Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: -2456-2165 [Link]

Carbon Emission Reduction Methodologies

J. Merlin Rosia1
1
Assistant Professor, CSE. Velammal Institute of Technology (Anna University) Velammal Institute of
Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Publication Date: 2025/09/22

Abstract: There are many sources of carbon emissions which includes industries, thermal powerplants, Vehicles etc. The goal
of low carbon emission technologies is to cut down on or completely eradicate greenhouse gas emissions brought on by the
production and use of energy. Some strategies to capture carbon emissions for low-carbon development in the energy
sector, as well as in the steel and non-ferrous metals industries, include carbon sequestration and green energy. It meets
the needs of averting global warming, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and adjusting to a low-carbon economy. On the
one hand, the development of a low-carbon economy depends on low-carbon technologies. However, it’s also a major way
to address the energy issue, climate change, and sustainable development. The development of low- carbon technologies
requires a number of laws, regulations, and processes. Now that can also be applicable with AI technology

Keywords: Carbon Footprint, Low-Carbon Emission Technologies, Green Energy, Carbon Sequestration, Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, Low-Carbon Economy, Climate Warming, AI Technology.

How to Cite: J. Merlin Rosia (2025) Carbon Emission Reduction Methodologies. International Journal of Innovative Science and
Research Technology, 10(9), 1123-1130. [Link]

I. INTRODUCTION capture (PCC) is the most developed and extensively used

technique for lowering CO emissions from power and
Global CO2 emissions have been increasing since the industrial facilities. PCC is becoming increasingly feasible
1940s, but from the mid-1900s,they really took off, according for widespread usage as a result of recent develop- ments in
to current statistics. About 38.5 billion metric tons of CO2 solvents, process integration, and digital optimization that
will be released by industry and fossil fuels combined in 2022. drastically reduce energy consumption and expenses. With
The primary source of CO2 emissions from the concrete the help of new solvents, process designs, and digital tools,
industry is the manufacturing of Ordinary Portland Cement chemical absorption-based PCC is developing quickly and
(OPC). While carbon capture and utilization (CCU) using less energy and money. For widespread, long- term
technologies, particularly the carbonation of waste cement implementation, interdisciplinary cooperation, encourag- ing
powders (WCP), recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), and legislation, and ongoing study are essential [3].
alternative binders, can assist lessen the environmental
impact of the sector, their scalability and efficacy differ. A major choice for large-scale CO storage is saline
When paired with alternate binders and SCMs, CCU aquifers because of their enormous capacity and capacity to
technologies in concrete present viable avenues for mitigating trap CO through solubilization in brine and subsequent
[Link] must, however, optimize carbonation processes, mineralization. Long-term security and storage capacity can
validate structural performance, and ensure net be improved by precisely predicting aquifer heterogeneity,
environmental benefits through thorough life cycle studies in optimizing brine chemistry, and utilizing cutting-edge
order to reach their full potential [1] technology like nano [Link] potential for safe,
extensive CO storage in saline aquifers is strong. Aquifer
In isolated Australian towns, reaching net zero heterogeneity and geochemical pro- cesses must be taken into
energy is a technical difficulty as well as a national account in models, brine chemistry must be optimized, and
imperative. By combining solar (PV), wind, battery, and new technologies must be imple- mented to ensure long-term
hydrogen storage technologies, hybrid renewable energy stability and capacity [4]. An increasingly popular and
systems (HRES) pro- vide a sustainable and affordable option sustainable option for soil improve- ment, pollution removal,
that dramatically lowers energy expenses and carbon carbon neutrality, and environmental remediation is biochar,
emissions. For distant Australian settlements, optimized a carbon-rich substance made from biomass pyrolysis. Its
HRES—particularly those that incorporate hydrogen physicochemical characteristics, which are influenced by the
storage—are a viable and expand- able route to net zero feedstock selection and production techniques, determine
energy. These solutions help Australia’s sustainable energy how effective it is. One very useful and sustainable solution
transition, improve energy security, and reduce operating for soil enhancement, pollution removal, carbon
costs [2] Chemical absorption-based post- combustion carbon sequestration, and environmental management is bio char. It

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is a promising instrument for tackling global environ- mental Selecting and evaluating the risk of CO2 storage sites
issues because of its versatility and multi functionality [5]. requires an understanding of the sealing or conduit capabil-
ity of faulted marl-carbonate multilayers. These multilayers’
Existing steel mills can drastically cut their CO2 emis- capacity to function as barriers or conduits for fluid move-
sions by using post-combustion carbon capture and storage ment is directly impacted by the considerable variety in fault
(CCS), but doing so comes with additional operational chal- rock permeability caused by lithological heterogeneity. The
lenges and environmental effects. While life-cycle lithology and deformation processes have a significant impact
assessments (LCA) demonstrate that contemporary CCS on the sealing behavior of faulted marl-carbonate multilayers.
supply chains, particularly those utilizing cutting-edge While carbonate-rich zones need careful consideration
technologies such as DMXTM, can attain significant CO because of their increased permeability and propensity for
capture efficiencies with comparatively low life-cycle leakage, marl-rich zones are advantageous for containment
emissions, CCS by itself is unable to achieve net-zero steel [8].
production[5].
Because of the high deformability of the rock and the
The complete life cycle of capture, transportation, intri- cate interactions between mechanical, hydraulic, and
and storage determines the full environmental impact of thermal processes, extensive modeling is necessary for CO2
carbon capture and storage (CCS) supply chains, which are injection into depleted chalk reservoirs. Reliable reservoir
intended to lower greenhouse gas emissions from industrial behavior pre- diction, risk assessment, and storage security
sources. Although CCS has the potential to drastically reduce depend on two-way coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical
CO2 emissions, it also comes with new environmental trade- (THM) [Link] accurate risk assessment and
offs and is highly dependent on the energy source used at operational planning in CO2 stor- age within chalk reservoirs,
every stage of the supply chain[6]. Carbon capture, two-way coupled THM modeling is essential, guaranteeing
utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies must be widely long-term site integrity and storage security There are
implemented in order to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, intricate relationships between fluid flow, heat transport, and
but there are substantial infrastructure, financial, and rock deformation when injecting CO into chalk reservoirs. In
technical obstacles in the way. By offering a thorough these highly deformable strata, thermo- hydro-mechanical
framework for strategic CCUS planning and optimization, the (THM) modeling with two-way coupling between reservoir
National CCUS Assessment Framework (NCAF) aims to and geomechanical models is crucial for accurately
address these issues. CCUS is necessary for large-scale evaluating CO storage performance and dangers [9].
CO2 mitigation, but it is cru- cial to overcome financial, Combining enhanced coal bed methane (CO-ECBM) re-
policy, and infrastructure barriers. Advanced modeling and covery with CO storage in coal seams has two advantages:
integrated planning frameworks are necessary to enable it increases methane output while lowering greenhouse gas
successful, cost-effective implementation and support the emissions. In order to guarantee storage integrity, operational
transition to a low-carbon future [6]. safety, and economic sustainability in CO-ECBM operations,
effective monitoring is crucial. Strong, multi-level monitor-
The efficient conversion of biomass into fuels and ing systems are essential to CO-ECBM projects in order
chem- icals is made possible by heterogeneous catalysis, to guarantee secure and efficient storage. Monitoring is
which is essential to the development of clean, inexpensive getting better thanks to developments in integrated remote
energy. In order to make biomass conversion feasible at scale, sensing and customized site protocols, but long-term
recent research focuses on creating new catalytic materials, forecasting and cost issues still exist. For commercial-scale
stream- lining procedures, and resolving environmental and adoption, site-specifictactics and ongoing innovation are
financial issues. A key component of sustainable biomass essential [10].
conversion is heterogeneous catalysis, and continuous
advancements are tackling the environmental, financial, and In general, oxygen-fuel circumstances change the
technical obstacles to aid in the world’s shift to clean energy produc- tion of aromatic compounds and increase the
[7] .One possible tactic to increase the economic feasibility presence of short hydrocarbons, particularly because of the
of green hydrogen and decrease wasteful clean energy use is impacts of CO and higher flame temperatures. Compared to
to use reduced re- newable energy for hydrogen generation. air combustion, oxygen-fuel combustion changes the
The levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) can be considerably production of aromatic compounds and enhances the
reduced by optimizing system design, grid integration, and formation of short unburned hydrocarbons, primarily because
storage, increasing the competitiveness of green hydrogen. of the chemical and thermal impacts of CO. The creation
Low LCOH and maximum use of renewable energy can be of soot and tar, as well as the improvement of combustion
achieved by optimizing hydrogen production from reduced and emission control tech- niques, are all significantly
renewable power through system sizing, grid enhancements, impacted by these changes [13]. Nanopore confinement
flexible demand, and by- product usage. For both economic dramatically changes the fluids’ phase behavior and flow
and environmental success, grid and storage infrastructure characteristics in shale reservoirs, which has an immediate
must be strategically integrated [7]. effect on the efficiency of CO2 injection and oil recovery.
Recent studies have modeled and measured the intricate,
coupled effects of nanopore confinement, such as molecule–
wall interactions, going beyond isolated effects (capillarity or
adsorption)[11].

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According to TCFD principles, companies with larger II. LITERATURE SURVEY

car- bon emissions typically reveal more information about
the climate, particularly in carbon-intensive industries. The The results of life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies
cate- gories of Strategy, Risk Management, and Metrics and consis- tently demonstrate that, depending on the capture rate,
Targets all exhibit this increasing openness, but energy source, and regional factors, post-combustion CCS
Governance does not. The results indicate that companies can lower the global warming potential (GWP) of industrial
with high emissions employ increased transparency to processes by 47–91 percent. However, increased energy
address corporate account- ability, perhaps in response to and material requirements for capture, solvent production,
social and stakeholder pressures and to justify their and plant modi- fications frequently result in an increase in
environmental impact [12]. other environmental impacts, such as acidification, toxicity,
eutrophication, and resource use.

Fig 1 Net Zero Emission Challenges

Important Contributors: Especially when carbon- Technology Trends: The most developed and
intensive electricity is used, the capture and conditioning extensively used post-combustion capture technology is
phases are responsible for 70–80 percent of the overall amine-based ab- sorption; however, studies into more stable,
environmental impact. Typically, storage and transportation reasonably priced solvents and sophisticated adsorbents are
account for less than 2 percent of overall impacts. still being conducted [6]

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Carbonation and CO2 Uptake: Although carbonation comparison to conventional Process Intensification: In order
of RCA, WCP, and industrial wastes might improve some to enhance mass and heat transmission and lower operating
mate- rial qualities and absorb CO2, the overall mitigation of and capital costs, technologies including improved heat
CO2 is frequently insignificant in comparison to the exchangers and rotat- ing packed beds are being investigated.
emissions of the sector. The materials’ chemical and Digital Instruments: Significant efficiency gains have been
mineralogical properties as well as the particular carbonation demonstrated by the growing use of machine learning and
method employed determine how effective the process is. advanced modeling for solvent screening, process
Other Binders and Supplementary Materials: Using non- optimization, and cutting down on experimental time [3]
hydraulic cements or supplementary cementation materials
(SCMs) such as slag, calcined clay, and limestone can further Storage factors: Mineral, structural, residual, and
cut emissions, particularly when paired with CCU procedures solubility factors all contribute to the trapping of CO in saline
[5] aquifers. Long-term security depends on solubility and
mineral entrap- ment, but mineralization is a gradual process
In Environmental Remediation, Heavy metals, gasses, that is heavily in- fluenced by the geochemistry and aquifer
and pollutants can be removed due to the high surface area mineralogy. Aquifer Heterogeneity CO flow, dissolution
and functional groups. Performance is improved by adjusting rates, injectivity, and stor- age efficiency are all significantly
the pyrolysis conditions and feedstock. Soil Amendment impacted by permeability and geological heterogeneity.
Carbon Sequestration enhances nitrogen cycling, water While high heterogeneity can improve residual trapping, it
retention, and soil fertility; wood biochar works particularly makes CO migration prediction and management more
well. Production characteristics determine stability and long- difficult.
term advantages. In Wastewater Treatment, When compared
to traditional sys- tems, biochar is an affordable adsorbent Simulation Modeling: Predictions of CO2 trapping
that produces high- quality water reclamation while lowering effi- ciency and migration are getting better thanks to
operating expenses. sophisticated simulation tools and machine learning models,
but it’s still difficult to accurately depict heterogeneity and
Energy Biogas Production lowers greenhouse gas long-term be- havior.
emissions, promotes renewable energy systems, and increases
the produc- tion of biogas and anaerobic digestion. Advanced Enhancement Technologies: Despite concerns about
Materials Nano-Biochar is used in high-value like cost, toxicity, and pore size, methods including foam, nano
electrochemistry and bio catalysis; nano-biochar has particles, and possibly nano bubbles are being investigated to
exceptional catalytic and adsorptive qualities [1] increase sweep efficiency and storage security [4]

HRES Configurations With their high renewable

integration, lower CO2 emissions, and affordable prices, PV-
wind-battery and hydrogen storage systems are being
researched extensively for net zero goals. Optimization
Techniques Advanced algo- rithms (such as NSGA-II)
enhance system sizing and perfor- mance, while multi-
objective and multi-criteria optimization techniques are
employed to balance cost, reliability, and grid interaction.

Storage Technologies Especially in isolated or off-grid

envi- ronments, the combination of batteries, hydrogen, and
hybrid storage improves dependability and permits greater
penetra- tion of renewable energy sources. Economic
Environmental Impact HRES can dramatically minimize
operational costs, reduce grid strain, and reach near-zero
or zero emissions, but economic feasibility is subject to local
conditions and legislative incentives [2]

Chemical absorption, especially with solvents based Fig 2 Carbon Foot Print Sources
on amines, is the predominant PCC technology because of its
proven industrial application and retrofit possibilities. With Catalyst Design and Functionality: In recent years,
alternatives like adsorption and membranes still needing multi- functional and nanostructured catalysts that improve
to be developed for large-scale use, absorption is used in more activity and selectivity for biomass conversion have been
than half of existing PCC projects. developed. Examples of these catalysts include carbon
materials, metal- organic frameworks, and porous metals and
Innovative Solvents: Alternative absorbents oxides. For com- plicated biomass feed stocks to change
(carbonates, ammonia, ionic liquids, and nano fluids) and efficiently, porosity, acid-base, and redox characteristics
new solvent mixes (such MDEA/PZ) are being developed to must be tailored.
increase efficiency and reduce regeneration energy in

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Fig 3 Graphical Representation of Green House Emission

Mechanistic Understanding: Although advancements Validation and Calibration of the Model: Calibration
in spectroscopic and computational technologies have against real-world data, such as production history,
enhanced our knowledge of active site activity and reaction subsidence mea- surements, and seismic monitoring, is
processes, a comprehensive grasp of catalyst-substrate necessary to produce reliable model results. This method
interactions and micro environments remains elusive. Process increases the accuracy of reservoir behavior predictions in
Integration: To increase yields and process efficiency, both production and injection situations.
researchers are looking into integrating catalytic stages into
bio refineries and com-bining heterogeneous and Mechanical and Thermal Effects: Research indicates
biochemical catalysis [5] that the injection of cold CO can cause considerable cooling,
which can result in permeability changes, stress
Research highlights the value of dynamic simulations, redistribution, and thermal fracture. When evaluating
stan- dardized models, and open-source data in comparing injectivity, caprock integrity, and long-term storage security,
various renewable-hydrogen systems at various scales and these impacts are essential [7]
locales.
Monitoring Domains: A variety of monitoring
Techno-Economic Assessment: There is a strong focus methods are used in atmospheric, near-surface, and
on reducing the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) through subsurface domains by global CO-ECBM initiatives.
system optimization, including sizing of electrolyzers, Tracking CO migration and methane production requires
storage, and grid connections. Studies emphasize the subsurface monitoring (such as pressure, gas composition,
importance of open-source data, standardized models, and and micro seismicity), while sur- face and atmospheric
dynamic simula- tions to compare different renewable- techniques (such as soil gas surveys and remote sensing) are
hydrogen systems across locations and scales being utilized more and more to confirm containment and
find leaks.
Grid and Infrastructure Constraints: Research
increasingly recognizes the need to model grid constraints, Technological Advancement: Integrated ”space-air-
future renewable capacity, and weather variability to ground- well” remote sensing systems were first developed in
accurately assess hydrogen production potential and costs. field testing, particularly in China. This allowed for high-
Grid improvements and rapid deployment of offshore wind resolution, multi-scale monitoring of CO plume migration and
are identified as key enablers for low-cost hydrogen [6] surface im- pacts. These developments enhance data for
model calibration and improve early leak detection [8]
Two-Way Coupled Modeling: To describe the
interaction of fluid flow, thermal impacts, and rock Drivers of Carbon Disclosure: Studies repeatedly
deformation during CO injection, sophisticated two-way show that companies with higher carbon emissions—
coupled geomechanical- reservoir models are being utilized particularly those in carbon-intensive industries—disclose
more and more. These models, particularly in highly ductile more information on climate change, frequently in response
chalk and carbonate reservoirs, enhance estimates of to stakeholder expec- tations and pressures for legitimacy.
subsidence, stress variations, and possible leakage pathways. Disclosure is utilized to control reputational risk and adhere

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to social standards, which is consistent with legitimacy III. PROPOSED MODEL IDEAS
theory. Features of the Firm and Industry: Market value, firm
size, profitability, and industry all affect how much and how A variety of creative and useful tactics from various
well information is disclosed. While emerging economies in- dustries are highlighted by new study, which emphasizes
frequently fall behind in terms of both quantity and quality, the importance of reducing the global carbon footprint. The
carbon-intensive industries (such as energy, materials, and most successful strategies integrate systemic changes in
utilities) are more likely to make comprehensive disclosures energy, materials, and consumption with behavioral
[9] modification and technology.

Table 1 Carbon Emissions from Sources

[Link] Green House Gas Emitting Sources Percent
1 Electricity and heat production 34
2 Industry 24
3 Transportation 15
4 Buildings 6
5 Agriculture, forestry and land use 22

IV. KEY IDEAS Additionally, it could result in 15 percent energy savings for
transportation systems and up to 20 percent energy savings
 Engaging Consumers: for buildings.
Developing options and rewards for low-carbon goods
and ways of living.

 Stakeholder Influence:
Producers, merchants, and non- governmental
organizations working together to modify prod- uct offers and
advance sustainable choices.

 Sector-Specific Innovations:
CO use in wine production, green logistics at ports,
and unique policies for high-income households.

 Advanced Tracking:
Real-time carbon monitoring and optimization
through the use of IoT, AI, and open-source data.

V. HOW DE-CARBONIZATION IS BEING

FUELED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(AI)

Countries that account for more than 70 percent of the

world economy have committed to achieving zero net
emissions by 2050 in order to keep the planet’s
temperature below 1.5°C. Although the precise methods for
accomplishing this objective are still to be decided, digital
technology will surely be essential.’ Fig 4 Carbon Foot Prints Obtained from the Sources

VI. AI TECHNOLOGY VII. DECARBONIZATION

Digital technology have the ability to cut global CO2 The process of lowering or getting rid of carbon
emissions by 20 percent by 2030, per new analysis from dioxide (CO2) emissions from a variety of sources, such as
Digital Europe. Practically speaking, they can assist energy generation, transportation, and industry, is known as
companies in determining the most economical and decar- bonization. It entails moving away from the use of
significant method of decarbonizing their activities. fossil fuels and toward clean, renewable energy sources with
a significantly smaller carbon footprint, such as geothermal,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer hydroelectric, wind, and solar power. By lowering
science that describes a machine’s capacity to carry out tasks greenhouse gas emissions, switching to cleaner energy
that are typically performed by human minds. AI-driven sources and al- ternative fuels not only helps fight climate
solutions can help businesses minimize their energy expenses change but also promotes sustainability and energy security.
by 10–20 per- cent and their CO2 emissions by up to 10
percent, according to a recent McKinsey analysis.

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VIII. THE CLIMATE’S COMPATIBILITY crucial instrument for halting global warming.
WITH AI
AI has the ability to forecast severe weather and offer
Although there are worries about how AI could affect tools for decision-making that will assist us in determining
employment and the possibility of abuse, the technology is and putting into practice the best course of action.
also viewed as a valuable weapon in the fight against climate Additionally, it can assist in the identification of different
change. People who have the authority to make decisions climatic risk factors and the development of useful solutions
about AI and climate change think that the technology is a to reduce them.

Fig 5 Carbon Emission Reduction Techniques

IX. CONCLUSION [2]. Parvin, K., Tabandeh, A., Hossain, M. J., Hannan, M.
A. (2025). Optimized hybrid energy systems for
AI has the potential to revolutionize carbon emissions sustainable net-zero communities: Modelling,
reduc- tion and climate mitigation efforts in a variety of Framework Design and Performance Analysis.
industries. Its success hinges on sustained innovation, ethical International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 160,
and transparent implementation, and robust industry and 150559.
policy cooperation to provide equitable and sustainable [Link]
climate solutions. [ 3 ] . Helmi, M. E., Mohammed, I., Rezk, M. G.,
Gbadamosi, A. O., Raza, A., Mahmoud, M. (2025).
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