Name Noelle Engelmeyer

APUSH Review: Period 7

Do Now

Answer the following questions in 1–2 sentences each. Don’t worry if you’re not totally sure — just try
your best based on what you remember!

1.​ What was one goal of Progressive reformers in the early 20th century?
To address the social and economic problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and
political corruption.
2.​ Why did the U.S. become involved in World War I?
German unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships.
3.​ What was one way the federal government responded to the Great Depression?
Implemented the New Deal, a series of programs and reforms aimed at providing relief,
recovery, and reform to the American 1 economy and society.

Rapid Fire Review

Progressive Era Reforms

Muckrakers
Investigative journalists, writers, and photographers, exposed corruption and wrongdoing in big
business, government, and social problems, generated public awareness and demand for reform.

Political Reforms
Aimed to make government more democratic, accountable, and less corrupt, Direct Primary,
Initiative: Citizens can propose laws directly on the ballot.Referendum: Citizens can vote directly on
proposed laws.Recall: Voters can remove an elected official before their term ends. Secret Ballot
(Australian Ballot): Ensured privacy in voting.Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment)

Labor + Safety Laws

Sought to improve working conditions and protect workers from exploitation and hazards. Laws
regulating child labor, Maximum working hours, Minimum wage laws, Factory safety regulations

Women’s Suffrage
A decades-long movement advocating for women's right to vote. Utilized various strategies:
lobbying, protesting, marching, civil disobedience. Achieved national success with the ratification
of the 19th Amendment in 1920
Conservation
Focused on protecting and managing the nation's natural resources.

Key Idea:
The Progressive Era aimed to reform American society and government by addressing the
problems of industrialization through muckraking, political democratization, labor and safety laws,
women's suffrage, and environmental conservation.

US Foreign Policy + Wars

Spanish-American War (1898)
A conflict between the United States and Spain.Resulted in Spain losing its remaining overseas
colonies. Marked the emergence of the U.S. as a significant global power.

Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick Diplomacy

Asserted the U.S.'s right to intervene in Latin American countries to prevent European intervention,
particularly regarding debt. "Big Stick Diplomacy" refers to Roosevelt's foreign policy of "speak
softly and carry a big stick," implying a willingness to use force to achieve foreign policy goals.
Led to increased U.S. involvement in the affairs of Latin American nations

WWI Causes
Militarism: An arms race and glorification of military power.
Alliances: Complex systems of mutual defense agreements.
Imperialism: Competition for colonies and resources.
Nationalism: Intense patriotism and desires for self-determination.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The immediate trigger in June 1914

Wilson’s 14 Points / League of Nations

Wilson's 14 Points: President Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace, emphasizing
self-determination, free trade, open diplomacy, and the establishment of an international
organization. League of Nations: An international organization proposed by Wilson as the 14th
point, intended to prevent future wars through collective security and diplomacy. The U.S.
ultimately did not join the League of Nations due to Senate opposition.

WWII Entry
The U.S. initially maintained a policy of neutrality.
Key events leading to U.S. entry:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941). German and
Italian declarations of war on the U.S. soon after.
The attack on Pearl Harbor galvanized public opinion and led to a formal declaration of war
against Japan and the Axis powers

Wartime Mobilization
Expanding the military through conscription (the draft), Converting civilian industries to wartime
production, Rationing of essential goods, Increased government control over the economy,
Propaganda campaigns to build public support for the war effort, Women entering the workforce
in large numbers to fill jobs vacated by men.

Key Idea:
The Spanish-American War marked the US as a global power, Roosevelt's foreign policy asserted
US dominance in Latin America, WWI was caused by complex global tensions, Wilson proposed a
peace plan with the League of Nations, the US entered WWII after Pearl Harbor, and wartime
mobilization transformed the American economy and society.
Great Depression + New Deal
Causes of the Great Depression
Stock market crash of 1929 and subsequent financial panic, Bank failures and the collapse of the
money supply, Agricultural overproduction and decline in farm income, Unequal distribution of
wealth and income, High tariffs, Decline in consumer spending and investment.

Hoover’s Response
Public works projects (like the Hoover Dam), The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to
provide loans to banks and businesses, Urging businesses to maintain wages (which was largely
unsuccessful), Limited direct relief efforts, believing it would create dependency

New Deal Programs

Relief: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), Works
Progress Administration (WPA).
Recovery: Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), National Recovery Administration (NRA), Public
Works Administration (PWA).
Reform: Social Security Act (SSA), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).

Court Packing Plan

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's controversial proposal in 1937 to expand the Supreme Court,
Aimed to appoint more justices who would support his New Deal legislation, which the
conservative court had been striking down, Faced significant opposition and was ultimately
unsuccessful, although the Court did begin to rule more favorably on New Deal programs

Impact of the New Deal

Provided immediate relief to millions of unemployed and impoverished Americans, Created jobs
and stimulated some economic recovery, Established important reforms in the financial system
and labor relations, Led to a significant expansion of the role and power of the federal government
in American life.

Key Idea:
The Great Depression led to Hoover's limited response and Roosevelt's transformative New Deal
programs, which, despite controversy and not fully ending the crisis, significantly expanded the
federal government's role in American society and established a social safety net.

Writing Practice
SAQ Writing Practice

A. Identify one goal of the New Deal.

One primary goal of the New Deal was to provide relief to the millions of Americans suffering from
unemployment and poverty during the Great Depression. The WPA was put into place to help employ
hundreds of jobless citizens. This allowed for some economic relief from peoples households.

B. Explain one way the New Deal changed the role of the federal government.
The New Deal fundamentally altered the role of the federal government by expanding its direct
involvement in the economy and society. The Social Security Act of 1935 established a federal system
of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance to those over the age of 65. These actions marked
a significant shift from the prevailing laissez-faire approach of the federal government in earlier
periods. The government took on a much larger responsibility for the economic well-being of its
citizens, providing direct aid and establishing long-term social safety net programs.

C. Explain one criticism or limitation of the New Deal.

Despite its significant impact, the New Deal faced criticisms and had limitations as the
unemployment rate remained high throughout the 1930s. Most of the new deal programs were
discriminatory towards who they helped. The WPA would choose to help employ white jobless men
over african american jobless men. The new program deals did not always help those in need equally
due to the color of their skin which led to the unemployment rate to still be high in the 1930s.

LEQ Practice:
Prompt: Evaluate the extent to which the role of the federal government changed from 1890 to 1945.

1.​ Write a defensible thesis statement.

The period from 1890 to 1945 witnessed a profound expansion of the federal government's role in
American life, shifting from a relatively limited role on promoting industrial growth and managing
westward expansion towards a more active role addressing economic crises and regulating business
practices.
2.​ Write 2 topic sentences that would organize your essay body paragraphs.
Initially, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the federal government's role began to evolve
beyond its traditional focus, taking steps towards regulating industries through Progressive Era
reforms.
The Great Depression and World War II served as transformative catalysts, compelling the federal
government to undertake unprecedented levels of intervention in the economy through the New
Deal.
3.​ Choose and explain two buzzword pairings (Before/After) to show change or continuity.
Limited Global Footprint / Global Power: The United states focus was mostly on the western
hemisphere. Then it began to shift towards being a global power due to their involvement in world
war one and two.
Neutrality Acts (1930s) / WWII mobilization: The Neutrality acts was a series of laws passed by the
United States Congress with the aim of keeping the nation out of foreign conflicts. With the attack on
Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. officially entered World War II breaking the neutrality acts.
 Synthesis

1.​ What problems did Progressives try to solve, and how did they change the role of
government?
●​ Economic inequality and the power of monopolies.
●​ Poor working conditions and labor exploitation.
●​ Urban poverty, slums, and social ills.
●​ Political corruption and the influence of political machines.
●​ Lack of democratic participation.
●​ Environmental degradation.
●​ Increased regulation of businesses and industries (e.g., antitrust laws, food safety).
●​ Legislation to protect workers (e.g., labor laws, safety regulations).
●​ Expansion of government responsibility for social welfare (though limited compared to
later eras).
●​ Political reforms to increase citizen participation and reduce corruption (e.g., direct
primaries, initiatives, referendums, women's suffrage).
●​ Government involvement in conservation and resource management (e.g., national
parks).
2.​ How and why did U.S. foreign policy shift from isolationism to global involvement?
●​ Economic Expansion: The growth of American industry and agriculture created a need
for international markets and resources.
●​ Imperialism: The Spanish-American War marked a turning point, with the U.S.
acquiring overseas territories and asserting itself as a global power.
●​ World War I: German unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram
directly threatened U.S. interests and pushed the nation into the war, demonstrating the
limitations of isolationism in an interconnected world.
●​ World War II: The rise of aggressive totalitarian regimes and the attack on Pearl
Harbor shattered any remaining illusions of isolationism, leading to full-scale U.S.
involvement and the recognition of its role as a dominant global power committed to
collective security.

3.​ How did the Great Depression challenge traditional views of the government's role in the
economy?
The severity and length of the Great Depression demonstrated the failures of this hands-off
approach. Private charities and state/local governments were overwhelmed and unable to
cope with the widespread unemployment and poverty. This led to a growing public demand
for federal intervention.
4.​ What groups benefited from the New Deal, and who was left out?
Benefited:

●​ Unemployed: Programs like the CCC, WPA, and PWA provided jobs.
●​ Farmers: The AAA aimed to raise farm prices.
●​ Workers: The Wagner Act protected labor's right to organize, and the Fair Labor
Standards Act established minimum wage and maximum hours.
●​ Elderly and unemployed: Social Security provided pensions and unemployment
insurance.
●​ Bank depositors: The FDIC insured bank deposits.
●​ Homeowners: The FHA helped people secure mortgages.

Left Out or Disproportionately Harmed:

●​ African Americans: Faced discrimination in many New Deal programs, particularly in

the South, with segregated facilities, lower pay, and exclusion from certain jobs. The
AAA's policies sometimes led to the displacement of Black sharecroppers. Civil rights
legislation was largely avoided to appease Southern Democrats.
●​ Mexican Americans: Faced deportation drives and discrimination in relief efforts.
●​ Agricultural and domestic workers

5.​ How did war and crisis impact civil liberties and government power at home?

Increased Government Power: Wars and major crises have historically led to a significant
expansion of federal government power:

●​ Executive Branch: Presidential power tends to increase during wartime.

●​ Economic Control: Governments often exert greater control over the economy to
mobilize resources.
●​ Surveillance and Control: Increased monitoring of citizens and restrictions on dissent
may occur in the name of national security.

Impact on Civil Liberties: Civil liberties have often been curtailed or threatened during
wartime and crises:

●​ World War I: The Espionage and Sedition Acts limited free speech and led to the
prosecution of war critics.
●​ World War II: Japanese American internment camps violated the civil liberties of
thousands of American citizens based on their ancestry.
●​ Great Depression: While not a war, the economic crisis led to increased government
intervention in individual lives and the economy, which some criticized as an
infringement on personal and economic freedom.