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 Atesan poduct d sel l doRO
aal des
Then tu s t
e A R r dBbe Tup hlls CastOgan
tog, an
4 Calles u Cas
aEA a d bEK ,
of9e
andl (in
yais (a,b) se t
,
Plooluet
) Gos ploduct a )
o d u et
by Art. Thuf
AxR. Theus
d
d donelod
deneCI by
i oaa) 4nd bEE
(a,/aeA
AXB
bEB andaa
ExA SA) /
b)4b,a)
4BXA

he
ad B:{7,3
h S ) , 2 , -y
(0,3), ) o?
) » ( , 3 ) (o,1),
AB 3,3 -
(2.),(>,0),(7,-)3,),

E ixB BxA
 AA and
ta,) faeA betf
AxA
denid a A:,0-, A-o-
R-Av L), ),9,0,-),O ) (0),/o-2 (-L),-
,-
A aud ß a imcte el wlh |Al=m and (Bl-rh
AxR indte

Ax

A
B has 8 lomanti,
A hass elen
LxA wll have Sv3-KE4%elrmtk
AxB aud S K S elemsls
txA wil h a
wll

Poduct d LeTR con be ertode

The dea ACA F a an mtn-Omp se
mumbeu
a y fimde podut A,xAx
A thts K-
AK,
.

Ak
A y 48 t a bt a l l eldod k-plu
dehimed èe
w h a;tAL, lel2,- -k,
(A, ap) .
AxAx AkS(4 As* /a;eAe, i e b 3 t

(L>-), (L,(1-2,), (o, 1,0,/0,2

AxC S0) (,-2,0), (0,-2-Y
AxB 0 2 0,-2) (0, )C-- J
, ) (1,-2,-1) (0,
2,0,-
A X S X i A ) ( G 7 - )

(o,o9->UJ
Binan elation: 2ot A and B le tun k0á. Aolalio
o AtsB &ulret e cakzian poduct Ayß
olatiey Hem A [Link] R a et
Subbese Ria who aeA and beß yey u c -

olened paiu (A,b aRb and Alad e <h

wtten a
Bdaad pou , n aà ngt Relates
(a5ER
Aolatid o bby R (4,as aRb: symbrlieally, i t s
initti
byR g aeA ,bEB and arb}
aRb
ditn aR= ( a ,) :
bineu
Relatio» o n i r s , Kon
w e use
he iam Letreen lemea
p è dadheak 9lctiaip
20lacisadip Let
Aelátion,Aelatio
Sin
$i,5] B->},
A =
and a
Aap.
AXB C,2),(,4, ( , D , (5,2), (59y
kake Aelabtngip N295
w
R- (),),04),}
Relstion o n a et At Uaf )that is it
Raa
n
we y R
R aa Aelaib, o
Aelalio, on
sebset A-AxA
Ra at R Aatibo fom At4
Sit A
intlaad yirs
aeA: b)ER Ame be8j i calild
Poain Thi aot 2
t R ad demeted by Doro(R)
AL donain acA callo
beB*(a,bJER foL 4®me
Range Th set RanlR)
Ran(R)
Rand
doned by
he ange aRelatö, R t e
s t dall h
domain
Thu t
edaed pass Leleng toR
Ahich
eleno-ta t e ,
arge R Met dicemd elon
And
 A13Sj, L:{2,, 6/o
Ahektin R fm Atoe Jiven a blyra:
2R2, 2R4, 2R6, 2RI0, 3R6, 5RIo.
te R a L a dugd paú4

R 4 ) ( ) , 1 0 ) , ,6),(5,9t lorriir
lat at A-2,3,4 ad B-{24,5} .<ist devnaur
b l e ad he
each Adlaten R dolnad

tobER uat i, aRbif and Only

a a e h holstid ,
a <

- e ,4),5), (D,4,5, (4
PomR)- a,3, Ron(k)= $ 34, 53
AQItnd to bEB u ARb4 ZUalt a andb
Ae A
an bot l d numbey

R-{G33
DonR)- 3 , Ran()-S3s3
ss { mdsi khe st all wod }kongh2.
t
he elrnstt q
i)Find dfnad y VR a that
(i) Tho AAin
R n S
ot oAaered pau.
AAR im S Wuli R a
tshg v and
w
Dehine a KelaAb»
PindR,
b KoJ
diadk
dornan

R- alb aeA
&bE
B
2,,6, 21
y,a),(yY (YTY),(YT, yI)D AYR ),(3,Dbs)66)

9,7,(S3AD(Y3,D,(,3J 7); (1,3), (3,)

6 ( , ) , (4,3)(9,5),
R- a)(VA)D(1,a,(9,1 (4S)C4,4) (4,))
4+Do3,3
7ttal rume -destiet Aelatto'»g fom Aset A 6R L
e h l mumbeAaud temndn
elemen
RspCirely ha mo elomen d) thi pouen Axti
sute N eweay
u s haB as "" aiyegat m
a Alatooo 6B. Hha, to
Subst AxE
d i o n t AelatDr

JAense Bolategr a ktA L a setB

ot R e any ialot Dr fey rulaliB e
e
The w e e R, donblad by R Odond mus utuich
eoniilk Tore
Bto4 which,

R-SCba):(7,HERY
ConslauoA RY JR X
A hl st q-al adg pLSpe pefia solatidnv
e0

CS1 y za child dy
nwene t oU
Thon eacA BandC l
- a n d c-B
ad dopa hiuy
6,8,aj
k e t A- 2,3,S ond B-
A ufolkerns
lation R om
IER » ( % dindasy)
For all ys)e Axs, aId paiy.
adR as a s
wle ach K

(), ( ) , (3, 6,8) (v,(56, (5,) (5/

AxB S,6),
(5/)j
(36)
R Se,6,8),(21o
C 6 ) ( , (B,9,l,9Ciot)
Ran
PomR S2 3,
DomR
Ran R- 6,8,10j thon({)-
R 4 GAolatib,
,R4,Alatlona

R u dny solatbr,
PAoE olahio
Rafloseve Aulatibn" t R Aa ALat1Dn ona th
aRa t aef, Cal4
to tso and k
ALKorit Jelatibn)
mumb bhca
n u m b a .. hay

ortu so dall Mal

Salahon
a Rnefoni mumbel a
ital tan
a a pi eoy ARae ttran
" les than ad ruum
mlbe
egs .
ARlatidns A}al m
sdal
.

(7h Aut a
At l
call
oothe
Rehonive the Aelate, R-5DL,
aunst
¢R
as EA bUt(4,+)
m t ALfanivey
(33) R on a kot A
Aalahbn
Ahelane Alaten:

MLHOnive
i aeA hen a ap all aEA.

i aRa

tbanane
and "áFaata
latióng s log ttan"
The
b n l 4Ot all aAal mumlseAg
H Orire 1olation R n a set A
Alatue A
Non Ae{ou

iNLHOrin.

2C)»6} efaad oi
Dy thu set
et
elalo, R
The ÉRa l
6ecause
n Aefton
selaádry
å iAAOniR brcang
This TeKelatnbn i3 met
(3,3) R
) E R.
SyvCbu inodalDY): Ths Jlatio, 'R a Ael A ü

Syabu
symebuc
aRl ahen bRa e Ca,b)eR k t
Ch,a)eR
Aelato
,2,0] 4 a syrmdbu'c
K
R - ) ( ) } R,02)-b),43)j ae
R I symsbic
wmnc

elaton: #\olatin r 'an a 2at A44

AAtmrete
Rb kon bRa ve fG6)6R h e
a
aspmeiuè
ba) R
e A-137 alaÁBn.

) ,Ch3,U,I)Y 4 attrrebk
R- o n a ictAd
ilA
salatin
Relaton R ona
R
2latuèn:
antiymmebuc A ndwa
whonave (( a ,6)6R
ab)&RR
mtisyrmetac
Sauidt e hun a=b
and
ba)ER

o 29ual tw" en

elation Kos ban

h e he umbe

Alal tn
hi r a -b)
asb>
Dheset
dall
asb nd b e a
Lecause
olalo
C1D, (2,9)

R4
7/anstiv Aelatinot eatdn R ona &el A a uid
lo be barutlive (a,1)¢R andb.c)eR ha
4

(a, ER oh au a,b,ce
R ot nansitye 4,b,c eA
iarb aAd bR C
agc
en e kalatio»u thon D pal b and "A gaakiu
ttan o anual t au brrshire Aelatibns on hi sett
all a l iunf Becauese asb and beC htn a-c
ano azbad bz c dhen azC, fOv all ssal nunl
a,b
( 1,a,31,2,3
R= 61), (1a), (2,), (1D(3}
R , (2,, (1)(3)
R, i iana'tiv bt R mot Ransiive

()
&,-(,a)(D,03)-. a umehve
R0» (2)»D
lapdn
2gLuvalence olato, Rs am
eguieleres
olohon
Retbdire a)Srmebuc 3) Thansilite
 R e a ekathoy
m 60 Set qntezens z. f a s
- S(a): MEZ,yez, ) 4 diiua byey
Thon e e t R Ás n eguuvalo-ce Aolatzbo
thon -X=0 divitIA byc.
SH: Zat EeZ ,
for all E
R
R hajlanive
Ay6
dirhllk

Ry
>iR y) 6.
( 1 - ) , i 4 dvikka by
 Ry d R > (-y) Àdiviile by 6 ond
(9- dinsible ky

ádirkibe by6

R Unaive
o n guivakanc Aalatten
h t mz1-hon
Cngunee alatoy: lot a, b, méz
dbre@d
bmodulo m hy a=bfnh)
dlenedby azbrchj
a congfuent to t h modulay
a-b diutube
idato 4a met congfusnt b
dh congunee

modulom,t
wrtttn as afb (modm).
8 3 = 3 (mod) tia 83-13= 7o 4 dinge
e
3-5(md4) i 3-5)8 4 dinibka y s.
85 mod 5) vce 5-3 22a not diisbe lys

> dzb(mod ) a-b vmk p som tiguE.

guivolnce Arlasn
Tha Kelatión 0rqkulice
Fer all n t e a, b,c:

aza lnod )
") azb(mod«)
is dnta *y m .
hn b
Ta-b) divisule ky

(b-a) i
diviibte by vn.
bsa(mod r)
bEC(oolm

) A bo d ) , b-C3 dikAA bym

a-b diible kym
b)+(b-c) dvinible by
- h alarns
e u v a dDae a l a ñ i 0
aa(modm
 Rlaton R on a Aet men by
R ie
R (a,/atb u en', a,beNf cthonhpo that
euialerteelation
R-Ca,)/atbå en, a,beny

Rezdenaye: Gway atbe een

o t aeN ata-2a

alusays even a)ER

2a
R i aeftoaive
eon
Syootti lt atb

. R i Aynmltrut
even
brc
eve Let
3 1anstt lat at
alo even
afbtbtC
at2btt i also even
2b aloayf eveM
vln
R i Arkeive

helatin.
n equialence
' olefsed pb
xN whien is
ot R be tte
Oalion I PAere tAar
ad-bc. Pteve
ad-bc hatR-a a
andlonby
CA,b)RC,A) ad-cb 0
equvaltnc KolatienHat
c f - de
)Riylorie R) aply)EQ
Kmanatat,ab
- ba
ad'ypf- 4bde
e
6,b)R.(a, ) a f be
a f eb
R sonivt
(ab) R (ef
ie: et (4) R(Cd R anme
)Sup ad-b6
da-cb ÁRra, R g eguivaloa
R famabuct helohsn
pelem' ne the maúise t e ulatuón R en A st«
alofinccd by aRb a,bé Z ahd ab20
Aot aez, Thona-a 4zo
ez
So aRa Aetds pt all a
terce, R Al{aive
et a,b6z uol aRb
ab>o
ba>o
bRa

ot a,b,CEZ and arb, bRc

ab 20, bc20
ab b c o
acb 0
ac70 poudeol b4o
ie btoD

e 4 a-2,b-o, c-
b 0 z0

a c = x - 3 -6 o
aczo
alusays mpy
doe
bc7o
Henco bZD
tiansäv Sueh
So Ris not h R a l n u m b e s

elato,
7Olztion d BAe St equiualuer

R
RA R =DEz
a-b
am tega a e z , 4 - a

ä Rb eorire
because
cause n any
. ' a - b e

( ) R a

b R a

.R wneut

bRc, ktn
aRb
avol nlige
ale
b-c
asd
a-b
a-b
) a - C
-bHb-9n
(a-btb-C)

nla R
an
a l s 0
R _ hangine

aRC " R an egluiaet 30alio

 auom R in
be 0 inad hat aRy J H al 1yeT
hes a t Rá g an 2quuivaloncealation inT
) t aeI, hn nce - t all eT
oRA
R 3 0jOniN Gie

yR Given,
R aiuc
Ond Y Ry and yRz
) e t y,z 6I
)
- y andy

ioAsdve
Ris R7
a n esuvaltnee
Alalo
nolaton Dn S)>3YSK}
Coda * pllery
R - 5 li-il=»} REyrmekr 9
baritir
R Rafoaive ?
otA 356}

R 0):]i-jl=3
S3, (3,()s2(D(9, ()s1.

6)R

(eR (j, ) alo ¬R

t Uantive dhe fn all Cs) aud (j, )tR.
R
R
k)es net belong tor
e(24) and ) ER
but, R'.
R m e t uanithe.
gaValenee class:
Lot R 4e an egu' valtnet aLaton On a det A a d
Aol a c . The 2gut'valence clas a , denotes a )

a t ane limkad a dyhl Acladtaan R f a

ton
ha euidlence nalatio
4as a
R-Scad, , (bA (b,5) CJ>A-S4,6j
follorsingeu l n c i closy.

{nen:arkj RC
fal fal: Sren aRa a, A
Sa, b #ne zopese-dlt
ogentati and clauC
class fa) has tov

alasaile
n hi plne aud
a m eguivalonce Kolatior,
the euivalorce cAasse.

R as

Ao (a,b) R{a,)
R Aonine
arb
vi) )R(a,i) -
(a,5) R()
R Symmibi.

( R ( 4 , ) nd (4,5
R(Cd)
i)

R Konsthivt.
KOCaluon

tCrc k n Cgu valtnco

eyuesaltnce Larse
te oigin. Tho
CKom
 J )

octanc ugh u v alce

classes aN Cocelu cdicls cebi d ht
on
O
k elaluo
R a
40 l
ndey2 2 efho
R S(,):X¬ Z,JEZ , 7-y divizle by.y
Decube ivalep
So LOe Can AJady vny hat R - n egu'salIae
Jolaton on we
Can dolovne robe
atuvrlont clanp as olle
Fo each mtigea
a tZ: aRaj

ez -4:3k, fos domd vnligen t

= eX : 3kt4, 60n0 leger k}

Lol -6)-3,34,

8 , - , ,57,0, - J
-8,-
XEZX-3Kt2, ot
31- 7,-9,), 2 , 5 , .
-6,-3,3, 5 1,2,
-S-2,), 4,,J,3
4, , 5, 1,t,

- No1E fm egpuv alonep

partnb
 uobit Aet: The collochon all laaadnca clas
clax
(di) iduceo dar
()* eAornli A detrmhol ykkAe euivdbneo kolato
3 doneaa by and fnad ay
R on A
3aca)
Olatao) on AL ZOt A: S+35
c t R be he guuivalencr
eg:
and R(U), OD),,(32, (11) (9(15), (5
inducad
parin A byR.
Fund t
AJA,3,45j
(4D4Y /54) 4,5) (5sd
R- D, (0),-)6),
-4

autitkons and cK
A A
A, A n shal eacs
bea ien set
-

dot S and U
) da
sulset O} S anod UA- S
S.
A; u,>) the osog
ds and tue
.

callod a Coveuh -s
Coveh
tk et A o Ceven s
goud covel ,*
Am ae
Aubiet Osae OS Ca miutuall
A,A yhich
arl Aubey
eloments A callad a
#on A
diut
a Callsol Athi blocks k t
A
A,A
pathon.

A a m o n - empy seR arol

a hb'on Set Kat
tki S u b e OA Aset
A, A
A
T s calleed a pantion set }A it
oloroCad by
, i4i (" Ai-A
u n Aj
PLpolomot A 4,bC od, e,fi 3, h,i
A,apt,dy ,

P 4,b a, ej Ae} iol pat hd-g

ot Afa,b,d,
cerhdo A, -[a, A-{ A^-S
=a cj patnons 9A ae

A Sab, As b,«),
T7A,AA

Aa AJ
A

Ao A- A 6,),F9

A,9A-, A2(¥=B
AaAg
hUROA A

paritiondtcane
AynA

1SA,
hyAj AuAyts#
Aot
s ibe

kulale defineol ona,

euivalene
NDTE t R be am onA
apatrdn
R nduc 10aNan D1 f-b 34,5
ecavalena
otR k
th
ancad bye
.

hd pruthbs A

A/RSE.[)

- S),13
et A-{'3,4Y -

Fr tke lzuanltne Aslahan

s t A dotirmuae Ahe patho tinducod.

, - 2 J , -S3,4}, [-{3a
equivaluee classe only C and
5the
osthet 3(myaAnce ckaga
atct
the p a t t n . Th a parthn
A induced by n

ad he aguivalno
A-L2,3,%G
Conda da at
olatuon (,O)(,) , 6,), (,) L¢
R 0. qleytaofonA
(S4,S,S} induueed by R
to ttt patnin c
 -15 4h padinb neueeod byx.
P[l3,[
t-[lo[y[
w osee Met patrnn P
patrhdo
ernwodon she
Zot i 9,bCd, e. egubaltneo
Rolatte,
k eios,
7
A Find
{,d3,sez
fab
nduerrg kà pathd {d} anolfi
consis 3orks 4,,
P
Gmen paion rlatuoy mdachg
Paluvaluwa

pasdion A hart aRaaRL

to tA gern« lock
bRA, bRb
Sunce a,b belong khave CR C, ¢hd
Srice Cd belong RClRd

Kenks e wida cota

Sune
LR
gitn y
h a r

avalnea selatuern R
ly e,
RoaAukaol
R Ga),a,)DA, (b)
Cc)C),dd, (dd),

ot A L 3 456'1
nducLs TA bart i
onA that
Kalatco
33u S»,s7}os6
A-

9 ) C 5 , 5 ) , 0 D , 6 4 }
 Apuv alsace selatuon On tteset A =

,3,4,5, 6j G .
R= {), ((s)l2,:) (2(6)()330
) , (55) ( 6 , G , , )Y
Find-
ind he partinm A nducco y R ke) eguiltuce
lesses ? i
63a,3,6 6-36

2,34 mAlngstolA
Taks4 ich dots
Relalors B e wo t
Kot A ad
helouo }on f to B a kubst d AxR
R a daton 1 Éo8 Aon R is sme Aat

d o d prs (49 a aen ad beR

sRis a solstiorn qom A tsA , ikan Risa dubsot AxA
we sdat R3 a bimay elatio On A

: Lot A-fo, i,>} , B: f3,5f

daly R a suAt txB

tt dpid in a aosam as hes ply
This welatis cen

called dti anss dagam

2
A
ad B-{2,-
Considu t t set A-o1,-
let Ri- G): acn, beB, a <b
Ra(4,): aEn, bes, ab
(1,-9, , (-1-/
Ax-Co,2),(o,-) (,)
RCo, ,(1}
R (t1-2,(--}

B
 idar tia &et A SL2,3,
4}
R a Agition onA, dojineol a

R-a,s)/ ne,jea,
AxA ={O,)(C, 3)(,4), (a, 1)(2,2)(,3)(2,4)
(3D(3))34 (4,D4,2,3(4,4)Y
R- CD,)(I,3)(L4), (a,a(4), (3)6.40)

Raphc30tators elations
Matah daalaluon
kot
A 4,,4, a,
A:a,a,.
Kat and B-b, ..bje {iil
.

Thun AxB toniu

Lali odau and n Aepeet:el,
m

odead paas fm (a,45)» l<isvo,

all 2ot R e a Relatom
ae
mm in mumbe
shuch
ljem
do ttat R a dubut AxB
o B

1 o
and angn de valn
o
Let s put } )
He olorng
to m
to i accerdig
(4,4)ER
m
Rule o

fwmadyrase 4
mabun
Thon
Them mxm
Kelahon R ( ) tki aelats,
ntiun
Clled u n ö l e d by
by Me) M(R)
M(R)
andtA

abun os R
 NOTE Ro )Me c p o r d to t i eloment d (
A ad Calumns to thoss B
o nB-A, tk matunM mis d mx abun

shek lennll a j (4,4;)

stt
s ' t (a., ,) ER
mio (4:, 4g) 4R
Ex)A- So,1,21 , B-{P.9 Tind mR)
shR u a Jolation ind foy 1 toB dafiad by

RO,P) ()4), (2,PJ

P
O
m(R)
O

ond Rs a iilation detiad on n 6

h-%1,,3,43
RS0,3 (,),(3,9)(3J d

O
3

sd A o fili
Alation R om a imle
fen any
NOTE
R R-
At B tf a
addbrl,
rl,
thi 3010 mb4 R- AxB
and nby
) M 0m
3 1,
eleriu

2) ve
 Dgiayh aRalation
A.
Lt r b e a binmay a0lato tna fimitt sut
bi keppas0At2d pietonially as dascribeo
Thun R
hen com

selos
each elamau
) Draua m a l cicle ) a kullet ok
oitk zkt covsjardig
oA ad label tti eicle (kullet) allaol yartco
7hise CÅCdas (bullet a l
elonaut A

oroa veten X
DAas an hb, called an edg,
22)
t a veten y d enly (1,)ER. The riauttin
callia discttd
pictosial Aeptsontaton O R
digpl R
NOTE Aaayts
a av calad &e
scallad he
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