ROSE
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About Rose
• Rose is “Eros” (The Greek Love-God)
• One of the “Natures Beautiful Creations”.
• No other flower is a better symbol of
– Love,
– Adoration,
– Innocence,
– Peace,
– Friendship,
– Affection
– Passion.
– It is certainly the best known and most popular of all the cut flowers, throughout the world and
– Rose has been growing on this earth for many million years before the man himself appeared on earth.
•
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• National flower of England.
• In India it was referred in old Sanskrit literature was Tarunipushpa, Atimanjula,
Simantika, etc.
• It has become the part and parcel of life being connected with all phases of our
life right from “Birth to Death”.
• The interest in cultivation however increased considerably mainly during the last
four decades and at present it has become most important commercial flower.
• It is the largest traded flowers in the world with a worth 1.5 billion dollars
globally.
• Holland alone 500 million dollars and is growing 7-8 % annually.
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IMPORTANCE
• Traditionally roses are used in landscaping.
• Rosaries are a part of many large garden. Widely use in arch, pergola
as potted plant and as standards.
• Certain rose spp. are good source of extraction of essential oil. Oil use
food preparation of cosmetics perfumes and flavors which are exported.
Rose attar is also extracted from them.
• Rose petals are used to prepare a rose water and gulkand.
• Rose water has a food value. Petal preserved in sugar syrup can be
eaten. Gulkand a preparation obtain by mixing rose petals and sugars.
• Rose extract is medicinal and is used as an eye tonic. It is use in a
ayurveda according charak samhita. Hips or seeds are used as a
source of Vita. C.
• Loose flowers of roses are used for worship, bouquets and making
garlands.
• Rose rank 1st among the cut flower trade at international level.
• Rosa hybrida having long stem is grown for cut flowers under green
house and is exported.
• It is traded as worth USD 1.5 billion dollar globally every year.
Perfumery and other products
Rose flowers can be used to prepare different perfumery products
Rose oil
Rose attar
Rose water
ROSE
B.N.: Rose (Rosa species) belongs to
Family: Rosaceae
It is known as the "King of flowers". Dr. B.P. Pal played a significant role
in the rapid development of roses, he is known as "Father of Indian Roses".
Climate:
Cold climate of hills as well as in the plains of northern and southern. 15° to
28° C temperatures is ideal. Cold and dry is good but can be grown in hot and
humid.
Soil:
Well- drained, medium loam soil having a pH of 6.0 to 7.5. Heavy clay and
saline soil is not suitable for roses.
Varieties:
(1) Hybrid Tea: Dr. B.P. Pal, Sungandha, Arjun, Dr. Bhabha, Ganga, Ajanta, Blue
moon, Super star, Paradise, Mr. Linkan etc.
(2) Floribunda: Delhi Princes, Rupali, Prema, Banjaran, Mohini, Chandrika etc.
(3)Polyantha: Flowers are small size and bears in cluster.
(4)Miniatures: Dwarf plant, small flowers, and use for pot planting.
(5)Climbers: Plants having long branch just like a climber, useful to planting at
arches, gate, wall etc.
CLASSES OF PRESENT DAY GARDEN ROSES
1) Hybrid Tea (HT Roses):
– Developed by crossing between Hybrid perpetual and Tea roses
– Most popular rose type.
– Bearing large, highly centered flowers.
Eg: ‘La France’ (1867) – 1st cultivar of this type.
2) Floribunda (Hybrid polyanthas)
– Developed in 1924 from the cross between a Hybrid Tea x
Polyantha
– They combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas with the
perpetual flowering habit of the Polyanthas.
– Flowering in clusters with small size and open centre
– Good for garden.
– Eg: Wekplapep (2000), Jumpin Jack (1998)
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3)Polyanthas:
➢ Dwarf with small flowered.
➢ Polyanthas are the forerunner of Floribundas.
➢ Blooms for several months.
➢ Their Ancestry includes crosses of R.
multiflora and R. wichuraiana (Climber) and
the Bengal hybrid R. indica major (R.
chinensis).
➢ Eg: La Paquorette (1875), Baby Faurax (1924),
Echo (1914).
Hybrid tea
Floribunda
Miniature
Ramblers
Cultivars
Exotic:
Hybrid Tea
Red : Christian Dior, First Prize, Forever,
Gladiator, Happiness
White : John F. Keneedy
Yellow : Aalsmeer Gold, Golden Moments,
Golden Giant.
Pink : Brides Dream, Confidence
Scarlet : Crimson Glory, Forever
Orange : Harvest Sun, Super Star
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Floribunda:
White : Summer Snow
Yellow : Goldilocks
Pink : Pink Iceberg
Scarlet : Heat – Wave
Orange : Orange Silk
Polyantha
Red : Red Triumph
Crimson : Rashmi
Miniature
White : Cinderella, Cream Puff
Yellow : Honey Comb
Pink : Sugar Elf
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Climbing miniature
White : Cinderella
Pink : Climbing Candy Cane
Climber and Rambler
White : Silver Moon
Yellow : Golden showers
Orange : Lavender Mist
Indian cultivar
Hybrid Tea
Red : Raktagandha
White : Dr. Homi Bhabha
Pink : Arjun
Purple : Dr. B.P. Pal, Dhum
Apricot : Abhisarika
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Floribunda
Orange : Suryakiran
Polyantha
Pink : Pink Showers
Miniature
Red : Dark Beauty
Climber
Yellow : Kanyakumari
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Rose varieties developed by IARI, New Delhi suitable for growing in Green House
1. 'Pusa mohit',
2. 'Pusa Abhishek',
3. ' Pusa manhar' ,
4. 'Pusa muskan',
5. 'Pusa Urmil',
Pusa Arun
6. 'Pusa Ranjana', Pusa Bahadur
7. 'Pusa Mohit',
8. 'Pusa Arjun',
9. 'Pusa Ajay',
10. 'Pusa Komal‘,
11. 'Pusa Shatabdi'
Pusa Gaurav Pusa Ajay
Pusa Muskan Pusa Komal
Pusa Virangana Pusa Priya
Pusa Virangana Pusa Priya
Eiffel tower
Propagation:
Hybrid Teas and Floribunda : "T" Budding.
Polyantha, Miniatures, Climbers: Stem cuttings
Deshi Roses: Air Layering or Cuttings.
Time: Northern plains -- December to February
Eastern region --- Oct- Nov. and January to March.
Bangalore and Pune --- February- April.
Hills-- February-March/April
Planting:
The pit should be dug 60x60x60 cm deep during summer and expose to
sun. Fill the pit with 4-5 kg organic manures.
Planting Distance:
Hybrid 150 x 90, 120 x 120 cm
Floribunda 90 x 60 cm, 90 x 90 cm
Polyantha 90 x 60 cm
Miniatures 60 x 60 cm
Planting Time:
Northern plains -- Mid October up to February
Eastern region --- September - December.
Northern Hills-- October - November
Gujarat: June- July to September- November.
Manures and Fertilizers:
50 to 60 ton FYM , 200 - 200 - 200 Kg NPK/ Ha.
Irrigation:
Watering should be done at weekly in normal condition. In winter season 8
to 10 days interval , while in summer 4 to 5 days interval should be kept.
Pruning:
The rose's bushes are pruned once a year during second or third weeks
of October in northern plains. In Gujarat second week of October is more
beneficial. Pruning is done to facilitate agriculture operation and to get quality of
yield.
PRUNING
•Pruning in Rose is the removal of unwanted and unproductive portion of plant required for
maintenance of productivity, flower quality and plant vigor.
•The objectives are to open up the bush for proper utilization of solar energy, better air flow,
increased no. of flowers, improve flower size and long stemmed flowers.
•It is also done to remove weak, staggered and crisscrossed branches and dead and diseased
shoots.
•Pruning also becomes necessary for rejuvenation of bushes and yield and quality of decline.
•Pruning is done ones or twice in a year.
•Rose is pruned traditionally during winter months of Oct.- Nov. in plains and March- April in hills.
•For cut flower production pruning is done exactly 45 days prior to the date of requirement of
flowers.
•Hybrid Teas with stem hard pruning floribundas should be pruned lightly.
•Polyanthas and miniature need thinning of overcrowded branches and tipping of ends.
•Climbers, only interlaced or diseased stems are removed.
Harvesting:
The rose flowers are cut while still in the bud stage. In foreign market,
the size of stem varies from 60-90 cm for large size flowered roses and 40-50
cm for small size flowered roses.
Yield:
8 to 10 ton/ha. In hybrid rose 6 to 7 lac cut flowers/ha.
SPECIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES TO
IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ROSES
1. Thinning:
– Removal of the undesirable growth like inward growth, weak
stems, blind shoots, crowded growth.
2. De-suckering: Removal of suckers from root stock i.e. the
shoots produced below the bud union on rootstocks have to be
removed as and when they are noticed.
3. Pinching:
– Removal of a part of terminal growing portion of stem is called
pinching.
– It is done to reduce the plant height and to promote auxiliary
branching.
– Pinching of blind shoot is beneficial to increase flowering. 26
4. Disbudding
• Removal of undesirable buds is known as disbudding.
• Keeping only the central bud and removal of others, causes the
development of a quality bloom.
• It is done in standard roses. Here we are reducing number of
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE
flowers.
5. De-shooting
BHN CHM
• Removal of young vegetative shoots
• Generally followed in HT roses. Young vegetative shoots
developing from the axils of leaves of basal and lateral shoots are
removed to allow only one terminal shoot.
• It is important from the point of stalk length. If it is not removed
timely we get more number of branches and ultimately maximum
number of flowers. 27
6. Defoliation:
❑ Under special conditions it is followed
❑ The study indicated that removal of leaves from rose plants
will increase number of blind shoots,
❑ Defoliation helps in forcing the plants to produce growth
and flowering during desired period.
7. Use of growth substances:
➢ To some extent some growth regulators like GA3,
➢ GA3 @ 250ppm has been found to increase the stalk
length, flower size and reduces number of blind shoots.
➢ Retardants like CCC are used to get more number of
flowers with good quality.
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Harvesting:
The rose flowers are cut while still in the
bud stage. In foreign market, the size of stem
varies from 60-90 cm for large size flowered
roses and 40-50 cm for small size flowered
roses.
Yield:
8 to 10 ton/ha. In hybrid rose 6 to 7 lac cut
flowers/ha.
HARVESTING
• At tight bud stage i.e., when the
bud show full colour before the
petals unfolding. The sepals are
reflexed from the flower bud.
• At this stage flower last longer in
vases or during transportation for
better retention of colour and
freshness.
• The optimum stage may varying
slightly depending on cultivar and
one has to experience to judge the
right stage for cutting.
– Because a flower bud of a red
cultivar when cut at a little early
stage may fail to open later.
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– Contd..
HARVESTING
– Pink and yellow cultivars are better than
red.
– Pink and red Cv. should be allowed to
develop a stage where one of the two outer
petals begin to unfurl at the upper point.
• Loose flowers are harvested only when they are
fully opened and collected in large open
boskets.
• The optimum stage to cut in the Cv. like
Mercedes and first red when the sepals move
away from the buds and the tips of the petals
separated.
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Post-harvest handling of rose:
Cut flowers are to be graded according to cultivars,
stem length, size and form, stage of maturity,
condition of flowers and foliage. The flowers with
different stem length should not be mixed together and
uniform stem length is to be maintained.
Storage of cut flowers: Rose cut flowers can be
stored dry at 0-10 C for 15 days.
Pulsing: Pulsing with 2 % sucrose for 3 hrs at 200 C
and Silver Nitrate solution 10-20 min increase shelf
life and quality of cut flowers.
PESTS
1. White ants (Termites): Damages the roots, - Apply chloropyriphos
@5% dust in the pit before planting & drench @ 4ml/litre of water.
Termiseal can also be used to check termites.
2. Aphids: Spray Malathion (@0.1%) or metasybtox @ 0.1-0.2%.
3. Thrips: Suck the sap from dorsal side of the young leaves & flower
buds. Mottled and deformed young leaves with brown or silvery
patches or burnt margins & deformed flowers control same as aphids.
4. Jassids: Suck the cell sap from the leaves leads to whitening or
yellowing. Control: Parathion @ 0.03% or 0.1% metacid.
5. Chafer beetle: Making irregular holes and punches on leaves the grubs
feed on roots. Soil application with heptachlor @ 3% dust to control
grub; 0.2% metacid to control beetle.
6. Red scales: The tiny insects occur in thousands and the affected
branches become dry. Control: Application of granular insecticides like
cabofuron @ 1.5 kg ai/ha or disulphton and phorate @ 3.0kg a.i.
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PESTS
7. Red spider mites: Polyphagous pests found on the underside of leaves
covering with fine silky webs. White specks appear on leaves,
mottled, turn yellow & fall. Control: Kethane, morestan, Dimite
(Kelthane @ 8ml/10 litre of water.
8. Digger wasps: It damage the plants after pruning, they dig a hole
into the stem through the cut ends and make a nest there. Because
of this burrowing the fungus causing dieback disease.
Control: Painting the pruning cuts with fungicidal paint containing 4 parts
each of copper carbonate (COC) and red lead along with 5 parts of linseed
oil. Put few drops of rogar or dimecron in the hole and plugging with a
small piece of cotton to kill the insect.
9 Mealy bugs: observed on stalk of buds and flowers. They suck the
sap-buds do not open and flowers wither.
Control: Fumigation with MB (32mg/l) 34
DISEASES:
1. Die back (Diplodia rosarum + Collectotrichum sp).
– Symptoms : Death of the plant from top to downwards.
• Reasons:
• Generally observed after pruning.
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE
• Also due to improper use of fertilizers and watering,
• Borer damage,
• Poor drainage,
BHN CHM
• Lack of sunlight
• Continuous outbreak of black spot or mites attack and
importantly scale infestation.
Control:
• Proper cultural operation prevents the die back disease.
• Apply copper fungicides.
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DISEASES:
2. Powdery mildew: (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae)
– Appear when the days are warm and night are cool.
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE
– Powdery mass is observed on all parts of the plants
– Control: Spray with sulphur fungicides like wettable sulphure.
BHN CHM
benlate, karathane, bayleton, bavistin etc.
3. Black spot: (Diplocarpon rosae).
– Characterized by dark brown, circular spots with fringed borders,
present on both sides of the leaflets.
– Control :Same as pm.
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DISEASES:
• Leaf spot (Alternaria alternata) – Capton or Zineb @
2000ppm
• Stem blight (capton spray @ 2000ppm)
• Rust
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE
• Botrytis blight (Botrytis cineria)-Buds turn brown and decay.
• Root fungus – (Trichoderma viridae) – decayed. Leaves,
BHN CHM
yellow – plants die
• Rose wilt – caused by virus.
– Recurring of leaflet at the tip of young shoots which are brittle.
Defoliation may happen. Aphids – transmit the disease.
• Rose mosaic virus.
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