Republic of the Philippines

TOPIC 5.1:

Getting Started with Spatial Analysis

[NAME]
[POSITION]

Geospatial Management Division

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Outline of the Presentation

A. Introduction to Spatial Analysis
B. Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools
C. Setting the Criteria for Suitability Analysis

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Introduction to Spatial Analysis

What is Spatial Analysis?
• Process of GIS data interpretation, exploration and modelling, from acquisition
to understanding results.
• Examples of spatial analysis include measuring distances and shapes, setting
routes and tracking transportations, establishing correlations between objects,
events, and places via referring their locations to geographical positions.
• Allows users to solve complex location-based problems, explore and
understand data from a geographic perspective, determine relationships,
detect and quantify patterns, assess trends, and make predictions and
decisions.

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

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Introduction to Spatial Analysis

Buffer analysis
Source: https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/articles/what-is-spatial-analysis/

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Outline of the Presentation

A. Introduction to Spatial Analysis
B. Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools
C. Setting the Criteria for Suitability Analysis

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

Vector geoprocessing tools in QGIS are useful in spatial analysis of data.

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

Before proceeding, there might be instances where users encounter an error when running
these tools. To resolve these issues, ensure that this QGIS setting is imposed.

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

In the Menu bar, go to Settings, then select Options. A new window shall open, scroll
down and locate the Processing tab. Under General, search for the Invalid Features
Filtering setting.

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

The default value is Stop algorithm execution when a geometry is invalid. This setting
would allow QGIS to stop the algorithm/process of a tool if selected making some of the
vector geoprocessing tools to cause an error.

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

Hence, the users, shall change the value by double clicking the default value and selecting
from the dropdown the Do not filter (before performance) option. This would allow QGIS
to continue and perform the algorithm/process even if it encounters any invalid geometries.

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

Merge Vector Layers

This functionality allows the combining of multiple vector
datasets with similar geometry into one merged layer. This
helps in managing and simplifying the processes and spatial
analysis in GIS.

Provided with the geotagged facilities in Limasawa per barangay, you need to
combine all these layers to create a single merged layer.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_[bgycode]_facilities – geotagged facilities in each barangay in Limasawa
Limasawa_bgyboundary – barangay boundaries in Limasawa

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Merge Vector Layers

1
Open a new QGIS project and
add the following layers:
Limasawa_001_facilities
Limasawa_002_facilities
Limasawa_003_facilities
Limasawa_004_facilities
Limasawa_005_facilities
Limasawa_006_facilities
Limasawa_bgyboundary

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Merge Vector Layers

2 Under Vector tab, select Data Management Tools and Merge Vector Layers...

Another option is to open the Processing

Toolbox and type merge vector layers.

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Merge Vector Layers

3 The Merge Vector Layers window will
appear on the screen.
First, the layers for merging shall be
set under Input layers. To do this,
inside the Merge Vector Layers...
window, click the ellipsis/browse
beside Input layers parameter.

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Merge Vector Layers

The list of vector layers loaded in the
4 Layers panel of the project will appear.
From the list, select the target layer/s to
be merged. In this case, tick the boxes
beside the six (6) layers named as
Limasawa_[BGYCODE]_Facilities.

Once done, Click OK. The Merge

Vector Layers will return to the default
window.

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Merge Vector Layers

In the next parameter, Destination CRS [optional], the CRS of the merged will be set.
5 Choose from the dropdown of the recently used CRS or click select CRS icon .
Set the Destination CRS to EPSG: 4326 – WGS 84.

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Merge Vector Layers

Under the Merged parameter, the format of
6
the output layer will be configured. Click the
button to show several options for saving
the layer.
The default output is a temporary layer.
Other options include Save to File… as
ESRI Shapefiles (SHP) or CSV/XLSX files,
GeoPackage Database, etc.
Save the merged facility as ESRI shapefile by selecting Save to File… and
accessing the folder: Task Force Training →Day 2 → 3_Outputs → Outputs 3.

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Merge Vector Layers

7 Set the following: 8 Click Run.
File name: Limasawa_facilities_merged
Save as type: SHP files(*.shp)

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Merge Vector Layers

9 The newly created shapefiles
containing the merged features will
be added to the Layers Panel. In this
case, all the geotagged facilities in
Limasawa are saved inside
Limasawa_facilities_merged.

10 Now, retain only in the Layers Panel

the Limasawa_bgyboundary layer.
Remove Limasawa_[bgycode] facilities
and Limasawa_facilities_merged.

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

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Dissolve
This function combines adjacent polygon features by
dissolving features belonging to the same class or with
similar values for the specified attributes. This simplifies the layers
to a single continuous feature.

Provided with the barangay boundaries file of Limasawa, you need to generate a single
municipal-level boundary of Limasawa.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_bgyboundary – barangay boundaries layer of Limasawa

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Dissolve
1
Before starting, only the Limasawa_bgyboundary must
be loaded in the Layers panel.

Under Vector tab, select

2 Geoprocessing Tools and
Dissolve....

Another option is to open the Processing Toolbox and type

dissolve.

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Dissolve
3 The Dissolve window will appear on the screen.
First, the layer for dissolving must be set under
Input layer parameter. Choose
Limasawa_bgyboundary from the dropdown.

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Dissolve
4 In the next parameter, Dissolve field(s)
[optional], the common attribute value will be
set as a basis for merging the polygon into one
single polygon. One or more attributes can be
specified to dissolve features belonging to the
same class, alternatively, all features can be
dissolved in one.

In this case, retain the default with 0 options

selected.

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Dissolve
5 Under the Dissolved parameter, the format of
the output layer will be configured.

Save the output of the Dissolved function as

shapefile by selecting Save to File… and
accessing the folder: Task Force Training →
Day 2 → 3_Outputs → Outputs 3.

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Dissolve
6 Set the following:
File name: Limasawa_munboundary
Save as type: SHP files(*.shp)

7 Click Run.

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Dissolve
8 The Limasawa_munboundary layer will be
added to the Layers Panel. It shows a
single-bounded polygon. Inside the attribute
table, notice that only feature is retained.

9 Close the QGIS Project and do not save.

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

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Buffer
It is proximity function computes and creates a buffer area for all
the features, using a fixed or dynamic distance. It allows
identification of features whether it is within or outside the buffer
area.

You need to create a 750-meter buffer around the geotagged health centers in
Limasawa.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_healthcenter – layer containing geotagged health centers in Limasawa
Limasawa_bgyboundary – barangay boundaries layer in Limasawa

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Buffer
1 Open a new QGIS project.

In using the Buffer tool, Projected Coordinate System (PCS) must be set. To do this,
2 open the Properties under the Project menu. Then, select CRS tab and set the CRS to
WGS 84 / UTM zone 51N (EPSG: 32651). Click Apply.

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Buffer
3 In the Layers Panel, add Limasawa_bgyboundary and
Limasawa_healthcenter.

4 Since currently, the CRS of the vector layers is

EPSG:4326 – WGS 84, reprojection must be done. To
reproject, in the Processing Toolbox, find and select the
Reproject Layer tool.

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Buffer
The Reproject Layer window will appear on the screen.

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Buffer
5 Using the Reproject tool, set the parameters for
Limasawa_healthcenter.
First, choose the Input layer to be reprojected
from the dropdown.
Input Layer: Limasawa_healthcenter

Below the parameter, there is a Selected

features only option. For now, this is disabled
since there is/are no selected feature/s in
Limasawa_healthcenter layer.

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Buffer
6 Select the Target CRS to be assigned to the
layer. Choose from the dropdown of the recently
used CRS or click select the CRS icon .

Target CRS: EPSG: 32651 - WGS 84 / UTM

zone 51N.

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Buffer
7 Under the Reprojected parameter, the format of the
output layer will be configured. Click the button
to show several options for saving the layer.
The reprojected layer will be saved as a shapefiles.
To do this, choose Save to File… and access the
folder Task Force Training → Day 2 → 3_Outputs
→ Outputs 3 folder.

Set the following:

File name: Limasawa_healthcenter_rp
Save as type: SHP files(*.shp)

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Buffer
8 Click Run.

9 Do the same for Limasawa_bgyboundary.

Input Layer: Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp
Target CRS: EPSG: 32651 - WGS 84 /
UTM zone 51N
Reprojected: Task Force Training/3_Outputs/
Outputs 3/Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp.shp

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Buffer
10 Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp and Limasawa_healthcenter_rp will be added to the
Layers Panel. Remove the Limasawa_bgyboundary and Limasawa_healthcenter layers.
Inside the Information Properties of both generated layers, notice that the CRS are
already set to EPSG: 32651 - WGS 84 / UTM zone 51N

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Buffer
11 Under Vector tab, select Geoprocessing Tools and Buffer....

Another option is to open the processing toolbox and

type buffer. The Buffer window will appear on the
screen. Here, the parameters for the buffer function
will be set.

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Buffer
12 Inside the Buffer window, set the Input layer that
contains the features that will be used as reference
in creating buffer.
Input layer: Limasawa_healthcenter_rp

Below the parameter, there is a Selected features only option. By checking the box, it
allows the creation of a buffer area around selected features.
Selected features only

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Buffer
13 Next, the distance parameter. It refers to the
distance radius of the buffer area. There is also a
dropdown where the unit of measurement can be
set such as meters, kilometers, etc.
\

Distance: 750 meters

14 The segments parameter allows the configuration of the number of line segments in
creating rounded buffer.
Segments: 100

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Buffer
Using the buffer tool, there are parameters such as End cap style and Join style that
can be configured to customize the appearance of the buffer area.

The End Cap Style parameter refers to the type

of line endings of the buffer.

Meanwhile, the Join Style refers to the style

when offsetting corners in a line.
Once miter is selected, the miter limit can be customized (minimum of 1.0).

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Buffer
15 For now, retain the default options for End cap
Style, Join Style, and Miter Limit parameters.

16 In the Buffer window, there is an option to enable

the Dissolve result. When enabled, the
generated buffer areas of specific features will be
automatically merged after the buffer tool is run.
Leave this parameter unchecked.
Dissolve result

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Buffer
17 Under the Buffered parameter, save the output
layer as a shapefile.
Buffered:
Task Force Training/3_Outputs/
Outputs 3/ Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_
buffer.shp

18 Click Run.

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Buffer
The buffered layer, Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer,
will be added to the Layers Panel. This contains six (6)
features with the attribute table similar to health center features
attributes from Limasawa_healthcenter_rp layer.

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

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Clip
This extracts the features of the input layer that overlaps or inside
the overlay layer and retains only the attributes of the input
layer once processing is completed.

Using the generated 750-meter buffer areas from the health centers in Limasawa, you
will use the clip tool retain the portions of the buffer area inside the Limasawa
boundary.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer – generated 750m buffer area layer from the
health centers in Limasawa
Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp – reprojected layer of barangay boundaries in Limasawa

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Clip
1 Under Vector tab, select Geoprocessing Tools → Clip...

Another option is to open the Clip tool from the

Processing Toolbox by searching Clip..

The Clip window will appear on the screen. Here, the

parameters for the clip function will be set.

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Clip
2 In using the Clip tool, set the Input Layer which
contains the features that will be clip/cut.
Choose from the dropdown:
Input layer: Limasawa_healthcenter_
750m_buffer
3 Next, the overlay layer defines the area or
shape to be used as reference for clipping.
Overlay layer: Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp

Below the mentioned parameters, there is an option to use the Selected

features only for the Input Layer and Overlay Layer.

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Clip
4 Under the Clipped parameter, the format of the
output layer will be configured.
Retain the Clipped parameter as default to
create a temporary layer.

5 Click Run.

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Clip
6 The Clipped temporary layer will appear in the attribute table. Rename this layer
to Limasawa_bufferinbndry_clip.

7 Uncheck Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer layer.

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Clip
Notice that the temporary Clipped (polygon) layer output
shows the portion of Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer
which is cut based on the boundary or shape of
Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp.
This is an example of how the Clip tool was used for two
polygon features. This will be used in the succeeding
demonstration of clip functionality in QGIS

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 Republic of the Philippines

Clip
9 In the Layers Panel, only retain the following:

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Clip
This extracts the features of the input layer that overlaps or inside
the overlay layer, and retains only the attributes of the input layer
once processing is completed.

After generating the Clipped temporary layer, you need to extract a layer containing all
the households within the 750m buffer using the Clip tool.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_hhbldgs – layer containing household buildings in Limasawa
Limasawa_bufferinbndry_clip – generated temporary layer from extracted 750m buffer
with the extent inside Limasawa boundary

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

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Clip
1 Using the same QGIS project, add Limasawa_hhbldgs
to the Layers Panel.

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Clip
2 Use the Reproject tool to change the CRS of
the layer to WGS 84 / UTM zone 51N (EPSG:
32651).
Input Layer: Limasawa_hhbldgs
Target CRS: EPSG: 32651 - WGS 84 /
UTM zone 51N
Reprojected:
Task Force Training/3_Outputs/
Outputs 3/ Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp.shp

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Clip
3 Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp layer will be added in the Layers Panel. Remove the
Limasawa_hhbldgs from the Layers Panel.

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Clip
4 Under Vector tab, use the Clip tool by
selecting the Geoprocessing Tools → Clip...

5 In the Clip window, set the following parameters:

Input layer: Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp
Overlay layer: Limasawa_bufferinbndry_clip
Clipped: Retain as default

6 Click Run.

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NOTE:
The succeeding outputs of the vector
geoprocessing tools to be discussed shall be
exported as temporary layers since there is a
bug/error in QGIS being encountered when
exporting them as a new layer.

However, users can export the outputs as a

GeoPackage database to avoid these
errors.

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Clip
7 Another temporary Clipped layer is added in the Layers Panel. Rename the
temporary Clipped layer as Limasawa_hhinbuffer_clip.

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Clip
In this case, the Clip tool allowed the extraction of
household building points inside the 750-m buffer from
the health centers, within the extent of the barangay
boundaries of Limasawa.

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Clip
The Clip tool only cuts the features of the input layer based on the boundary/shape of the
overlay layer without changing the fields of the attribute table of the input layer.

Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp Limasawa_hhinbuffer_clip (temporary layer)

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Clip
8 Activate Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer and uncheck the Clipped layer.

Remove Limasawa_bufferinbndry_clip. Retain the following layers before proceeding

to Intersection tool:

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

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Intersection
This tool captures the overlapping portions of features in the Input and
Overlay layers, and the attributes of both layers are included in the
resulting layer. When compared to the Clip tool, this function generates the
same outputs on the map except for its attribute table.

Using the generated 750-meter buffer areas from the health centers in Limasawa, you
will use the intersection tool to extract the household buildings intersecting the buffer
area layer.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer – generated 750m buffer area layer from the
health centers in Limasawa
Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp – reprojected layer of household buildings in Limasawa

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Intersection
1 The same layers, Limasawa_bgyboundary_rp and Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp, will be
used to perform the Intersection tool.

2 Under the Vector tab, select Geoprocessing Tools → Intersection...

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Intersection
Another option is to open the Intersection tool from the
Processing Toolbox by searching Intersection.
The Intersection window will appear on the screen.
Here, the parameters for the intersection function will
be set.

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Intersection
3 Set the target layers to be intersected. Indicate
these under the Input layer and Overlay layer
parameters. Choose from the dropdown:
Input layer: Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp
Overlay layer: Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer

Below the parameters, there is an option to use the Selected features only for
the Input Layer and Overlay Layer. When disabled, this means that there are
no selected features from the attribute table.

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Intersection
4 Under Input fields to keep and Overlay fields
to keep parameters, specific fields or columns
from both layers can be customized. If all fields
of both layers will be retained, these parameters
must be left empty.
In the Input fields to keep, click the ellipsis and
enable geocode, and click OK.
For Overlay field to keep, enable the
bgy_psgc, fsn, and name columns.

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Intersection
5 Under the Intersection parameter, the format of
the output layer will be configured.

Intersection: Retain as default

6 Click Run.

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Intersection
The Intersection layer will be added to the
Layers Panel. Rename the layer as
Limasawa_buffer_hh_intersect.

This shows the household buildings intersected

with the generated buffer areas from the geotagged
health centers.

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Intersection
The output of the INTERSECTION tool generates features from two layers that intersect
and extract all/selected columns from both the Input and Overlay layers depending
on the configuration of parameters.
Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer

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Intersection
Limasawa_buffer_hh_intersect

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Exploring Vector Geoprocessing Tools

1 2 3
MERGE DISSOLVE BUFFER

4 5 6
CLIP INTERSECTION DIFFERENCE

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Difference
This tool extracts features from the Input layer that fall outside or
partially overlap, features in the Overlay layer. Note that only
geometries will be extracted based on the overlay layer; however, the
attributes and features in the Input layer will be retained.

Using the generated 750-meter buffer areas from the health centers in Limasawa, you
will use the difference tool to extract the household buildings outside the buffer area.
The following datasets will be used:
Limasawa_healthcenter_750m – generated 750m buffer area layer from the health
centers in Limasawa
Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp – reprojected layer of household buildings in Limasawa

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Difference
1 Using the same project, retain the layers Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer and
Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp.

2 Under Vector tab, select Geoprocessing Tools → Difference...

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Difference
Another option is to open the Difference tool
from the Processing Toolbox by searching
difference.
The Difference window will appear on the
screen. Here, the parameters for the difference
function will be set.

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Difference
3 First, set the Input layer in the Difference
window. The Input Layer is the layer from which
features are to be removed. Choose from the
dropdown:
Input layer: Limasawa_hhbldgs_rp
4 The Overlay layer is the extent or boundary to which the portion
Input Layer will be removed. Choose from the dropdown:
Overlay layer: Limasawa_healthcenter_750m_buffer
Below the parameters, there is an option to use the Selected
features only for the Input Layer and Overlay Layer

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Difference
5 Under the Difference parameter, the format
of the output layer will be configured.
Difference: Retain as default

6 Click Run.

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Difference
The output shapefiles using the Difference
tool will be added to the Layers Panel.

Only the features outside of the

Limasawa_healthcenter_750m buffer are
generated in the Difference layer.

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Clip vs Difference
In using CLIP tool, Whereas, in using the
only the features DIFFERENCE tool,
inside the Overlay only the features
layer will be outside the Overlay
extracted. layer will be extracted.

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Exercise 3: Create a Storm Surge Hazard Map

Create a map that will show the areas in Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte that is prone to
experience storm surge and the household buildings that are most affected by this hazard.
In addition, using the evacuation facilities’ shapefiles, create a 500-meter buffer.

1. Reproject the layers.

2. Create a 500-m buffer from the evacuation centers.
3. Clip the storm surge layer based on the boundary of Padre Burgos.
4. Find the households that are inside the 500-m buffer zone.
5. Determine the households that are inside the storm surge hazards.
6. Symbolize the layers based on your own preference.

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Exercise 3: Create a Storm Surge Hazard Map

Use the following datasets:
Padre Burgos_Southern Leyte_bgyboundary
Padre Burgos_evacuationfaci
PadreBurgos_hhbuildings
SouthernLeyte_StormSurge_SSA4

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E3_RSSO/PSO_LastName_FirstName.png

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data

Republic of the Philippines

CBMS Module III-A: Thematic Mapping using CBMS Data