvalent elas of LD) Ga) amd (va) ok (4) RG@a) iff arbac+d O we kro ato= Ath » Gy) REL) fo Ris veflenive . @ if @e)REd) thn athaced Se Downtoad fron ktuspeciat:in : abba ctd means cd care « CORES) | ve if @ RED > HRY Bp Gs symenctase : ® tet GORE) ara EDR en e asbactady amd. Cad nerf thin athe e+f 9 Reb. Ris transthve, from @ Qona@ we cam say Rts an Egutvalen relrbon 1 Sima Ris areflesive , Syrmmebric and tamsibive + wos Gr equivalence relation ~ 4) In R09 the sek [eun) = [G01 0 gin [oD] = £09 ,69) [oy - (04, 69.09 Ga} if Aq [vaste otal end Rts 4 velabiinn defied on A wy GR) if ard = bee. Very Rt am equivalence vdatiom on A, also find « equivalent class of. (3), \ ana ay RA) if} ard =bee | | ae) O Gime. aha bra ue con soy GRU) | Ey Rod “Rds reflexive, Download from [Link] © it Gy REd) thm atda bre ) a &» SC So Gt+d =abte i Gs > b+e = ard | 2 Cth = daa | a Ss wx e) g Gd) RG) 9Ris syromet a G7 @ tet G)RGa) amd (EA REL) | | je then atd= bec ond Cf ate | aren =~ "gad =bte —O | core c+fedre -@ &arep A OO > ards crf = brdidve > arf =bte > G@»oReY t Ris trans bve From @ Qo we com Say Ris am equirvalen Relais uivalent Chass of. Gs) in Rian the seb A= fist ---- WI] en $3 ¢- ex in ait [62] - [09 , @o) 60,60 ep Goren) Gr 6G. G9 ROAD =— GORGY 6D R@5) 69) RC) ENR) Gi) R 62,5) (4) 8 (29) | GDR C25) Download from [Link] Taboniat ¢ Goold) : . onde red Qs. Let R cence a relabion on the seh of alk on Qe. Oy pais ef ave sbyes by Coy RG) iff ona oly if AV = yu. Show thal Ris an equivaleau velcheon Cet Aa {aa ese ce LIJ and RAs a Ahalion of ef ised by (my) er if a-y 3 4 wmullipk 4 > Show thal Ris an equivalene: yeldion 07 Avent Deterwunt the equivelonk class omd pestitien of 4 Anduced by R. het Z be the set ¢ dokeyers and R be the relebion Called — Congruernte modulo 3 dafined by Rafcayr | 2 and ¥ are elemonils to Z ond G-ypedwisihhd Determine te equivalenu classes jevrerated og the lemons AZ. Download from [Link] Cr ™ jvm (ay) Reavy) iff ave yu We cam Say Cyn R(ay) Gd RAY Rag Teflexee , U4 ® G4) R&D pts av =yu : vx 2 Guweav Gon reo, 2 uy ave CQ RED > (uy) R@Y) “Rds symmelare @ let Gy) REY ond Cay R( m7) ; oy nk Un=v™ e AVe YU Korey . Ce av. IY iy oes unavm —@ OOK OG yn rym Gp o>) yo > oC = pgm 2 & Rem Ris drantilve . Sion Rig refledbae , Syrorodic aud dransidive pe caw Say R 1s tw equal ence veltion - Download from [Link] Ae fiat mad Guyer if ry & 4 mmulliple fF mek. [0 ,00,0n 62,6 VGID BED, 44), G1), 65), 6.10), 6 EOD UME), (3.3) ,G,G9 (09,6. (Go,19) Le 59,0) 68),O», (19,649 ey »} © 2 EA a-t #0 18 4 multiple ¢ > 2 ENDER 1 Ris reflenive. OQ Sry ca ip x-y is a mubliph 45 theo yea is alto mullipl {= if Eyer 9 GAVER x Rts Syrmmntric [a-y 2 5am -(y-2) - 50 Y-% = 5m) Sox = ery) , ts @ Voyz eA if x-y 4s a mull pli a Geyer awd 2 ts ag wlbiple fo ic G2yeR > Ye Fhe -% 45 ale malb'pf 5 fe E2ER Re, I-Y=Sem Od Y-Z aon ‘ XY ty-z2 = Smisn A= 2 = 5(man) F Ris transthve X-Z- Sk. J Sina Rs aeflerive , Syrometsi ond ravsthaive , we cam say Rix am equtvalene velabion Download from [Link] Equivalena class each element f A oe CO] = fue,n} (6 fa aray = C27 fl- fa 4133 (dete 2 9 | (3) = { 3.83 (ale fags = J fo) = (4,41 Ce Ce) =f sth = Cs) CJ = fren - 0) fia) = {gai = £2). + The parker ¢ A“ anduced by Re (09.091 6) Ee) 65} =f {160}, (aa1a3 (2.8 fea 4 fret —. (51 ={ sw} fel = fen} oO Oy, Z: seb f theses: fe 920 fe VLG SF R~{ Cayp ) x omd y ane elements to Z omd Gry) a divisible by3 } CED ,6-) ,Cy@, 64 99--- ~ 1Or9(0, 0), @ 3) (46))---- Ara, 6,4) wro,--- 321 02, Dp BE AA AD 1 + Equivalent claiser 4 eth element in 2 dr !- [=f ty Wy 8 FB j [0] «f-- +, 76,78, 9, 3, ore: $ Ci) = fn 2,14, LO oo} Cale fee VE wm 5 Caj + BB Ry tA Download from [Link] Pashiad. Oader Sof [/ poser Ts set A fogether wotlk. a paxrbally ondexing, Adlaion Ron the sel- A 4s callect Parent Oder Soll on poser. Ik is dewohed by tle pak (ALR). G tet A= fb aatf and Rod a sebalion om A defied by 2e Ry if xf y we “x dirs y” . Shows tak AR) % a pose OR Show tha tha rebalion Divides on a seh A a Poshvel Order . anseer- — lat oe R-divide . «Ref cup Ga,69/60, 490909 4H} (OOD) ‘ane Ao R > Vals DER. OR for every elernmt a CA, we have dinka te. I R is reflerrve. @eoer vou GER | pw |@ner a Goer @Ner bu- GOER except for (4A) »XfabO A+ ke if G@DER F GMER only tf a=b : oR if a diveden ‘b) smd “b! david ‘a than we bate aad. For erry Gb EA: eo oe ee @ Cer and G2) CR D CLYER Ener ont Gren » Qaer ie anne and GOER > GER tac €A- t. g dive b amd b diviites C thin a dividy c, for every abt EA» Ras trash jownload from ktuspectal in in Fhe Aiveds soletn Ro % . Hone G Reflexive Ris a pasbeall, Ordering Aelate, | 9 Anntisyramet ate 7 9 Transithive + Gr) & 2 poser: ss Hasse diagram The pastial Osden sel [Poser (Ask Aepsesenked by using a Atagrom known a8 Hasre ) cam be diagtom 0A a Partial Ordered sot duagrae . Hasse diagram of GR). is adbuathy the stnpli fred foam of. tne digraph of Row. the set A. Ir baste diagram each e leament 4 A. Represented’ as Smrall ciaebes or Mets ay in chigraple - Ths simmplificabrem of the digraph. as a Hasse dea gvany ts achleved in 3 Lsays)— 1. Since the pashios Onda sing is @ veflexive relahon, its digraph has Loops al- ott verbites. We need mot show these loops Sinte they must be preseod . je feast loops oF the verbices of cbs digraph can be deleted to Hasse diajinm —$$ ea a nr. 2. Soce the pashiat Oadening st chans? hive j we need uot shecs these edges that musk be Present | due to bxonsihe vile, ie, Having Lhe edges rete ae &: emough” to diate’ the cottons ase): a Pte te Groat wonrktaspecial.n

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