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A Pharmacology Primer

Techniques for More Effective and


Strategic Drug Discovery

FIFTH EDITION

Terry P. Kenakin, PhD


Professor, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, United States
Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1. What is Pharmacology?

Abstract

1.1 About This Book

1.2 What is Pharmacology?

1.3 The Receptor Concept

1.4 Pharmacological Test Systems

1.5 The Nature of Drug Receptors

1.6 Pharmacological Intervention and the Therapeutic


Landscape

1.7 System-Independent Drug Parameters: Affinity and Efficacy

1.8 What is Affinity?


1.9 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm

1.10 What is Efficacy?

1.11 Dose–Response Curves

1.12 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

1.13 Derivations: Conformational Selection as a Mechanism of


Efficacy

References

Chapter 2. How Different Tissues Process Drug Response

Abstract

2.1 Drug Response as Seen Through the “Cellular Veil”

2.2 The Biochemical Nature of Stimulus–Response Cascades

2.3 The Mathematical Approximation of Stimulus–Response


Mechanisms

2.4 Influence of Stimulus–Response Cascades on Dose–


Response Curve Slopes

2.5 System Effects on Agonist Response: Full and Partial


Agonists

2.6 Differential Cellular Response to Receptor Stimulus

2.7 Receptor Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

2.8 The Measurement of Drug Activity

2.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Assay Formats


2.10 Drug Concentration as an Independent Variable

2.11 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

2.12 Derivations

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3. Drug–Receptor Theory

Abstract

3.1 About This Chapter

3.2 Drug–Receptor Theory

3.3 The Use of Mathematical Models in Pharmacology

3.4 Some Specific Uses of Models in Pharmacology

3.5 Classical Model of Receptor Function

3.6 The Operational Model of Receptor Function

3.7 Two-State Theory

3.8 The Ternary Complex Model

3.9 The Extended Ternary Complex Model

3.10 Constitutive Receptor Activity and Inverse Agonism

3.11 The Cubic Ternary Complex Model

3.12 Multistate Receptor Models and Probabilistic Theory


3.13 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

3.14 Derivations

References

Chapter 4. Pharmacological Assay Formats: Binding

Abstract

4.1 The Structure of This Chapter

4.2 Binding Theory and Experiment

4.3 Complex Binding Phenomena: Agonist Affinity from Binding


Curves

4.4 Experimental Prerequisites for Correct Application of Binding


Techniques

4.5 Binding in Allosteric Systems

4.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

4.7 Derivations

References

Chapter 5. Agonists: The Measurement of Affinity and Efficacy in


Functional Assays

Abstract

5.1 Functional Pharmacological Experiments

5.2 The Choice of Functional Assays


5.3 Recombinant Functional Systems

5.4 Functional Experiments: Dissimulation in Time

5.5 Experiments in Real Time Versus Stop-Time

5.6 Quantifying Agonism: The Black–Leff Operational Model of


Agonism

5.7 Biased Signaling

5.8 Null Analyses of Agonism

5.9 Comparing Full and Partial Agonist Activities: Log(max/EC50)

5.10 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

5.11 Derivations

References

Chapter 6. Orthosteric Drug Antagonism

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Kinetics of Drug–Receptor Interaction

6.3 Surmountable Competitive Antagonism

6.4 Noncompetitive Antagonism

6.5 Agonist–Antagonist Hemiequilibria

6.6 Resultant Analysis

6.7 Antagonist Receptor Coverage: Kinetics of Dissociation


6.8 Blockade of Indirectly Acting Agonists

6.9 Irreversible Antagonism

6.10 Chemical Antagonism

6.11 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

6.12 Derivations

References

Chapter 7. Allosteric Modulation

Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Nature of Receptor Allosterism

7.3 Unique Effects of Allosteric Modulators

7.4 Functional Study of Allosteric Modulators

7.5 Methods for Detecting Allosterism

7.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

7.7 Derivations

References

Chapter 8. The Optimal Design of Pharmacological Experiments

Abstract

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Optimal Design of Pharmacological Experiments

8.3 Null Experiments and Fitting Data to Models

8.4 Interpretation of Experimental Data

8.5 Predicting Therapeutic Activity in All Systems

8.6 Summary and Conclusions

8.7 Derivations

References

Further Reading

Chapter 9. Pharmacokinetics

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Biopharmaceutics

9.3 The Chemistry of “Druglike” Character

9.4 Pharmacokinetics

9.5 Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics

9.6 Multiple Dosing

9.7 Modifying Pharmacokinetics Through Medicinal Chemistry

9.8 Practical Pharmacokinetics

9.9 Placement of Pharmacokinetic Assays in Discovery and


Development
9.10 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Safety Pharmacology

Abstract

10.1 Safety Pharmacology

10.2 Hepatotoxicity

10.3 Cytotoxicity

10.4 Mutagenicity

10.5 hERG Activity and Torsades De Pointes

10.6 Autonomic Receptor Profiling and Off-Target Effects

10.7 General Pharmacology

10.8 Clinical Testing and Drug Toxicity

10.9 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. The Drug Discovery Process

Abstract

11.1 Some Challenges for Modern Drug Discovery

11.2 Target-Based Drug Discovery

11.3 Systems-Based Drug Discovery


11.4 In Vivo Systems, Biomarkers, and Clinical Feedback

11.5 Types of Therapeutically Active Ligands: Polypharmacology

11.6 Pharmacology in Drug Discovery

11.7 Chemical Sources for Potential Drugs

11.8 Pharmacodynamics and High-Throughput Screening

11.9 Clinical Testing

11.10 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Statistics and Experimental Design

Abstract

12.1 Structure of This Chapter

12.2 Introduction

12.3 Descriptive Statistics: Comparing Sample Data

12.4 How Consistent is Experimental Data with Models?

12.5 Comparison of Samples to “Standard Values”

12.6 Experimental Design and Quality Control

12.7 Chapter Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Selected Pharmacological Methods


Abstract

13.1 Binding Experiments

13.2 Functional Assays

Reference

Chapter 14. Exercises in Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

Abstract

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Agonism

14.3 Antagonism

14.4 In Vitro–In Vivo Transitions and General Discovery

14.5 SAR Exercises

14.6 Pharmacokinetics

14.7 Conclusions

References

Index
Copyright
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