Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF)

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The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any damage whatsoever
than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein,
irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof.

I agree with the above

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ICS 29.420.20; 79.040

PIESA 1001:2004
ISBN 0-626-15708-0
Second edition

SPECIFICATION

WOOD POLES, CROSS-ARMS AND

SPACER BLOCKS
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This Specification is issued by

Eskom Technology Standardization Department (TSD)

on behalf of the

PIESA Board

Amendments issued since publication

Amdt No. Date Text affected

Correspondence to be directed to Printed copies obtainable from

PIESA PIESA Secretariat

P O Box 1049 P O Box 1049
Rivonia Rivonia
South Africa 2128 South Africa 2128

Telephone: +2711 803 1314

Fax: +2711 803 7019
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.piesa.com

COPYRIGHT RESERVED

Printed on behalf of PIESA in the Republic of South Africa

by Standards South Africa
1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, Pretoria
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1 PIESA 1001:2004

Contents
Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Keywords .......................................................................................................................................... 3

1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 5

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................. 5

3 Definitions and abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 5

4 Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 6

4.1 Species of timber ................................................................................................................ 6

4.2 Physical dimensions ........................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Care of felled timber ........................................................................................................... 9
4.4 Drying of poles and cross-arms ......................................................................................... 9
4.5 Preparation of poles for treatment ...................................................................................... 10
4.6 Handling, transportation and storage of treated poles ...................................................... 11
4.7 Treatment of poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks .......................................................... 11
4.8 Labelling of poles ................................................................................................................ 11
4.9 Non-conforming material .................................................................................................... 12
4.10 Quality requirements .......................................................................................................... 13

5 Tests ............................................................................................................................................. 14

5.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 14

5.2 Type tests ............................................................................................................................ 14
5.3 Routine tests ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.4 Test equipment and accuracy of measurement ................................................................ 15

Annexes

A (normative) Test equipment ................................................................................................... 16

B (informative) Guide to purchasers on preparing an enquiry .................................................... 17

C (informative) Model form for schedules A and B ..................................................................... 19

D (informative) Hazard class categories ..................................................................................... 20

E (informative) Dimensions and strength values for pine poles and cross-arms ....................... 21

F (normative) Dimensions and strength values for eucalyptus poles and cross-arms ............ 23

G (informative) Volumes of pine and eucalyptus poles and cross-arms .................................... 25

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 27
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PIESA 1001:2004 2

Foreword
The Power Institute for the East and Southern Africa (PIESA) is a regional power utility association
established in 1998 to co-ordinate information and technology sharing in the specialized areas of:

a) technology and engineering support;

b) applied research;

c) standardization;

d) technical development and training; and

e) environmental management.

PIESA primarily aims to develop technological capacity in the region’s distribution networks by
promoting a spirit of experience sharing. Its membership comprises electric power utilities in the
East and Southern Africa that wish to participate in the sustainable development of power systems
in these areas.

PIESA 1001 has been prepared by the Standardization Working Group of the PIESA and approved
by the Board of the PIESA for use by supply authorities in the East and Southern African region.

The working group comprised the following members:

P A Johnson (WG Convenor) Eskom Resources and Strategy, South Africa

L D M de Wet AMEU
C G K Kasonkomona ZESCO, Zambia
P K Luutu UEB, Uganda
C Muzamwese ZESA, Zimbabwe
H Ndzimande SEB, Swaziland
A K Okien SNEL, Democratic Republic of Congo
T Phate Lesotho Electricity Corporation
D van Wyk uMhlathuze Electricity (Richards Bay), AMEU
P Zembani ESCOM, Malawi

With the assistance of the following project team members:

V Sewchand (Project leader) Eskom, Technology Standardization Department

N J Masango (Project assistant) Eskom, Technology Standardization Department

PIESA 1001 was approved by the PIESA Board, which at the time of approval of this document,
comprised the following members:

G Tosen (Chairman) Eskom Resources and Strategy, South Africa

S B Balaba UEDC, Uganda
M Chibulu ZESCO, Zambia
A Chiwaya ESCOM, Malawi
D Hlanze SEB, Swaziland
D Louw AMEU of Southern Africa
S Mhaville Lesotho Electricity Corporation
A K Okien SNEL, Democratic Republic of Congo
B Siso ZESA, Zimbabwe

The PIESA Board resolved that the specifications that conflict with PIESA 1001 will be withdrawn
not later than six months after the publication of this specification.

This edition cancels and replaces edition 1 (PIESA 001:2001), which was published by PIESA
direct. PIESA has confirmed that edition 1 has been withdrawn.
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3 PIESA 1001:2004

Introduction
This specification has been prepared to establish and promote uniform requirements for wood poles
for distribution systems of the national electric power utilities in the East and Southern Africa.

The PIESA Board expresses the wish that, in the common interest of electricity utilities in the East
and Southern African region, all electricity utilities adopt the requirements of PIESA 1001 insofar as
their particular conditions will permit and that the use of any conflicting specifications be
discontinued. Any differences between the requirements of this specification and the corresponding
purchaser’s requirements should be submitted for consideration in future revisions of this
specification.

Keywords
wood poles, species, drying, treater.
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PIESA 1001:2004 4

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5 PIESA 1001:2004

Wood poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks

1 Scope
This specification sets out the requirements for all wood poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks for
electric power applications.

2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this specification. All standards are subject to revision, and since any reference to a
standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements
based on PIESA 1001 are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions
of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards
can be obtained from the appropriate national standards organization.

SAZS 120:1993 Wooden poles and cross-arms for electric power and telephone lines.

SANS 753:1994, Pine poles, cross-arms and spacers for power distribution telephone systems and
street lighting.

SANS 754:1994, Eucalyptus poles, cross-arms and spacers for power distribution and telephone
systems.

SANS 5967:1997, Retention of preservative in timber (volume method).

SANS 5983:1984, Preparation of test specimens for moisture content determination in timber and
timber products.

SANS 5984:1984, Moisture content of timber and timber products (oven dry method).

SANS 5985:1980, Moisture content of timber (extraction method).

SANS 5986:1980, Moisture content of timber (electric moisture-meter method).

SANS 6061:1984, CCA salts equivalent mass concentration of aqueous solutions that contain
mixtures of copper-chromium-arsenic compounds used for timber preservation.

3 Definitions and abbreviations

For the purposes of this specification, the following definitions and abbreviations apply:

3.1 Definitions
cross-arm
pole that is used in a horizontal or near- horizontal position in a structure for the support of power
distribution lines, but that is not intended to be used in contact with the ground

rated fibre stress

stress in the wood from the applied load just before breaking
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PIESA 1001:2004 6

spacer block
piece of timber that is used as a spacer between poles and cross-arms in five-pole structures but
that is not intended to be used in contact with the ground

treated/treatment
impregnated/impregnation with an acceptable preservative

3.2 Abbreviations
MOE
modulus of elasticity

PAR
planed all round

PVC
polyvinyl chloride

UV
ultraviolet

4 Requirements
4.1 Species of timber
All wooden poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks shall generally be of the types listed in tables 1
and 2. Trees of the same species grown in different climatic regions may exhibit different properties
such as preservative penetration, exfoliation and strength. The species listed in tables 1 and 2 and
any other species shall be confirmed by compliance with type tests done by a testing body
approved by the utility concerned and shall be stated in schedule B. The region where the wood is
sourced shall also be stated in schedule B.

Table 1 — Species of timber: Eucalyptus

1 2 3 4
Rated fibre stress
Ref. Botanical name Standard name
(MPa)
E1 Eucalyptus cloeziana Cloeziana 75
E2 Eucalyptus grandis Saligna 55
E3 Eucalyptus grandis/saligna hybrids Saligna 55
E4 Eucalyptus maculata Maculata 55
E5 Eucalyptus maideni Maideni 55
E6 Eucalyptus microcorys Microcorys 55
E7 Eucalyptus paniculata Paniculata 75
E8 Eucalyptus saligna Saligna 55
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7 PIESA 1001:2004

Table 2 — Species of timber: Pine

1 2 3 4 5
Rated fibre stress
Ref. Botanical name Standard name Climatic conditions
(MPa)
a
P1 Pinus canariensis Canariensis Temperate 75
P2 Pinus pinaster Pinaster Temperate 55
P3 Pinus radiata Radiata Temperate 55
a
Classified as able to withstand a maximum fibre stress (in bending) of 75 MPa based on the
specified minimum top diameter of the pole or cross-arm and on a taper of 5 mm per metre
of length.

NOTE Pine poles are more susceptible to pole twist in dryer areas than eucalyptus. To overcome pole twist
the following are suggested:

a) Poles be purchased and stored in the area where they will be used for nine months before they are installed.

b) Alternatively the pine poles purchased, be kiln dried to 17 % moisture content before being treated.

4.2 Physical dimensions

4.2.1 Pole length and minimum top diameter

The pole length and top diameter thickness shall be in accordance with table 3 and shall be stated
in schedule B. The minimum diameter at theoretical ground line is given in table E.1 for pine poles,
and table F.1 for eucalyptus poles.

Table 3 — Pole length and top diameter thickness

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pole length (m) Minimum top diameter (mm) not less than
Range 1 Range 2 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
7 ° ° ° ° ° °
8 8,1 • • • • ° °
9 9,3 x • • • °
10 10,5 x x • • ° °
11 11,0 x • • • °
12 12,6 • • • •
13 13,5 x • • • •
14 – ° ° ° °
15 – x x(150) ° x(175) • •
16 16,5 ° ° °

NOTE Range 1: Poles complying with SANS 753 and SANS 754

NOTE Range 2: Poles complying with SAZS 120

• :Both ranges; ° :Range 1 only; x :Range 2 only

Example, A pole with a top diameter within the range 120 mm to 139 mm complies with the
requirements of minimum top diameter not less than 120 mm
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PIESA 1001:2004 8

4.2.2 Cross-arm length and top diameter

The cross-arm length and top diameter thickness shall be in accordance with table 4 and shall be
stated in schedule B.

Table 4 — Cross-arm length and top diameter thickness

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cross-arm length (m) Min. top diameter (mm)
Range 1 Range 2 80 100 120 140 160 180
2,0 1,8 ° • • ° °
2,5 2,4 ° • • ° x(150) °
3,0 3,0 ° • • ° x(150) ° °
3,5 3,6 • • • x(150) °
4,5 4,5 • • ° x(150) ° °

NOTE Range 1: Poles complying with SANS 753 and SANS 754

NOTE Range 2: Poles complying with SAZS 120

• Both ranges; ° :Range 1 only; x :Range 2 only

4.2.3 Rectangular cross-arms

The cross-arm length and cross-section area shall be in accordance with table 5 and shall be stated
in schedule B.

Table 5 — Rectangular cross-arm lengths and cross section areas

1 2
Cross-arm length (m) for
Cross-section area (mm)
Range 3
1,75 80 × 80
2,36 100 × 100
2,60 130 × 100

NOTE 1 Range 3: Planed (PAR) hardwood cross-arms

NOTE 2 This table does not preclude other species which have the necessary strength.

4.2.4 Taper and straightness

Poles shall comply with the requirements of SANS 753, SANS 754 or SAZS 120.

4.2.5 Spacer blocks

Spacer blocks shall be 400 mm long and have a top diameter of 140 mm.

4.2.6 Strength

When tested in accordance with annex E and annex F, each pole and cross-arm shall be capable
of withstanding, without showing any signs of failure, a force. This force shall correspond to a
minimum fibre stress (in bending) of 55 MPa.

NOTE 1 The calculated minimum fibre stress of 55 MPa is based on the minimum top diameter.

NOTE 2 Species need not be strength tested.

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9 PIESA 1001:2004

4.3 Care of felled timber

4.3.1 Eucalyptus trees to be used for poles shall be debarked immediately after felling. Bark shall
be removed completely and no strands of inner bark shall be left on the stem.

4.3.2 Poles with incisions made by axes, debarking and other cutting tools, that are deeper than
15 mm and longer than 50 mm shall be rejected. For poles where there are incisions smaller than
those specified, the creosote penetration in the incision shall be within the requirements of this
specification.

4.3.3 Poles with occluded bark within 2 m of the butt and at other points where it is likely to impair
impregnation, shall be rejected.

4.3.4 Poles shall be stacked within three months of felling, or as specified in schedule A.

4.3.5 Poles to be kiln dried shall not lie in air drying stacks for longer than three months before
being kiln dried.

4.4 Drying of poles and cross-arms

4.4.1 General

All poles longer than 7 m, stub poles and cross-arms shall be kiln dried or boultonized. Poles that
are 7 m and shorter may be either kiln dried or air-dried.

4.4.2 Kiln drying

All kilns shall be designed with a drying schedule. The drying schedules shall be available for
auditing.

Before poles are released from the kiln, the moisture content of eight sample poles per trolley shall
be measured to verify that it is correct. The sheet on which the moisture content of the kiln-dried
sample poles is recorded shall form part of the charge sheets. Records of all kiln dried poles, their
batch numbers and the cycle times of the kiln shall be kept at the plant for auditing purposes.

All core samples for moisture and creosote penetrations shall be taken from the middle of the pole
and shall be in accordance with SANS 5983, SANS 5984, SANS 5985 and SANS 5986. Samples
shall not be taken closer than 200 mm to each other and 300 mm from each other in the same
plane.

4.4.3 Air drying of poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks

A register with the following information shall be kept at the drying yard:

a) stack number;

b) opening date;

c) closing date;

d) length/diameter class;

e) quantity;

f) moisture content results (final oven dry); and

g) date de-stacked.
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PIESA 1001:2004 10

4.5 Preparation of poles for treatment

4.5.1 Seasoning of poles and other timber

4.5.1.1 Stacking

A drying yard shall be a permanent, designated yard, at a location that is accessible to an

inspection body during normal working hours. No stack drying yard shall be more than a one-hour
return trip from the registered treating plant, unless specified in schedule A.

The treater shall ensure that all timber intended for the manufacture of poles and cross-arms is
stacked for seasoning within three months from the date of felling, or as specified in schedule A.

Poles shall be stacked on permanent bases erected at least 300 mm clear of the ground to a
maximum width of 7 m for poles with a maximum top diameter of 159 mm and not more than 4 m
for poles with a top diameter exceeding 160 mm. The maximum height of the stack shall be limited
to 3 m.

The stack area shall be well drained and reasonably free from debris and vegetation. Cross
members separating the layers of poles in a stack shall be of the same diameter class and shall be
not less than 1 m apart to allow for proper airflow.

Any two stacks shall not be closer than 2 m from each other at any point.

The moisture content of all material in any one stack shall not differ by more than 15 % from the
minimum and maximum moisture contents. A stack shall be closed within one month of opening.

4.5.1.2 Moisture control before treatment

The moisture content of a representative sample in a stack (including kiln stacks) shall be
determined by the oven-dry method before de-stacking and shall be in accordance with
SANS 5983, SANS 5984, SANS 5985 and SANS 5986.

4.5.2 Preparation process

4.5.2.1 Before preservation treatment

4.5.2.1.1 Storage

All poles that have attained the required moisture content and all poles bearing or intended to bear
a certificate mark shall, be stacked under conditions that prevent deterioration. Rain-wet poles shall
not be preservative treated until they are surface dry (see 4.5.1.2).

4.5.2.1.2 Strength testing

Routine strength sampling tests (see 5.2) shall be carried out on a sample of poles before
treatment. Sample poles shall be legibly and indelibly numbered in each load (charge) of poles
before treatment.

4.5.2.2 Gang-nails

All eucalyptus poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks shall be nail plated on the tip and butt ends.
The size of the nail plate shall be such that the area covered by the nail plate shall be at least 50 %
of the area of the applicable pole end. Pine poles do not require wire binding or nail plating on the
tip or the butt ends of the pole, on cross-arms or on spacer blocks.
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11 PIESA 1001:2004

4.6 Handling, transportation and storage of treated poles

The handling, transportation and storage of eucalyptus and pine poles shall comply with annex J of
SANS 754 and annex H of SANS 753 respectively.

4.7 Treatment of poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks

4.7.1 General

Poles, cross-arms and spacer blocks shall be impregnated with creosote in accordance with the
requirements of SANS 753, SANS 754 or SAZS 120. The temperature range of the creosote in the
treatment cycle shall be between 80 °C and 100 °C. The sheet on which the temperature of the
creosote and the pressure of the cylinders are recorded, shall form part of the charge sheets of
each batch treated.

4.7.2 Retention of creosote

Unless specified in schedule A, the minimum retention of creosote per batch treated with creosote
shall be 115 kg/m3 of wood for hazard class H4. This shall be determined in accordance with
SANS 5967.

NOTE For guidance, see table G.1 for volumes of poles and cross-arms.

4.8 Labelling of poles

4.8.1 On the face of the pole

4.8.1.1 One label, 55 mm by 65 mm, manufactured from galvanized steel, 0,5 mm thick, shall be
securely fixed with four 50 mm long galvanized nails, one in each corner of the plate.

4.8.1.2 The following information shall be marked on the label in letters at least 5 mm high:

a) treater’s approved identification mark;

b) month and year of treating (for example, 03/2001);

c) length of pole and top diameter (for example, 11m /160 mm);

d) hazard class (for example, H4) Refer to annex D;

e) PIESA 1001 #;

NOTE # refers to the applicable PIESA specification revision number, with which the pole complies.

f) the specie of pole and strength class in accordance with tables 1 and 2, columns 1 and 5 (for
example E1 75);

g) kiln or air-dried (for example, kiln or air);

h) pressure treated (pressure) or open-bath treated (open bath);

i) supplier’s name, if supplier is not the treater; and

j) purchaser/utility designation, if required.

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PIESA 1001:2004 12

Example of label

Treater’s name
Country of source
Serial number
03/2001 11 m/160 mm
H4 PIESA 1001
Kiln Pressure E1 75
Utility
Name

4.8.1.3 The label shall be fixed on the face of the pole 3,5 m from the butt, unless otherwise
specified in schedule A.

4.8.2 On the tip of the pole

A coloured label shall be securely fixed to the tip of the treated pole to indicate the top diameter size
class of the pole. These labels shall have a minimum area of 1 000 mm2. The labels shall be made
of a UV or fade resistant PVC plastic of 1,1 mm thickness, galvanized steel of 0,9 mm thickness or
aluminium of 0,9 mm thickness.

The following colours shall be used for labels on the tip of treated poles:

Green 80 mm to 99 mm

Orange 100 mm to 119 mm

Red 120 mm to 139 mm

Blue 140 mm to 159 mm

Yellow 160 mm to 179 mm

White 180 mm to 199 mm

Purple 200 mm to 219 mm

4.8.3 On the butt of the pole

A galvanized metal tag 800 mm2 and 0.9 mm thick as specified in schedule A, shall be securely
fixed to the butt end of the pole with a unique number on the tag.

This tag shall be used to trace the pole for strength testing, moisture content readings and creosote
penetrations recordings.

4.9 Non-conforming material

4.9.1 Control of processes and corrective action

The treater shall establish and maintain a procedure for the continual monitoring of processes and
work operations and for the analysis of records for the purpose of detecting and eliminating
potential causes of defects in material and for ensuring that corrective actions are effective.
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13 PIESA 1001:2004

4.9.2 General control of non-conforming material

The treater shall establish and maintain procedures (that include identification, segregation and
disposal, as appropriate), for controlling material that does not comply with the requirements of this
specification.

All material that does not comply with the requirements of this specification shall be clearly
identified to prevent unauthorized use, shipment or mixing with other material and shall be kept
separate from other material.

4.10 Quality requirements

4.10.1 Quality planning documentation

To become an approved supplier, a supplier shall establish and submit to the utility, the following
documents for review and acceptance as specified in schedule A:

4.10.1.1 A quality management system; and

4.10.1.2 An inspection and test plan.

4.10.2 Release of poles from a treatment plant

4.10.2.1 All poles and cross-arms shall be subjected to a final inspection and test by the treater’s
quality control personnel. Each pole shall be incrementally bored after treatment at the mid-point of
the pole in line with the fixed label to verify the correct solid penetration of creosote. The creosote
penetration shall be recorded and be traceable to, the unique serial number of the pole which shall
be fixed to the galvanized metal tag on the butt end of the pole.

4.10.2.2 Only after poles and cross-arms have been checked by the responsible quality control
personnel, and have passed all the relevant acceptance criteria defined in this specification, shall
the coloured labels referred to in 4.8.2 be attached. These coloured labels shall also serve to
indicate that poles/cross-arms have been inspected, tested and confirmed as complying in all
respects with the requirements of this specification.

All poles which do not meet the requirements of this specification shall be physically marked by
suitable means, and segregated from the conforming product.

4.10.3 Audits on plants

The utility reserves the right to audit quality management systems, and verify all goods for
conformance during any stage of production, and after delivery. The utility or its inspection
authority/agency (or both) will conduct random product, process or quality management systems
audits/inspection (or both) at the treatment plant, utility storage yards and construction sites for the
purpose of verifying the continued product compliance with the requirements of this specification.
These audits/inspections may be performed without any prior notification to the treater.

The utility or its appointed inspection authority shall be afforded access to all areas of all plants
operated by the treater. Similarly all quality system documentation, records, reports etc., shall be
made available for review when requested by the utility or its appointed inspection authority/agency.
The treater shall give written permission to its product and quality management system certification
bodies, and any inspection authority acting on its behalf, to make available all information at their
disposal, and without any reservation, for review by the utility, or its appointed inspection
authority/agency.
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PIESA 1001:2004 14

If the utility or its inspection authority/agency identifies any non-conforming products during the
conduct of its audits/inspections, the treater shall be deemed to be in breach of contract, and shall
be held liable for any re-work or associated replacement costs (or both). The treater shall in such
instances also be held liable for the full costs associated with the conduct of such
audits/inspections.

The nature, magnitude or frequency (or both) of non-conforming material identified by the utility or
its appointed inspection authority/agency will form the basis of action to suspend the supplier as an
approved supplier, or contract cancellation.

Inspection or waiving of inspections and audits by the utility or their representative shall not relieve
the treater of his responsibility to furnish poles complying fully with this specification.

The treating plant shall provide suitable facilities for the audits and inspection work and shall supply
any assistance necessary for the inspector to perform the audits.

5 Tests
5.1 General
The routine tests specified shall be witnessed by the purchaser or by the purchaser’s appointed
representative. At least two weeks notice is required in order to arrange for witnessing and
evaluation.

For a new species of pole to be accepted, the requirements for routine tests and type tests shall be
complied with.

5.2 Type tests

The following type tests shall be performed on a batch of 50 poles, 11 m long. The range 10,8 m to
11,5 m is acceptable. The poles shall be dried to the required moisture content as specified in
SANS 753, SANS 754 and SAZS 120.

5.2.1 Strength test

Strength tests in accordance with annex E and annex F or breaking load tests in accordance with
appendix B of SAZS 120 shall be used to calculate the average fibre stress of the poles. Check for
compliance with 4.2.6.

5.2.2 Sapwood test

The average sapwood thickness of two samples per pole or cross-arm, taken diametrically opposite
each other at the ground line for poles and at the midpoint in the case of cross-arms, shall be at
least 15 mm for the Eucalyptus species and 20 mm for the Pinus species. The sapwood thickness
shall be determined in accordance with SANS 753, SANS 754 and SANS 5987.

5.2.3 Creosote retention test

The average retention of creosote, using two samples per pole, cross-arm or spacer, shall be a
minimum of 115 kg/m3 for poles and 100 kg/m3 for cross-arms and spacers, taken diametrically
opposite each other at the ground line for poles and at the approximate midpoint in the case of
cross-arms and spacers. The net retention of creosote shall be determined in accordance with
SANS 754 and SANS 5967.

5.2.4 Modulus of elasticity (MOE) test

The MOE shall be determined in accordance with annex F of SANS 753 and annex G of SANS 754.
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15 PIESA 1001:2004

5.3 Routine tests

5.3.1 Routine sampling and inspection tests for the requirements in clause 4 shall be carried out in
accordance with annex B of SANS 753 and SANS 754 or clauses 5 and 6 of SAZS 120. Check for
compliance with the requirements of clause 4.

5.3.2 Every pole shall be routinely inspected in accordance with clause 5 of SANS 754.

5.4 Test equipment and accuracy of measurement

5.4.1 Except as allowed in terms of 5.4.4, the test and measuring equipment, gauges and tools
listed in annex A and those necessary for the controls required during production and for testing of
the final production, shall be available at the treater’s factory and shall be maintained in an
acceptable working condition.

5.4.2 The calibration accuracy of the test and measuring equipment, gauges and tools shall
comply with the national standards of the country where tests are conducted.

5.4.3 The treater shall on receipt of the equipment, gauges and tools referred to in 5.4.1, and after
that, at regular intervals which shall not exceed one year, arrange for the equipment, gauges and
tools to be verified, checked and calibrated by an accredited calibration authority. Certificates of
verification, checking and calibration shall be kept by the treater for inspection.

5.4.4 If the treater is unable to comply with the requirements of 5.4.1, then the treater shall arrange
with an accredited testing laboratory for the performance of certain specified tests.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

PIESA 1001:2004 16

Annex A
(normative)

Test equipment
The following test equipment shall be available at the treater’s factory for performing the required
tests:

a) a suitable mass-meter, for determining the mass of trolley loads of individual poles if the
sample or the weighbridge method is used, or an acceptable measuring tank of the required
accuracy if the volumetric method is used;

b) equipment for the determination of moisture content, consisting of a balance capable of

determining, to within 0,1 g, the mass of individual samples, as well as instruments for taking
samples, suitable containers for the samples and a ventilated oven capable of maintaining a
temperature of 100 °°C to 103 °C;

c) an incremental borer, or any other acceptable apparatus, for determining the depth of
penetration of the preservative;

d) instruments for measuring dimensions and angles;

e) thermometers, gauges and recorders, to indicate accurately the measurement range within
the treating tank or testing cylinder, as relevant, during all stages of treatment; and

g) when relevant, chemical reagents and applicators, to detect the presence of sapwood and
preservative components.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

17 PIESA 1001:2004

Annex B
(informative)

Guide to purchasers on preparing an enquiry

B.1 General
A model form is given in annex C to provide the purchaser with a convenient aid to purchasing. The
use of this form is intended to obviate the need for preparing a detailed technical specification.

The purchaser need only specify compliance with PIESA 1001, provide the tenderers with details of
his particular requirements, and set out the information he requires the tenderer to provide, as
indicated below.

NOTE It is assumed that tenderers are in possession of PIESA 1001.

B.2 Schedules
The model form in annex C provides the purchaser with examples of a schedule A and a
schedule B. In his enquiry, the purchaser should provide his own schedule A and schedule B,
based on these examples.

B.2.1 Schedule A
Schedule A lists the requirements to be specified by the purchaser in enquiries and orders. These
requirements include references to the relevant sub-clauses in PIESA 1001, to assist in compiling
the schedules. Where the text of any referenced standard stipulates that the purchaser shall
indicate his requirements, these requirements should also be specified in schedule A.

The purchaser should set out his particular requirements and choices in his own schedule A.

B.2.2 Schedule B
The purchaser should draw up his own schedule B (based on the schedule B in the model form),
and request the tenderer to fill in this schedule. By doing this, the tenderer will be stating
compliance with PIESA 1001 and will provide the information the purchaser has requested.

NOTE These schedules, when completed, become normative annexes to the enquiry document.

B.3 Commercial conditions

A purchaser will furthermore need to indicate the commercial conditions applicable and draw up a
price schedule. Requirements for delivery, storage, packaging and marking should be attended to
in this part of the enquiry.

B.4 Quality assurance

PIESA 1001 does not cover the purchaser's possible requirements in respect of quality assurance,
quality control, inspections, etc., since each purchaser needs to consider the criticality of the
application of each component, his own policy towards these matters, etc.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

PIESA 1001:2004 18

Annex B
(concluded)

B.5 Testing
Attention should be paid to the subject of tests and the related costs. Tests should be carried out by
a competent party and tenderers should be requested to provide assurances on this point. Price
schedules should be so drawn up and covering letters so worded that the costs of all services such
as tests, delivery and spares are declared and allowed for in the tender.

Before type tests, routine tests and sample tests are carried out, the number of samples used and
the frequency of sampling should be agreed upon with the supplier.

B.6 Revision of standards used as normative references

PIESA 1001, as has been indicated, is based on a set of defined standards, which may have been
revised or amended. It may be expected that most purchasers would, in principle, wish to employ
the latest standards. It is recommended that an approach to this question be to secure an
undertaking from a supplier to review the latest versions and amendments and to incorporate these
where possible and agreeable to both parties. A blanket commitment to work to the "latest" versions
of standards creates legal difficulties of interpretation and risks for both parties and should be
properly assessed. This invariably cannot be done in the time available.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

19 PIESA 1001:2004

Annex C
(informative)

Model form for schedules A and B

The model form is provided as a convenient aid to purchasing. Guidance on preparing an enquiry
using this form is given in Annex B.

Schedule A: Purchaser’s specific requirements

Schedule B: Particulars of equipment to be supplied (to be completed by tenderer).

Item Subclause Description Schedule A Schedule B

C.1 4.1 Species used xxxxxxxxx ________
4.1 Region of source xxxxxxxxx ________
C.2 Pole details
4.2.1 Length xxxxxxxxx ________
4.2.1 Top diameter thickness xxxxxxxxx ________
C.3 Cross-arm details
4.2.2 Length xxxxxxxxx ________
4.2.2 Top diameter thickness xxxxxxxxx ________
C.4 Rectangular cross-arm details
4.2.3 Length xxxxxxxxx ________
4.2.3 Top diameter thickness xxxxxxxxx ________
C.5 4.3.4 Stacking of poles within three months after felling ________ xxxxxxxxx
C.6 4.5.1.1 Travelling time between stack drying yard and ________ xxxxxxxxx
treating plant
C.7 4.7.2 Mininum retention of creosote ________ xxxxxxxxx
C.8 General details
4.8.1.2 i) Supplier xxxxxxxxx ________
4.8.1.2 j) Purchaser designation xxxxxxxxx ________
4.8.1.3 Label on pole fixed 3,5 m from butt ________ xxxxxxxxx
4.8.3 Galvanized metal tag Yes xxxxxxxxx
4.10.1 Quality planning documents required? Yes/No ________
C.9 5.2 and 5.3 Standard to which testing and inspection will be xxxxxxxxx ________
performed: SANS 753, SANS 754 or SAZS 120
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

PIESA 1001:2004 20

Annex D
(informative)

Hazard class categories

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Minimum Minimum
Hazard Exposure Timber Preservative average net preservative
End use retention penetration
class class application type
3
kg/m mm
H4 Exterior Timber in direct Distribution Creosote 115 15 (Eucalyptus)
ground contact with the poles 30 (Pinus)
contact ground
H3 Exterior Timber not in Cross-arms CCA 12 15 Eucalyptus)
above direct contact and 20 (Pinus)
ground with the ground spacers or or
but exposed to
leaching and Creosote 100
weathering
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

21 PIESA 1001:2004

Annex E
(normative)

Dimensions and strength values for pine poles and cross-arms

NOTE Extracted from SANS 753:1994.

Table E.1 — Dimensions and strength values for pine poles and cross-arms

1 2 3 4 5 6
Force required to cause a
Minimum top Minimum diameter at Minimum diameter at fibre stress of 55 MPa
Length a a
diameter theoretical ground line midpoint Cantilever Midpoint
b c
loading loading
m mm mm mm kN kN
1,5 80 – 83,75 – 9,76
1,5 100 – 103,75 – 18,55
1,5 120 – 123,75 – 31,49
1,5 140 – 143,75 – 49,35
1,5 160 – 165,75 – 72,95
2,0 80 82,5 85 7,57 7,37
2,0 100 102,5 105 14,52 13,89
2,0 120 122,5 125 24,78 23,44
2,0 140 142,5 145 39,01 36,58
2,0 160 162,5 165 57,84 53,90
2,5 80 85 86,25 3,68 6,03
2,5 100 105 106,25 6,94 11,26
2,5 120 125 126,25 11,70 18,90
2,5 140 145 146,25 18,27 29,38
2,5 160 165 166,25 26,91 43,15
3,0 100 107,5 107,5 4,78 9,58
3,0 120 127,5 127,5 7,98 15,99
3,0 140 147,5 147,5 12,36 24,75
3,0 160 167,5 167,5 18,10 36,25
3,0 180 187,5 187,5 25,39 50,85
3,5 100 110 108,75 3,78 8,42
3,5 120 130 128,75 6,24 13,97
3,5 140 150 148,75 9,58 21,54
3,5 160 170 168,75 13,94 31,45
4,5 100 115 111,25 2,83 6,92
4,5 120 135 131,25 4,57 11,36
4,5 140 155 151,25 6,92 17,38
4,5 160 175 171,25 9,97 25,23
4,5 180 195 191,25 13,79 35,14
6,0 80 102,5 95 1,49 3,43
6,0 100 122,5 115 2,54 6,08
6,0 120 142,5 135 4,00 9,84
6,0 140 162,5 155 5,93 14,89
6,0 160 182,5 175 8,40 21,44
6,0 180 202,5 195 11,48 29,66
7,0 80 107,5 97,5 1,37 3,13
7,0 100 127,5 117,5 2,28 5,47
7,0 120 147,5 137,5 3,53 8,77
7,0 140 167,5 157,5 5,17 13,19
7,0 160 187,5 177,5 7,25 18,87
7,0 180 207,5 197,5 9,83 26,00
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

PIESA 1001:2004 22

Table E.1 (concluded)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Force required to cause a
Minimum top Minimum diameter at Minimum diameter at fibre stress of 55 MPa
Length a a
diameter theoretical ground line midpoint Cantilever Midpoint
b c
loading loading
m mm mm mm kN kN
8,0 80 112,5 100 1,30 2,92
8,0 100 132,5 120 2,13 5,04
8,0 120 152,5 140 3,24 8,01
9,0 120 157,5 142,5 3,05 7,44
9,0 140 177,5 162,5 4,37 11,03
9,0 160 197,5 182,5 6,02 15,63
9,0 180 217,5 202,5 8,04 21,35
10,0 140 182,5 165 4,15 10,32
10,0 160 202,5 185 5,67 14,55
10,0 180 222,5 205 7,52 19,80
10,0 200 242,5 225 9,73 26,17
11,0 140 187,5 167,5 3,99 9,76
11,0 160 207,5 187,5 5,41 13,69
11,0 180 227,5 207,5 7,13 18,55
11,0 200 247,5 227,5 9,19 24,45
11,0 220 267,5 247,5 11,60 31,49
12,0 140 192,5 170 3,89 9,31
12,0 160 212,5 190 5,23 13,00
12,0 180 232,5 210 6,85 17,55
12,0 200 252,5 230 8,77 23,05
12,0 220 272,5 250 11,02 29,60
13,0 140 197,5 172,5 3,81 8,94
13,0 160 217,5 192,5 5,09 12,42
13,0 180 237,5 212,5 6,63 16,71
13,0 200 257,5 232,5 8,45 21,89
13,0 220 277,5 252,5 10,57 28,04
14,0 160 222,5 195 4,99 11,95
14,0 180 242,5 215 6,46 16,02
14,0 200 262,5 235 8,20 20,92
14,0 220 282,5 255 10,22 26,73
15,0 160 227,5 197,5 4,92 11,55
15,0 180 247,5 217,5 6,34 15,43
15,0 200 267,5 237,5 8,00 20,09
15,0 220 287,5 257,5 9,93 25,61
16,0 160 232,5 200 4,88 11,22
16,0 180 252,5 220 6,24 14,93
16,0 200 272,5 240 7,85 19,39
16,0 220 292,5 260 9,71 24,65
18,0 160 242,5 205 4,84 10,69
18,0 180 262,5 225 6,13 14,14
18,0 200 282,5 245 7,65 18,25
a
Based on the minimum top diameter given in column 2 and a taper of 5 mm per m of length.
b
Calculated using the formula given in C.1.3 of SANS 753.
c
Calculated using the formula given in C.2.3 of SANS 753.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

23 PIESA 1001:2004

Annex F
(normative)

Dimensions and strength values for eucalyptus poles and cross-arms

NOTE Extracted from SANS 754:1994.

Table F.1 — Dimensions and strength values for eucalyptus poles and cross-arms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Force required to Force required to
Minimum
Minimum Minimum cause a fibre stress of cause a fibre stress of
diameter at
Length top diameter at 55 MPa 75 MPa
theoretical a
diameter a midpoint Cantilever Midpoint Cantilever Midpoint
ground line b c b c
loading loading loading loading
m mm mm mm kN kN kN Kn
1,5 80 – 83,75 – 9,76 – 13,31
1,5 100 – 103,75 – 18,55 – 25,30
1,5 120 – 123,75 – 31,49 – 42,94
1,5 140 – 143,75 – 49,35 – 67,30
1,5 160 – 163,75 – 72,95 – 99,48
2,0 80 82,5 85 7,57 7,37 10,32 10,05
2,0 100 102,5 105 14,52 13,89 19,76 18,94
2,0 120 122,5 125 24,78 23,44 33,79 31,96
2,0 140 142,5 145 39,01 36,58 53,19 49,88
2,0 160 162,5 165 57,84 53,90 78,88 73,50
2,5 80 85 86,25 3,68 6,03 5,02 8,22
2,5 100 105 106,25 6,94 11,26 9,46 15,36
2,5 120 125 126,25 11,70 18,90 15,96 25,77
2,5 140 145 146,25 18,27 29,38 24,91 40,06
2,5 160 165 166,25 26,91 43,15 36,70 58,84
3,0 100 107,5 107,5 4,78 9,58 6,52 13,07
3,0 120 127,5 127,5 7,98 15,99 10,89 21,80
3,0 140 147,5 147,5 12,36 24,75 16,85 33,76
3,0 160 167,5 167,5 18,10 36,25 24,68 49,43
3,0 180 187,5 187,5 25,39 50,85 34,62 69,34
3,5 100 110 108,75 3,78 8,42 5,15 11,48
3,5 120 130 128,75 6,24 13,97 8,50 19,05
3,5 140 150 148,75 9,58 21,54 13,06 29,38
3,5 160 170 168,75 13,94 31,45 19,01 42,89
4,5 100 115 111,25 2,83 6,92 3,86 9,43
4,5 120 135 131,25 4,57 11,36 6,24 15,49
4,5 140 155 151,25 6,92 17,38 9,44 23,70
4,5 160 175 171,25 9,97 25,23 13,59 34,40
4,5 180 195 191,25 13,79 35,14 18,80 47,91
6,0 80 102,5 95 1,49 3,43 2,03 4,68
6,0 100 122,5 115 2,54 6,08 3,47 8,30
6,0 120 142,5 135 4,00 9,84 5,46 13,42
6,0 140 162,5 155 5,93 14,89 8,09 20,31
6,0 160 182,5 175 8,40 21,44 11,46 29,23
6,0 180 202,5 195 11,48 29,66 15,66 40,44
7,0 80 107,5 97,5 1,37 3,13 1,86 4,27
7,0 100 127,5 117,5 2,28 5,47 3,11 7,47
7,0 120 147,5 137,5 3,53 8,77 4,82 11,96
7,0 140 167,5 157,5 5,17 13,19 7,05 17,98
7,0 160 187,5 177,5 7,25 18,87 9,89 25,74
7,0 180 207,5 197,5 9,83 26,00 13,41 35,45
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

PIESA 1001:2004 24

Table F.1 (concluded)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Force required to Force required to
Minimum
Minimum Minimum cause a fibre stress of cause a fibre stress of
diameter at
Length top diameter at 55 MPa 75 MPa
theoretical a
diameter a midpoint Cantilever Midpoint Cantilever Midpoint
ground line b c b c
loading loading loading loading
m mm mm mm kN kN kN kN
8,0 80 112,5 100 1,30 2,92 1,77 3,98
8,0 100 132,5 120 2,13 5,04 2,90 6,88
8,0 120 152,5 140 3,24 8,01 4,42 10,92
8,0 140 172,5 160 4,69 11,96 6,40 16,30
8,0 160 192,5 180 6,52 17,02 8,89 23,21
8,0 180 212,5 200 8,77 23,35 11,96 31,84
9,0 120 157,5 142,5 3,05 7,44 4,16 10,15
9,0 140 177,5 162,5 4,37 11,03 5,96 15,05
9,0 160 197,5 182,5 6,02 15,63 8,21 21,31
9,0 180 217,5 202,5 8,04 21,35 10,96 29,12
10,0 140 182,5 165 4,15 10,32 5,66 14,08
10,0 160 202,5 185 5,67 14,55 7,73 19,84
10,0 180 222,5 205 7,52 19,80 10,25 26,99
10,0 200 242,5 225 9,73 26,17 13,27 36,69
11,0 140 187,5 167,5 3,99 9,76 5,46 13,31
11,0 160 207,5 187,5 5,41 13,69 7,38 18,67
11,0 180 227,5 207,5 7,13 18,55 9,73 25,30
11,0 200 247,5 227,5 9,19 24,45 12,53 33,35
11,0 220 267,5 247,5 11,60 31,49 15,81 42,94
12,0 140 192,5 170 3,89 9,31 5,30 12,70
12,0 160 212,5 190 5,23 13,00 7,13 17,72
12,0 180 232,5 210 6,85 17,55 9,33 23,93
12,0 200 252,5 230 8,77 23,05 11,96 31,43
12,0 220 272,5 250 11,02 29,60 15,03 40,37
13,0 140 197,5 172,5 3,81 8,94 5,20 12,19
13,0 160 217,5 192,5 5,09 12,42 6,94 16,94
13,0 180 237,5 212,5 6,63 16,71 9,04 22,79
13,0 200 257,5 232,5 8,45 21,89 11,52 29,85
13,0 220 277,5 252,5 10,57 28,04 14,42 38,24
14,0 160 222,5 195 4,99 11,95 6,81 16,30
14,0 180 242,5 215 6,46 16,02 8,81 21,84
14,0 200 262,5 235 8,20 20,92 11,18 28,53
14,0 220 282,5 255 10,22 26,73 13,93 36,44
15,0 160 227,5 197,5 4,92 11,55 6,71 15,76
15,0 180 247,5 217,5 6,34 15,43 8,64 21,04
15,0 200 267,5 237,5 8,00 20,09 10,91 27,40
15,0 220 287,5 257,5 9,93 25,61 13,55 34,92
16,0 160 232,5 200 4,88 11,22 6,65 15,30
16,0 180 252,5 220 6,24 14,93 8,52 20,36
16,0 200 272,5 240 7,85 19,39 10,70 26,44
16,0 220 292,5 260 9,71 24,65 13,24 33,61
18,0 160 242,5 205 4,84 10,69 6,60 14,58
18,0 180 262,5 225 6,13 14,14 8,37 19,28
18,0 200 282,5 245 7,65 18,25 10,43 24,89
a
Based on the minimum top diameter given in column 2 and a taper of 5 mm per m of length.
b
Calculated using the formula given in C.1.3 of SANS 754.
c
Calculated using the formula given in C.2.3 of SANS 754.
This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

25 PIESA 1001:2004

Annex G
(informative)

Volumes of pine and eucalyptus poles and cross-arms

Table G.1 — Dimensions and corresponding volumes for poles and cross-arms

1 2 3
Minimum top
Length Volume
diameter
3
m mm m
1,5 80 0,0107
1,5 100 0,0156
1,5 120 0,0216
1,5 140 0,0284
1,5 160 0,0362
2,0 80 0,0148
2,0 100 0,0215
2,0 120 0,0295
2,0 140 0,0387
2,0 160 0,0492
2,5 80 0,0191
2,5 100 0,0277
2,5 120 0,0378
2,5 140 0,0495
2,5 160 0,0627
3,0 100 0,0342
3,0 120 0,0465
3,0 140 0,0607
3,0 160 0,0768
3,0 180 0,0947
3,5 100 0,0411
3,5 120 0,0566
3,5 140 0,0724
3,5 160 0,0913
4,5 100 0,0559
4,5 120 0,0751
4,5 140 0,0971
4,5 160 0,1219
4,5 180 0,1496
6,0 80 0,0581
6,0 100 0,0809
6,0 120 0,1075
6,0 140 0,1378
6,0 160 0,1719
6,0 180 0,2098
7,0 80 0,0721
7,0 100 0,0995
7,0 120 0,1312
7,0 140 0,1674
7,0 160 0,2080
7,0 180 0,2530
8,0 80 0,0875
8,0 100 0,1197
8,0 120 0,1569
8,0 140 0,1991
8,0 160 0,2463
8,0 180 0,2986
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

PIESA 1001:2004 26

Table G.1 (concluded)

1 2 3
Minimum top
Length Volume
diameter
3
m mm m
9,0 120 0,1844
9,0 140 0,2329
9,0 160 0,2870
9,0 180 0,3468
10,0 140 0,2688
10,0 160 0,3301
10,0 180 0,3976
10,0 200 0,4714
11,0 140 0,3070
11,0 160 0,3756
11,0 180 0,4511
11,0 200 0,5335
11,0 220 0,6228
12,0 140 0,3474
12,0 160 0,4236
12,0 180 0,5073
12,0 200 0,5985
12,0 220 0,6973
13,0 140 0,3902
13,0 160 0,4742
13,0 180 0,5663
13,0 200 0,6665
13,0 220 0,7750
14,0 160 0,5274
14,0 180 0,6281
14,0 200 0,7376
14,0 220 0,8559
15,0 160 0,5832
15,0 180 0,6928
15,0 200 0,8119
15,0 220 0,9402
16,0 160 0,6418
16,0 180 0,7605
16,0 200 0,8891
16,0 220 1,0279
18,0 160 0,7675
18,0 180 0,9049
18,0 200 1,0536
NOTE To ensure compliance with
retention requirements and to reduce
the possibility of undertreatment, a
taper of 7 mm/m has been accepted
as the norm for volume calculations.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

27 PIESA 1001:2004

Bibliography
BS 1990-1:1984, Wood poles for overhead power and telecommunication lines – Part 1:
Specification for softwood poles.

© Standards South Africa