Course Name Branch Subject Name Sub Code Semester Unit No.
[Link]. EE Signals and EE-203F III 1
Systems
INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS:
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Anything that carries information can be called a signal. Signals constitute an important part of
our daily life. A Signal is defined as a single- valued function of one or more independent variables
which contain some information. A signal may also be defined as any physical quantity that varies
with time, space or any other independent variable. A signal may be represented in time domain
or frequency domain. Human speech is a familiar example of a signal. Electric current and voltage
are also examples of signals. A signal can be a function of one or more independent variables. A
signal can be a function of time, temperature, position, pressure, distance etc. If a signal depends
on only one independent variable, it is called a one-dimensional signal, and if a signal depends on
two independent variable, it is called a two-dimensional signal.
1.2 REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE TIME SAIGNALS
Discrete-time signals are signals which are defined only at discrete instants of time. For those
signals, the amplitude between the two time instants is just not defined. For discrete time signal
the independent variable is time n, and it is represented by x(n).
There are following four ways of representing discrete-time signals:
1. Graphical representation
2. Functional representation
3. Tabular representation
4. Sequence representation
What is Signal?
It is representation of physical quantity (Sound, temperature, intensity, Pressure, etc)
which varies with respect to time or space or independent or dependent variable.
or
It is single valued function which carries information by means of Amplitude,
Frequency and Phase.
Example: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires etc.
.
Signal with different Phases, Amplitudes and Frequencies
.
Classification of Signals
Types of Signals with respect to no. of variables or dimensions
▶ One Dimensional or 1-D Signal: If the signal is function of only one variable or If Signal
value varies with respect to only one variable, then it is called “One Dimensional or 1-D Signal”
Examples: Audio Signal, Biomedical Signals, temperature Signal etc.., in which
signal is function “time”
.
Classification of Signals
▶ Two Dimensional or 2-D Signal: If the signal is function of two variable or If Signal value
varies with respect to two variable then it is called “Two Dimensional or 2-D Signal”
Examples: Image Signal in which intensity is function of two spatial co-ordinates “X”
& “Y” i,.e I (X,Y)
▶ Three Dimensional or 3-D Signal: If the signal is function of
three variable or If Signal value varies with respect to three
variable then it is called “Three Dimensional or 3-D Signal”
Examples: Video Signal in which intensity is function of two spatial
co-ordinates “X” & “Y” and also time “t” i.e v(x,y,t)
.
Classification of Signals
Types of Signal with respect to nature of the signal
Continuous Time Signal (CTS) or Analog Signal :
If the signal values continuously varies with respect to time then it is called “Continuous Time
Signal (CTS) or Analog Signal “. It contains infinite set of values and it is represented as shown
below.
Digital Signal: If the signal contains only two values then it is called “Digital Signal”.
Discrete Time Signal (DTS):
If signal contain discrete set of values with respect to time then it is called “Discrete Time
Signal (DTS)”. It contains finite set of values. Sampling process converts Continuous time signal
in to Discrete time signal.
.
Representation of Discrete Time Signal (DTS)
.
Basic Types of Signals
▶ Unit Step Function
Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = 1 when t ≥ 0
and 0 when t < 0
▶ It is used as best test signal.
▶ Area under unit step function is unity.
.
Basic Types of Signals
➢ Unit Impulse Function
Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as δ(t) ={ 0; 𝑡≠0
∞; 𝑡=0}
.
Basic Types of Signals
▶ Ramp Signal
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as r(t) =
Area under unit ramp is unity.
.
Basic Types of Signals
▶ Parabolic Signal
Parabolic signal can be defined as x(t) =
.
Basic Types of Signals
▶ Signum Function
Signum function is denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as sgn(t) =
.
Basic Types of Signals
▶ Exponential Signal
Exponential signal is in the form of x(t) = eαt
The shape of exponential can be defined by α.
Case i: if α = 0 → x(t) = e0= 1
Case ii: if α< 0 i.e. -ve then x(t) = e−αt,
The shape is called decaying exponential.
Case iii: if α> 0 i.e. +ve then x(t) = eαt,
The shape is called raising exponential.
.
Basic Types of Signals
Rectangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t) and it is defined as
.
Basic Types of Signals
Triangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t),
Sinusoidal Signal
Sinusoidal signal is in the form of x(t) = A cos(w0±ϕ) or A sin(w0±ϕ)
Where T0 = 2π/w0
.
Classification of Signals
Signals are classified into the following categories:
▶ Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
▶ Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
▶ Even and Odd Signals
▶ Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
▶ Energy and Power Signals
▶ Real and Imaginary Signals
.
Classification of Signals
▶ Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.
A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time.
.
Classification of Signals
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any
instant of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula are known as
deterministic signals.
A signal is said to be non-deterministic if
there is uncertainty with respect to its value
at some instant of time. Non-deterministic signals
are random in nature hence they are called
random signals. Random signals cannot be
described by a mathematical equation.
They are modelled in probabilistic terms. .
Classification of Signals
Even and Odd signals
A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(-t)
Example 1: t2, t4… cost etc.
Let x(t) = t2
x(-t) = (-t)2 = t2 = x(t)
∴ t2 is even function
Example 2: As shown in the following diagram, rectangle function x(t) = x(-t) so it is also even function.
A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x(-t)
.
Classification of Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n + N).
Where, T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.
The above signal will repeat for every time interval T0 hence it is periodic with period T0.
.
Classification of Signals
Energy and Power Signals
A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.
A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.
NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal may be neither
energy nor power signal.
Power of energy signal = 0 and Energy of power signal = ∞
.
Classification of Signals
Real and Imaginary Signals
A signal is said to be real when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x*(t)
A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x*(t)
Example:
If x(t)= 3 then x*(t)=3*=3, here x(t) is a real signal.
If x(t)= 3j then x*(t)=3j* = -3j = -x(t), hence x(t) is a odd signal.
Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero. Similarly for an imaginary signal,
real part should be zero.
.
Basic Operations on Signals
There are two variable parameters in general:
▶ Amplitude
▶ Time
The following operation can be performed with amplitude:
Amplitude Scaling
C x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a
factor C.
Basic Operations on Signals
Addition
Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding amplitudes. This
can be best explained by using the following example:
As seen from the previous diagram,
-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
Basic Operations on Signals
Subtraction
subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding amplitudes.
This can be best explained by the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,
-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1 3
< t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2
Basic Operations on Signals
Multiplication
Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their corresponding
amplitudes.
This can be best explained by the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,
-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 0 ×2 = 0
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 ×2 = 2
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0
Basic Operations on Signals
The following operations can be performed with time:
Time Shifting
x(t ±t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).
x (t + t0) →negative shift x (t -
t0) →positive shift
Basic Operations on Signals
Time Scaling
x(At) is time scaled version of the signal x(t). where A is always positive.
|A| > 1 → Compression of the signal
|A| < 1 → Expansion of the signal
Note: u(at) = u(t) time scaling is not applicable for unit step function.
Basic Operations on Signals
Time Reversal
x(-t) is the time reversal of the signal x(t).
System Definition
What is System?
System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate on signals and produces
corresponding response. Input to a system is called as excitation and output from it is
called as response.
For one or more inputs, the system can have one or more outputs.
Example: Communication System
Classification of Systems
Systems are classified into the following categories:
▶ linear and Non-linear Systems
▶ Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
▶ linear Time variant and linear Time invariant systems
▶ Static and Dynamic Systems
▶ Causal and Non-causal Systems
▶ Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
▶ Stable and Unstable Systems
Classification of Systems
Linear and Non-linear Systems
A system is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and homogenate principles. Consider two
systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t), y2(t) respectively. Then, according to the
superposition and homogenate principles,
T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 T[x1(t)] + a2 T[x2(t)]
∴ T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)
From the above expression, is clear that response of overall system is equal to response of individual system.
Example: y(t) = x2(t)
Solution:
y1 (t) = T[x1(t)] = x12(t)
y2 (t) = T[x2(t)] = x22(t)
T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = [ a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)]2
Which is not equal to a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t). Hence the system is said to be non linear.
Classification of Systems
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
A system is said to be time variant if its input and output characteristics vary with time.
Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant. The condition for time invariant system
is: y (n , t) = y(n-t)
The condition for time variant system is:
y (n , t) ≠ y(n-t)
Where y (n , t) = T[x(n-t)] = input change
y (n-t) = output change
Example:
y(n) = x(-n)
y(n, t) = T[x(n-t)] = x(-n-t)
y(n-t) = x(-(n-t)) = x(-n + t)
∴ y(n, t) ≠ y(n-t). Hence, the system is time variant.
Classification of Systems
Liner Time variant (LTV) and Liner Time Invariant
(LTI) Systems
If a system is both liner and time variant, then it
is called liner time variant (LTV) system.
If a system is both liner and time Invariant
then that system is called liner time invariant
(LTI)
system.
Static and Dynamic Systems
Static system is memory-less whereas dynamic
system is a memory system.
Example 1: y(t) = 2 x(t)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0)
= 2x(0). Here, the output is only dependent
upon present input. Hence the system is
memory less or static.
Example 2: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) =
2x(0) + 3x(-3).
Here x(-3) is past value for the present input for
which the system requires memory to get
this output. Hence, the system is a dynamic
system.
Classification of Systems
Causal and Non-Causal Systems
A system is said to be causal if its output
depends upon present and past inputs,
and does not depend upon future input.
For non causal system, the output depends
upon future inputs also.
Example 1: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) =
2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon
present and past inputs. Hence, the system is
causal.
Example 2: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) =
2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4) Here, the system
output depends upon future input. Hence the
system is non-causal system.
Classification of Systems
Invertible and Non-Invertible systems
A system is said to invertible if the input of the
system appears at the output.
Y(S) = X(S) H1(S) H2(S)
= X(S) H1(S) · 1(H1(S))
Since H2(S) = 1/( H1(S) )
∴ Y(S) = X(S)
→ y(t) = x(t)
Hence, the system is invertible.
If y(t) ≠ x(t), then the system is said to be non-
invertible.
Classification of Systems
Stable and Unstable Systems
The system is said to be stable only when the
output is bounded for bounded input. For a
bounded input, if the output is unbounded in
the system then it is said to be unstable.
Note: For a bounded signal, amplitude is finite.
Example 1: y (t) = x2(t)
Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input)
then the output y(t) = u2(t) = u(t) = bounded
output.
Hence, the system is stable.
Example 2: y (t) = ∫x(t)dt
Let the input is u (t) (unit step bounded
input) then the output y(t) = ∫u(t)dt =
ramp signal (unbounded because
amplitude of ramp is not finite it goes to
infinite when t → infinite).
Hence, the system is unstable.
