Module 2

Quadrilaterals
Essential Question
What are the different types of quadrilaterals, and how can their characteristics be used
to model real-world situations?

What Will You Learn?

How much do you already know about each topic before starting this module?

KEY Before After

— I don’t know. — I’ve heard of it. — I know it!

solve problems involving the interior angles of polygons

solve problems involving the exterior angles of polygons
solve problems using the properties of parallelograms
solve problems involving the diagonals of parallelograms
solve problems using the properties of rectangles
solve problems using the properties of rhombi
solve problems using the properties of squares
solve problems using the properties of trapezoids
solve problems using the properties of kites

Foldables Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes about quadrilaterals.
Begin with one sheet of notebook paper.
1. Fold widthwise.
2. Fold along the width of the paper twice and unfold the paper.
3. Cut along the fold marks on the left side of the paper to the center.
4. Label as shown.

1 2 3 4

Module 2 • Quadrilaterals 57
What Vocabulary Will You Learn?
• base angle of a trapezoid • kite • rectangle
• bases of a trapezoid • legs of a trapezoid • rhombus
• diagonal • midsegment of a trapezoid • square
• isosceles trapezoid • parallelogram • trapezoid

Are You Ready?

Complete the Quick Review to see if you are ready to start this module.
Then complete the Quick Check.

Quick Review
Example 1 Example 2 Y
Find the measure 2 Find the lengths
of each of the sides of
2x + 3 4x - 1
numbered isosceles
angle. 1 65° 112° ＀XYZ. 8x - 4
X Z
XY = YZ Given
47°
2x + 3 = 4x - 1 Substitution
a. m∠1
-2x = -4 Subtract.
m∠1 = 65 + 47 Exterior Angle Theorem
x=2 Simplify.
m∠1 = 112° Add.
XY = 2x + 3 Given
b. m∠2 = 2(2) + 3, or 7 Substitute x = 2.
180 = m∠2 + 68 + 65 Triangle Angle-Sum Thm YZ = 4x - 1 Given
180 = m∠2 + 133 Simplify. = 4(2) - 1, or 7 Substitute x = 2.
47° = m∠2 Subtract. XZ = 8x - 4 Given
= 8(2) - 4, or 12 Substitute x = 2.

Quick Check
Find the value of x to the nearest tenth. Find the value of x to the nearest tenth.
1. 2. 3. X 4. F
4x° x°
85° 29° 17
9x 4x + 5
x° 65° 9x - 6

W 6x + 3 Y G 7x + 4 H

How did you do?

Which exercises did you answer correctly in the Quick Check?

58 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Lesson 2-1

Angles of Polygons
Today’s Goals
Explore Angles of Polygons ● Prove and use the
Polygon Interior Angles
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the Sum Theorem.
Explore. ● Prove and use the
Polygon Exterior Angles
Sum Theorem.
INQUIRY How can you find the sum of the
interior angle measures of a polygon? Today’s Vocabulary
diagonal
Learn Interior Angles of Polygons
A diagonal of a polygon is a segment P Q
that connects any two nonconsecutive
vertices within a polygon. The vertices
of polygon PQRST that are not R
consecutive with vertex P are T
vertices R and S. Notice that the
diagonals from vertex P separate S
the polygon into three triangles. The sum of the angle measures of a
polygon is the sum of the angle measures of the triangles formed by
drawing all of the possible diagonals from one vertex.

By generalizing this observation for a convex polygon with n sides,

you can develop the Polygon Interior Angles Sum Theorem.
Theorem 2.1: Polygon Interior Angles Sum Theorem
The sum of the interior angle measures of an n-sided convex polygon is
(n - 2) ＀ 180°.

You will prove Theorem 2.1 in Exercise 34.

Example 1 Find the Interior Angles Sum of a Polygon

Find the measure of each interior J
angle of pentagon HJKLM. 142°
H 2 x° 2 x° K
Step 1 Find the sum.
A pentagon has 5 sides. Use the
Polygon Interior Angles Sum (3x + 14)° M L (3x + 14)°
Theorem to find the sum of its
interior angle measures.
m ∠H + m ∠J + m ∠K + m ∠L + m ∠M
= (n - 2) ＀ 180° Polygon Interior Angles Sum Thm
= (5 - 2) ＀ 180° Substitute. Go Online Y ou
= 540° Solve. can complete an Extra
Example online.
(continued on the next page)

Lesson 2-1 • Angles of Polygons 59

 Step 2 Find the value of x.
Use the sum of the interior angle measures to determine the value of x.

2x + 2x + (3x + 14) + (3x + 14) + 142 = 540° Write an equation.

x = 37 Solve.
Step 3 Find the measure of each angle.
Use the value of x to find the measure of each angle.
m∠J = 142° m∠K = 2(37) or 74° m∠L = [3(37) + 14] or 125°

m∠M = [3(37) + 14] or 125° m∠H = 2x° = 2(37) or 74°

Check
Find the measure of ∠E. A B (x - 8)°
A. 108° (x + 2)°
(x + 7)°
B. 120° F (x - 4)° C
C. 122° (x + 6)° (x - 3)°
D. 126° E D

Apply Example 2 Interior Angle Measures of a

Regular Polygon
FLOOR PLANS Penny is building a house F

using a floor plan that she designed. A E

What is the measure of ∠ABC? Deck

Living Room Kitchen

1 What is the task? B D

Breezeway
Describe the task in your own words. Then Bedroom C
Garage
list any questions that you may have. How
can you find answers to your questions?
Sample answer: I need to find the measure of ∠ABC. What is the
relationship between the interior angle measures of the regular
hexagon?

2 How will you approach the task? What have you learned that
you can use to help you complete the task?
Sample answer: I will use the Polygon Interior Angle Sum Theorem to
find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the regular
hexagon. Then, I will find the measure of ∠ABC by dividing the sum by
the total number of angles. I have learned that the interior angles of a
regular polygon are congruent.

Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.

60 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
3 What is your solution?
Use your strategy to solve the problem.

Write the equation that you will use to find the sum of the interior
angles of the regular hexagon.
m∠FAB + m∠ABC + m∠BCD + m∠CDE + m∠DEF + m∠EFA = (n - 2) ＀ 180°
The sum of the interior angles of the regular hexagon is 720°.

m∠ABC = 120°

4 How can you know that your solution is reasonable?

Write About It! Write an argument that can be used to defend your
solution.
Sample answer: 6(120) = 720°, which is the sum of the measures of the
interior angles of the hexagon.

Check
Study Tip
PONDS Miguel has commissioned a
Naming Polygons
pentagonal koi pond to be built in his
Remember, a polygon
backyard. He wants the pond to have a with n-sides is an n-gon,
deck of equal width around it. The lengths but several polygons
of the interior deck sides are the same have special names.
length, and the lengths of the exterior
sides are the same. Number
Polygon
of Sides
The measure of the angle of the pond
3 triangle
formed by two sides of the deck is ? .
4 quadrilateral
5 pentagon
Example 3 Identify the Polygon Given the Interior 6 hexagon
Angle Measure 7 heptagon
8 octagon
The measure of an interior angle of a regular polygon is 144°. Find
the number of sides in the polygon. 9 nonagon
10 decagon
Let n = the number of sides in the polygon. Because all angles of a
regular polygon are congruent, the sum of the interior angle measures 11 hendecagon
is 144n°. By the Polygon Interior Angles Sum Theorem, the sum of the 12 dodecagon
interior angle measures can also be expressed as (n - 2) ＀ 180°. n n-gon
144n° = (n - 2) ＀ 180° Write an equation.
n = 10 Solve.
The polygon has 10 sides, so it is a regular decagon.

Check
The measure of an interior angle of a regular polygon is 150°. Find the
number of sides in the polygon.
The polygon has ? sides.

Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 2-1 • Angles of Polygons 61
 Learn Exterior Angles of Polygons
Theorem 2.2 Polygon Exterior Angles Sum Theorem
Words The sum of the exterior angle measures of a convex polygon,
one angle at each vertex, is 360°.
Example m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 + m∠4 + m∠5 + m∠6 = 360°

1
6
5 2

3
4

You will prove Theorem 2.2 in Exercise 35.

Example 4 Find Missing Values 6 x°

Find the value of x. 139°
Use the Polygon Exterior Angles Sum Theorem
2 x° 9 x°
to write an equation. Then solve for x.
6x + 9x + 2x + 139 = 360 Write an equation.
x = 13 Solve.

Check 2 x°
Find the value of x.
52°
A. 45 B. 52 C. 93 D. 97
88°
(x + 2)°
(x + 10)°

Example 5 Find Exterior Angle Measures of a Polygon

Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular dodecagon.
Go Online A regular dodecagon has 12 congruent sides and 12 congruent interior
An alternate method angles. The exterior angles are also congruent, because angles
is available for this supplementary to congruent angles are congruent.
example.
Let n = the measure of each exterior angle and write and solve an
equation.
12n = 360° Polygon Exterior Angles Sum Theorem
n = 30° Solve.
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular dodecagon is 30°.
Go Online Check
You can complete an
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular octagon is ?
Extra Example online.

62 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Find the measure of each interior angle.
1. 2.

Q M
(2x + 5)° J (2x - 8)°
(3x - 6)°
R x° x° T
(2x + 7)° (x + 10)° x°
S K L

3. 4.
A E V (3x - 11)°
(2x + 10)°
U (x - 8)°
x° D
(x + 8)° W
(2x - 20)°
B C (2x + 7)°
Z
x°
Y

Example 2

5. ARCHITECTURE In the Uffizi gallery in Florence, Italy,

there is a room built by Buontalenti called the Tribune
(La Tribuna in Italian). This room is shaped like a regular
octagon. What is the measure of the angle formed by La Tribuna
two consecutive walls of the Tribune?

6. THEATER A theater floor plan is shown in the figure. The upper five sides are part
of a regular dodecagon. Find m∠1.

Lesson 2-1 • Angles of Polygons 63

 7. FARM An animal pen is in the shape of a regular heptagon. What is the measure
of each interior angle of the animal pen? Round to the nearest tenth.

8. POL YGON PATH In Ms. Rickets’ math class, students made a “polygon path” that
consists of regular polygons of 3, 4, 5, and 6 sides joined together as shown.

5
1
4
2 3

a. Find m∠2 and m∠5.

b. Find m∠3 and m∠4.

c. What is m∠1?

Example 3
The measure of an interior angle of a regular polygon is given. Find the number of
sides in the polygon.

9. 144° 10. 156° 11. 160°

12. 108° 13. 120° 14. 150°

Example 4
Find the value of x in each diagram.

15. 16.
2 x°
(x - 11)° (x + 10)°
x° (x + 10)°

(x - 1)° (x + 18)° 31°

3x° (2x - 42)°

17. (3x + 2)° 18. 21°

42°
(x - 20)° 29°
2 x°
(x + 5)° (x - 10)° (x + 14)°
x°
(2x + 1)°

64 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
Example 5
Find the measure of each exterior angle of each regular polygon.

19. pentagon 20. 15-gon 21. hexagon

22. octagon 23. nonagon 24. 12-gon

Mixed Exercises
Find the measures of an exterior angle and an interior angle given the number of
sides of each regular polygon. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.

25. 7 26. 13 27. 14

For Exercises 28 and 29, find the value of x.

28. A convex octagon has interior angles with measures (x + 55)°, (3x + 20)°, 4x°,
(4x - 10)°, (6x - 55)°, (3x + 52)°, 3x°, and (2x + 30)°.

29. A convex hexagon has interior angles with measures x°, (5x - 103)°, (2x + 60)°,
(7x - 31)°, (6x - 6)°, and (9x - 100)°.

For Exercises 30 and 31, find the measure of each interior angle in the given
polygon.

30. A decagon in which the measures of the interior angles are (x + 5) °, (x + 10)°,
(x + 20)°, (x + 30)°, (x + 35)°, (x + 40)°, (x + 60)°, (x + 70)°, (x + 80)°, and (x + 90)°.

31. A polygon ABCDE in which the measures of the interior angles are (6x)°,
(4x + 13)°, (x + 9)°, (2x - 8)°, and (4x - 1)°.

32. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular 2x-gon.

33. Find the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a convex 65-gon.

34. PROOF Write a paragraph proof to prove the Polygon Interior Angles Sum
Theorem.

35. PROOF Use algebra to prove the Polygon Exterior Angles Sum Theorem.

36. REASONING The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is 24 more
than 38 times the measure of each exterior angle. Find the number of sides of
the polygon.

Lesson 2-1 • Angles of Polygons 65

37. ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeologists unearthed parts of two adjacent
walls of an ancient castle. Before it was unearthed, they knew from
ancient texts that the castle was shaped like a regular polygon, but
nobody knew how many sides it had. Some said 6, others 8, and
some even said 100. From the information in the figure, how many 24º
sides did the castle really have?

38. DESIGN Ronella is designing boxes she will use to ship her jewelry. She wants to
shape the box like a regular polygon. For the boxes to pack tightly, she decides
to use a regular polygon in which the measure of its interior angles is half the
measure of its exterior angles. What regular polygon should she use?

39. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crystals are classified according to seven crystal systems.

The basis of the classification is the shapes of the faces of the crystal. Turquoise
belongs to the triclinic system. Each of the six faces of turquoise is in the shape
of a quadrilateral. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of one
such face.

40. STRUCTURE If three of the interior angles of a convex hexagon each measure
140°, a fourth angle measures 84°, and the measure of the fifth angle is 3 times
the measure of the sixth angle, find the measure of the sixth angle.

41. FIND THE ERROR Marshawn says that the sum of the exterior angles of a decagon
is greater than that of a heptagon because a decagon has more sides. Liang says
that the sum of the exterior angles for both polygons is the same. Who is correct?
Explain your reasoning.

42. WRITE Explain how triangles are related to the Polygon Interior Angles Sum
Theorem.

43. CREATE Sketch a polygon and find the sum of its interior angles. How many
sides does a polygon with twice this interior angles sum have? Justify your
answer.

X a° Q
44. PERSEVERE Find the values of a, b, and c if QRSTVX is a
regular hexagon. Justify your answer.
V b° R

45. ANALYZE If two sides of a regular hexagon are extended c° S

to meet at a point in the exterior of the polygon, will the T
triangle formed sometimes, always, or never be
equilateral? Justify your argument.
66 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Lesson 2-2

Parallelograms
Today’s Goals
Explore Properties of Parallelograms ● Prove and use
theorems about the
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the properties of
Explore. parallelograms.
● Prove and use
theorems about the
INQUIRY What special properties do diagonals of
parallelograms have? parallelograms.

Today’s Vocabulary
parallelogram
Learn Parallelograms
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both B C Watch Out!
pairs of opposite sides parallel. To name a
parallelogram, use the symbol . In Parallelograms
Theorems 2.3 through
ABCD, B‾C ＀ A‾ D and A‾B ＀D ‾ C by definition.
2.6 apply only if you
Other properties of parallelograms are A D already know that the
given in the theorems below. figure is a parallelogram.
Theorems: Properties of Parallelograms
Theorem 2.3
Go Online
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite sides are congruent.
Proofs of Theorems 2.4
Theorem 2.4
and 2.6 are available.
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite angles are congruent.
Theorem 2.5
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its consecutive angles are
supplementary. Talk About It!
Theorem 2.6 Thiago states that
because all
If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it has four right angles.
parallelograms are
You will prove Theorems 2.3 and 2.5 in Exercises 15 and 17, respectively. quadrilaterals, all
quadrilaterals are
Example 1 Use Properties of Parallelograms parallelograms. Do
you agree? Justify
Find CD. A 4 ft B your answer.

1.5 ft
45°
C D
¯
CD ！ ¯
AB Opposite sides of a  are ！.
CD = AB Definition of congruent
= 4 ft Substitution

Lesson 2-2 • Parallelograms 67

 Check
Find each measure. D 8 in. E

a. m∠D = ? 3.6 in.

106°
b. FG = ? in.
G F

Study Tip You can use the properties of parallelograms to write proofs.
Including a Figure
Example 2 Proofs Using the Properties of
Theorems are
presented in general Parallelograms
terms. In a proof, it is Write the correct statements and reasons to complete
helpful to include a
the two-column proof. H J
drawing so that you
can refer to segments Given: HJKP and PKLM
and angles specifically.
J ＀ML
P K
‾
Prove: H ‾

Statements Reasons
Statements/Reasons: 1. HJKP and PKLM 1. Given M L
Given
Transitive Property of ＀
‾
2. H J ＀ P‾
K , P‾
K ＀ M‾L 2. Opp. sides of  are ＀.
Opposite sides of a  ‾
3. H J ＀M
‾L 3. Trans. Prop. of ＀
are ＀.
Consecutive ∠s of Check
a  are supplementary. Copy and complete the two-column J K
Reflexive Property proof.
_
Given: JKLM, K
‾N ＀ KL
Prove: ∠J ＀ ∠KNL M L
N
Statements Reasons
_
Statements/Reasons: 1. JKLM, K‾
N ＀ KL 1. ?
∠J ＀ ∠L
∠J ＀ ∠NKL
2. ? 2. If a quad. is a , its opp. ∠s are ＀.
∠L ＀ ∠KNL 3. ? 3. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
Given 4. ∠J ＀ ∠KNL 4. ?
Transitive Property of ＀
∠L ＀ ∠NKL
Learn Diagonals of Parallelograms
The diagonals of parallelograms have special properties.
Theorems: Diagonals of Parallelograms
Theorem 2.7
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its diagonals bisect each other.
Theorem 2.8
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then each diagonal separates the
parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
You will prove Theorems 2.7 and 2.8 in Exercises 16 and 18, respectively.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

68 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
Example 3 Use Properties of Parallelograms and Algebra
Find the values of x and z in ABCD. A B
3z - 4
m∠ADC = 4x° and m∠DAB = (2x - 6)°.
Part A Find the value of x. E z+5

D C
180 = m∠ADC + m∠DAB Consec. ∠s in a are supplementary.
180 = 4x + (2x - 6) Substitution
x = 31 Solve.
Part B Find the value of z.
A
‾E ＀C
‾E Diagonals of a  bisect each other.
AE = CE Definition of congruent
3z - 4 = z + 5 Substitution
z = 4.5 Solve.

Example 4 Parallelograms and Coordinate Geometry Problem-Solving

Tip
SCRAPBOOKING Tomas is making y Make a Plan T o
envelopes to sell with handmade find the area of the
A B
cards. He uses a different style of paper needed for the
paper to create the flap of the envelope flap, you
envelope, and he edges the need to calculate the
envelopes with washi tape. The point of intersection
envelopes are parallelograms, of the diagonals of
and the edges of the flaps lie the envelope. Before
O x
along the diagonals of the solving for the area,
analyze the information
parallelograms. Find the area of
C D you are given, develop
the flap and the perimeter of the
1 unit = 1 cm a plan, and determine
envelope. the theorems you will
Part A Find the amount of paper needed to create the flap. need to apply.

You can approximate the area of the flap with a triangle, so the area is
1
A = _2_bh.
Step 1 Find the height.
To find the height, determine the coordinates of the intersection of
the diagonals of the envelope, which has vertices at A(-7, 7), B(7, 7),
C(-7, -3), and D(7, -3). Because the diagonals of a parallelogram
AD and ¯
bisect each other, the intersection point is the midpoint of ¯ BC .
Find the midpoint of ¯AD.
x1_+___
_ x 2y +
_1_y___2 -7_+
__ 7 + (-3)
7 ______
____
( 2 , 2 )=( 2 , 2 ) Midpoint For mula
= (0, 2) Simplify.

(continued on the next page)

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 2-2 • Parallelograms 69

 The height is the difference in the y-coordinates of the intersection of
the diagonals and the vertices of the top edge of the envelope.
h = 7 - 2 or 5 cm
Step 2 Find the base.
The base of the flap is the length of the top edge of the envelope. You
can count the units to determine the base.
b = 14 cm
Step 3 Find the area of the flap.
1
A = _bh
_
2 Area of a triangle
1
= _(2_14)(5) Substitute.
= 35 cm2 Solve.
Part B Find the length of washi tape needed to create the border.
Step 1 Find the length.
The length of the envelope is the same as the base of the triangle
determined above.
＀ = 14 cm
Step 2 Find the width.
The width of the envelope is the distance between the top edge and
Think About It!
the bottom edge of the envelope.
What assumptions w = 7 - (-3) = 10 cm
did you make when
calculating the area Step 3 Find the perimeter.
of the paper and the
Because the envelope is a parallelogram, opposite sides are
length of washi tape?
congruent. So, the perimeter is given by P = 2＀ + 2w.
P = 2＀ + 2w Perimeter formula
= 2(14) + 2(10) Substitute.
= 48 cm Solve.
Check
QUILTING Jimena is making a
quilt. Each block is a
parallelogram made of a single
piece of patterned fabric and is
trimmed with a gray border. Find
the area of the fabric used to
make the block. Find the length
of fabric used to make the
border of the block. Round to
the nearest tenth if necessary.
A= ? cm2
P≈ ? cm
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

70 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Use PQRS to find each measure. Q P
1. m∠R 2. QR 128°
3
3. QP 4. m∠S R 5 S

5. SOCCER Four soccer players are practicing a drill. Goalie B Player A

Goalie A is facing Player B to receive the ball.
Goalie A then turns x° to face Player A to pass her
the ball. If Goalie B is facing Player A to receive
the ball, then through what angle measure should x
Goalie B turn to pass the ball to Player B?
Player B Goalie A

Example 2
PROOF For 6−7 , write a two-column proof.

6. Given: BDHA, C‾A ＀ C‾

G A
Prove: ∠BDH ＀ ∠G
B
H

G D C

7. Given: WXTV and YZTV are Y Z

parallelograms. X
W
Prove: W
‾ X ＀Y
‾ Z

V T

8. Write a paragraph proof. P Q R

Given: PRST and PQVU
U V
Prove: ∠V ＀ ∠S

T S

Lesson 2-2 • Parallelograms 71

Example 3
Find the value of each variable in each parallelogram.
9. A x+6 10. T 3b + 5
D V
10
a + 15
11 3a + 11
S
B y-7 b + 11 W
C

11. F 12. 2z + 7
G K
2y° (x - 5)° J

3y - 5 y+5
(2x + 11)°
D H L
M z+9

Example 4
13. PARK A new dog park is being designed by a city planner. The y
park is enclosed by a fence and shaped like a parallelogram.
What is the area and perimeter of the dog park? Round your (5, 5)
answers to the nearest hundredth, if necessary. (−8, 0)
O x
(9, 0)

(−4, −5)
1 unit = 5 m

14. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION Breelyn is making cookies using a y

cookie cutter in the shape of a parallelogram. What are the
perimeter and area of each cookie? Explain any assumptions
that you make. Round your answers to the nearest hundredth,
if necessary.
O x

1 unit = 1 cm

72 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
Mixed Exercises
PROOF Write a two-column proof for each theorem.

15. Theorem 7.3 P Q

Given: PQRS
Q ＀R
Prove: P‾ ‾S, Q
‾ R ＀ S‾
P
S R

16. Theorem 7.7 A C

Given: ACDE
C bisects A
Prove: E‾ ‾D. B
E D

17. Theorem 7 .5 G K
Given: GKLM
Prove: ∠G and ∠K, ∠K and ∠L,
M L
∠L and ∠M, and ∠M and ∠G
are supplementary.

18. Theorem 7.8 W X

Given: WXYZ
Prove: ！WXZ ＀ ！YZX
Z Y

Lesson 2-2 • Parallelograms 73

Use ABCD to find each measure or value.
19. x A 3y - 8 B
20. y 20°
13 F
21. m∠AFB 49° 2x + 7
59°
22. m∠DAC
23. m∠ACD D 10 C
24. m∠DAB

25. REGULARITY Use the graph shown.

a. Use the Distance Formula to determine if the diagonals of y
JKLM bisect each other. Explain.
J K
b. Determine whether the diagonals are congruent. Explain.
c. Use slopes to determine if the consecutive sides are P

perpendicular. Explain.
O x
26. USE TOOLS Make a Venn diagram showing the relationship M L
between squares, rectangles, and parallelograms.

Higher-Order Thinking Skills

A 2y + 1 B
27. PERSEVERE ABCD is a parallelogram with side
lengths as indicated in the figure at the right.
3x - 2 x - w+ 1
The perimeter of ABCD is 22. Find AB.
D 3 - 4w C
28. ANALYZE Explain why parallelograms are always
quadrilaterals, but quadrilaterals are sometimes parallelograms.

29. WRITE Summarize the properties of the sides, angles, and diagonals of a
parallelogram.

30. CREATE Provide an example to show that parallelograms are

not always congruent if their corresponding sides are
congruent.

31. PERSEVERE Find m∠1 and m∠10 in the figure. Explain your
reasoning. 10
9 65°
1 8 7 6

2 3 464° 5

74 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Lesson 2-3

Tests for Parallelograms

Today’s Goals
Explore Constructing Parallelograms ● Use the tests for
parallelograms to
determine whether
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the quadrilaterals are
Explore. parallelograms.

INQUIRY How can you use the properties of

parallelograms to construct parallelograms?

Learn Tests for Parallelograms

If a quadrilateral has each pair of opposite sides parallel, it is a
parallelogram by definition. This is not the only test, however, that
can be used to determine if a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Go Online
Theorems: Conditions for Parallelograms
Proofs of Theorems 2.9
Theorem 2.9
and 2.12 are available.
If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Theorem 2.10
If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then Talk About It!
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Jude says that by
Theorem 2.11 Theorem 2.12, you only
need to show that one
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the
pair of opposite sides
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
are congruent to show
Theorem 2.12 that the quadrilateral is
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is both parallel and a parallelogram. Do you
congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. agree? Justify your
answer.
You will prove Theorems 2.10 and 2.11 in Exercises 18 and 19, respectively.

Example 1 Identify Parallelograms

Determine whether the quadrilateral is 12 cm
a parallelogram. Justify your answer. 5 cm
5 cm
12 cm
Is the quadrilateral a parallelogram? Yes
What theorem can you use to justify your answer?
If both pairs of opposite sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
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Lesson 2-3 • Tests for Parallelograms 75

 You can use the conditions of parallelograms to find missing values
that make a quadrilateral a parallelogram.

Example 2 Use Parallelograms to Find V alues

SCHOOL SUPPLIES The top of the eraser
appears to be a parallelogram. Find (5y - 26)°
the values of x and y so that
S ER 7x°
ER A
gs
t h in
the side of the eraser e ra s
a b le

is a parallelogram. 56° f or e
ra s in g

(4y + 4)°

What theorem will you

use to find the values
of x and y?
If both pairs of opposite angles are congruent, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.
Study Tip
Step 1 Find x.
Parallelograms A
Find x such that 7x = 56.
quadrilateral needs to
pass only one of the 7x = 56 Opp. angles of a  are ＀.
five tests to be proven x=8 Solve.
a parallelogram. All of
Step 2 Find y.
the properties of a
parallelogram do not Find y such that 4y + 4 = 5y - 26.
need to be proven. 4y + 4 = 5y - 26. Opp. angles of a  are ＀.
y = 30 Solve.
So, when x is 8 and y is 30, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Check
MOSAICS The mosaic
pattern of the floor is
made up of different tiles.
4y - 9
Part A
Find the values of x and y 3x + 4
so that the tile is a
5x - 2
parallelogram.
x= ? 2y + 5
y= ?
Part B
Select the theorem you used to find the values of x and y.
A. If both pairs of opp. sides are ＀, then quad. is a .
B. If both pairs of opp. ∠s are ＀, then quad. is a .
C. If diag. bisect each other, then quad. is a .
D. If one pair of opp. sides is ＀ and ！, then quad. is a .
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

76 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
We can use the Distance, Slope, and Midpoint Formulas to determine
whether a quadrilateral in the coordinate plane is a parallelogram.

Example 3 Identify Parallelograms on the

Coordinate Plane
Determine whether quadrilateral FGHJ is a F y

parallelogram. Justify your answer using the

G
Midpoint Formula.
O x
J
H
What theorem will you use to determine
whether quadrilateral FGHJ is a parallelogram?
If the diagonals bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

GJ.
Step 1 Calculate the midpoint of ‾
x 1+ x 2y +1y
M(__2__, ____
2
2 ) Midpoint Formula
4 + (-2) 2______
+ (-1)
M(______2 , 2 ) Substitute.
1
M(1, _2_) Solve.

FH.
Step 2 Calculate the midpoint of ‾
x 1+ x 2y +1y
M(__2__, ____
2
2 ) Midpoint Formula
-2 + 4 4+ (-2)
M(___2___, ______
2 ) Substitute. Think About It!
M (1, 1) Solve. Describe another
method you could use
Step 3 Determine whether FGHJ is a . to determine whether
quadrilateral FGHJ is a
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a
parallelogram.
parallelogram. The diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other if
the midpoints coincide. Because the midpoints of diagonals F ‾H
and G ‾J do not have the same coordinates, quadrilateral FGHJ is not
a parallelogram.

Check
Determine whether quadrilateral ABCD is a y
parallelogram. Justify your answer. A
B

O D x
C

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Lesson 2-3 • Tests for Parallelograms 77

 You can assign variable coordinates to the vertices of quadrilaterals.
Then, you can use the Distance, Slope, and Midpoint Formulas to write
coordinate proofs of theorems.

Example 4 Parallelograms and Coordinate Proofs

Write a coordinate proof for the following statement.
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is both parallel and
congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Step 1 Position a quadrilateral on the coordinate plane.

Position quadrilateral ABCD on the coordinate plane such that
A
‾ B || D
‾C and A
‾ B ＀D ‾ C.
• Begin by placing the vertex A at the origin.
• Let ‾AB have a length of a units. Then B has coordinates (a, 0).
• Because horizontal segments are parallel, position the endpoints of
DC so that they have the same y-coordinate, c.
‾
• So that the distance from D to C is also a units, let the x-coordinate
of D be b and the x-coordinate of C be b + a.
y

D(b, c) C(b + a, c)

O A(0, 0) B(a, 0) x

Step 2 Use your figure to write a proof.

Given: quadrilateral ABCD, A
‾B || D
‾C, A
‾ B ＀D
‾C
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.
Proof:
By definition, a quadrilateral is a parallelogram if opposite sides are
parallel. We are given thatA‾B || D‾ C , so we need to show that A
‾ D || B
‾C.
Use the Slope Formula.
Go Online
c-0 c c-0 c
You may want to slope of A
‾D =_ ___
b-0 =b
__ slope of B
‾C =_ ___ __
b+a-a= b
complete the
construction activities Because A‾D and B ‾C have the same slope, A
‾D || B
‾C . So, quadrilateral
for this lesson. ABCD is a parallelogram because opposite sides are parallel.

Pause and Reflect

Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you
deal with it?

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

78 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
Determine whether each quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Justify your answer.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Example 2

7. ORGANIZATION The space between the hinges (3x − 4)° (2y + 34)°
and trays of a collapsible tray organizer appears
to be a parallelogram. Find the values of x and y
so that the trays and hinges of the organizer form
a parallelogram.
(4y − 56)° (2x + 16)°

8. PATTERNS Many Native American rugs and blankets

2y + 3 8x − 3
incorporate parallelograms into the designs. Find the
values of x and y so that the quadrilateral shown is a
parallelogram. 6x + 1 4y − 7

Find the values of x and y so that each quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

9. - 10. (5x + 29)° (5y - 9)°

4x 18
- 2y +
2 -3
x+
5
3y - 4
(3y + 15)° (7x - 11)°

Lesson 2-3 • Tests for Parallelograms 79

Example 3
11. Determine whether ABCD is a parallelogram. Justify your answer. y
A
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS For Exercises 12–15, graph each quadrilateral B
with the given vertices. Determine whether the figure is a parallelogram.
O
Justify your argument with the method indicated. D x
C
12. P(0, 0), Q(3, 4), S(7, 4), Y(4, 0); Slope Formula

13. S(-2, 1), R(1, 3), T(2, 0), Z(-1, -2); Distance and Slope Formulas

14. W(2, 5), R(3, 3), Y(-2, -3), N(-3, 1); Midpoint Formula

15. W(1, -4), X(-4, 2), Y(1, -1), and Z(-2, -3); Slope Formula

Example 4
16. Write a coordinate proof for the statement: If both pairs of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

17. Write a coordinate proof for the statement: If a parallelogram has one right angle,
it has four right angles.

Mixed Exercises
PROOF Write the specified type of proof for each theorem.
18. paragraph proof of Theorem 2.10 19. two-column proof of Theorem 2.11
Given: ∠K ＀ ∠M, ∠N ＀ ∠L R bisects T‾
Given: P‾ Q.
Prove: KLMN is a parallelogram. T‾Q bisects P‾
R.
Prove: PQRT is a parallelogram.
K L
P
Q
V
N M
T
R
20. ABCD is a parallelogram with A(5, 4), B(-1, -2), and C(8, -2). Find one possible
set of coordinates for D.

80 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
21. STRUCTURE A parallelogram has vertices R(-2, -1), S(2, 1), and T(0, -3). Find all
possible coordinates for the fourth vertex.
2 1
Q is 3__
22. If the slope of P‾ and the slope of Q
‾ R is -_2,_ find the slope of S‾
R so that
PQRS is a parallelogram.

1 1
23. If the slope of A
‾ B is 2_, _the slope of B ‾
C is -4, and the slope of C
‾D is _,2_
find the slope of D‾ A so that ABCD is a parallelogram.

24. REASONING The pattern shown in the figure is to consist of congruent

parallelograms. How can the designer be certain that the shapes are
parallelograms?

25. Refer to parallelogram ABCD. If AB = 8 cm, what is the perimeter

A B
of the parallelogram?

6 cm

D C
26. PICTURE FRAME Aston is making a wooden picture frame in the
shape of a parallelogram. He has two pieces of wood that are 3 feet
long and two that are 4 feet long.
a. If he connects the pieces of wood at their ends to each other, in
what order must he connect them to make a parallelogram?

b. How many different parallelograms could he make with these

four lengths of wood?

c. Explain something Aston might do to specify precisely y

the shape of the parallelogram.

27. STATE YOUR ASSUMPTION When a coordinate plane is

placed over the Harrisville town map, the four street lamps O x
in the center are located as shown. Do the four lamps form
the vertices of a parallelogram? Justify your reasoning.
Explain any assumptions that you make regarding the
coordinate plane and the map.

28. USE TOOLS Explain how you can use Theorem 2.11 to construct a parallelogram.
Then construct a parallelogram using your method.

Lesson 2-3 • Tests for Parallelograms 81

29. BALANCING Nikia, Madison, Angela, and Shelby are balancing Madison
on an X-shaped floating object. To balance, they want to stand
Shelby
so they are at the vertices of a parallelogram. To achieve this, do
all four of them have to be the same distance from the center of
the object? Explain. N ikia

Angela

y
30. FORMATION Four jets are flying in formation. Three of the
jets are shown in the graph. If the four jets are located at the
vertices of a parallelogram, what are the three possible
locations of the missing jet?

O x

31. PROOF Write a coordinate proof to prove that the segments joining the
midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral form a parallelogram.

32. ANALYZE If two parallelograms have four congruent corresponding angles, are the
parallelograms sometimes, always, or never congruent? Justify your argument.

33. WRITE Compare and contrast Theorem 2.9 and Theorem 2.3.

34. PERSEVERE If ABCD is a parallelogram and A‾ J＀‾

KC ,show A B
that quadrilateral JBKD is a parallelogram.
J
K

35. ANALYZE The diagonals of a parallelogram meet at the D C

point (0, 1). One vertex of the parallelogram is located at
(2, 4), and a second vertex is located at (3, 1). Find the
locations of the remaining vertices.

82 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Lesson 2-4

Rectangles
Explore Properties of Rectangles Today’s Goals
● Recognize and apply
the properties of
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the rectangles.
Explore. ● Determine whether
parallelograms are
INQUIRY What special properties do rectangles.
rectangles have?
Today’s Vocabulary
Learn Properties of Rectangles rectangle

A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles. From this

definition, you know that a rectangle has the following properties:
• All four angles are right angles. A B
• Opposite sides are parallel and
congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent.
• Consecutive angles are
supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other. D C
In addition, the diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
Theorem 2.13: Diagonals of a Rectangle
If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then its diagonals are congruent.
Think About It!
You will prove Theorem 2.13 in Exercise 23. What does point G
represent in the context
Example 1 Use Properties of Rectangles of the problem?

BASKETBALL The coach is making B C

the basketball team run a new
drill along the diagonals of the
court, as shown. If BC = 94 feet
and FC = 106.5 feet, find DG. G
¯ ＀ BD
FC ¯ If a ！ is a rectangle,
diag. are ＀. F D
FC = BD Definition of congruence
BD = 106.5 Substitution

Because BCDF is a rectangle, it is a parallelogram. The diagonals of a

parallelogram bisect each other, so DG = BG.
DG + BG = BD Segment Addition Postulate
DG + DG = BD Substitution
2DG = BD Simplify.
1
DG = _2_BD Divide each side by 2.
1
DG = _2_(106.5) or 53.25 ft Substitution
Lesson 2-4 • Rectangles 83
 Check P Q

FRAMING Jay is framing a barn door

9
with an X-brace as shown. If RT = 3_16_ ,
QR = 7 feet, and m∠RTS = 65°, find T
each measure. If a measure is not a
whole number, write it as a decimal.
PS = ? ft SQ = ? ft
m∠QTR = ? m∠TQR = ? S R

Study Tip
Right Angles Recall
Example 2 Use Properties of Rectangles
from Theorem 2.6 that and Algebra
if a parallelogram has Quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle. A B
one right angle, then it
If m∠BAC = 3x + 3 and m∠ACB =
has four right angles.
5x - 1, find x.
Because ABCD is a rectangle, it has four
right angles. So, m∠DCB = 90°. Because C
Think About It! D
a rectangle is a parallelogram, opposite
There are four sides are parallel. Alternate interior
congruent right angles of parallel lines are congruent, so ∠ACD ＀ ∠BAC.
triangles formed by
the diagonals of a m∠ACD + m∠ACB = 90° Angle Addition Postulate
rectangle. How many
m∠BAC + ∠ACB = 90° Substitution
pairs of congruent
triangles are there 3x + 3 + 5x - 1 = 90 Substitution
in all?
x = 11 Solve.

Check
Quadrilateral JKLM is a rectangle. J K
Part A
N
If MN = 3x + 1 and JL = 2x + 9, find MK.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
? M L
MK =
Part B
If m∠JNK = (5x + 2)° and m∠JNM = (3x - 6)°, find each measure.
Rober t Hamm/123RF

m∠JNK = ?
m∠JNM = ?

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84 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
Learn Proving that Parallelograms are Rectangles Use a Source
You have learned that if a parallelogram is a rectangle, then the diagonals In 1853, the New York
State legislature
of the parallelogram are congruent. The converse is also true.
enacted a law to set
Theorem 2.14: Diagonals of a Rectangle aside more than 750
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent, then the acres of land in central
parallelogram is a rectangle. Manhattan. This area is
now known as Central
You will prove Theorem 2.14 in Exercise 24. Park, America’s first
major landscaped
public park. Use
Example 3 Prove Rectangular Relationships available resources to
If AB = 50 feet, A B find and use the
dimensions of Central
BC = 20 feet, CD = 50 feet,
Park to prove that it is
AD = 20 feet, AC = 54 feet,
rectangular.
and BD = 54 feet, prove P
that quadrilateral ABCD is
a rectangle. D C
Because AB = CD, BC = AD, and
AC = BD, A ¯ ¯ , BC
B ＀ CD ¯ ＀ AD
¯,
¯＀B
and AC ¯ ¯
D . Because A ¯ and B
B ＀ CD ¯C ＀A ¯D , ABCD is
a parallelogram. Because A¯ ¯
C and BD are congruent diagonals,
ABCD is a rectangle.

Check Q R

Copy and complete the proof with the

correct statements.
Given: PQRS is a rectangle; P¯ ¯
T ＀ST.
Prove: Q¯ ¯
T ＀RT
P T S
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. PQRS is a rectangle; PT ¯.
¯ ＀ ST 1. Given
2. PQRS is a parallelogram. 2. Definition of rectangle
3. ? 3. Opp. sides of a ！ are ＀. Statements:
4. ? 4. Definition of rectangle ∠S and ∠P are right ∠s.
¯＀Q
RS ¯P
5. ∠S ＀ ∠P 5. All right angles are congruent.
¯＀R
QT ¯T
6. ? 6. SAS ＂RST ＀ ＂QPT
7. ? 7. CPCTC

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Lesson 2-4 • Rectangles 85

 You can also use the properties of rectangles to prove that a quadrilateral
Study Tip
positioned on a coordinate plane is a rectangle given the coordinates of
Rectangles and the vertices.
Parallelograms All
rectangles are
parallelograms, but all
Example 4 Identify Rectangles on the Coordinate Plane
parallelograms are not Quadrilateral GHJK has vertices G(-3, 0), y
necessarily rectangles. H(3, 2), J(4, -1), and K(-2, -3). Determine
whether GHJK is a rectangle by using the H
Distance Formula. G
O x
Think About It! Step 1 Determine whether opposite sides J
Is there another way to are congruent.
K
show that GHJK is a Use the Distance Formula.
rectangle? If yes, ___
GH = √＀
(-＀
3＀-＀3＀
)2＀+＀(＀
0＀-＀
2＀)2 or √40
explain.
___
HJ = √＀
(3 ＀
-＀4)＀
2+＀[＀
2＀ (-＀1)]＀2 or √10
-＀
___
KJ = ＀＀
√(- 2＀
-＀4＀
)2 ＀
+＀[-
＀3＀-＀(＀
-＀1)]2 or √40
___
GK = √＀
[-＀
3-＀(＀
-2＀)]＀
2+＀[＀
0-＀(＀
-3＀)]2 or √10

Because opposite sides of the quadrilateral have the same measure,

they are congruent. So, quadrilateral GHJK is a parallelogram.
Step 2 Determine whether diagonals are congruent.
Use the Distance Formula.
___
GJ = √＀
(-＀
3＀-＀
4)＀
2＀+＀
[0＀-＀(＀
-＀1)]2 or √50
___
KH = √＀
(-＀
2＀-＀3＀
)2＀+＀(＀
-＀3＀
-＀ )2 or √50
2＀
Because the diagonals have the same measure, they are congruent.
So, ！GHJK is a rectangle.

Check
A quadrilateral has vertices A(2, 6), B(3, 7), and C(6, 4). Which of the
following points would make ABCD a rectangle?
A. D(5, 3)
B. D(5, 2)
C. D(4, 3)
D. D(6, 3)

Go Online Pause and Reflect

You may want to Did you struggle with anything in this lesson? If so, how did you
complete the
deal with it?
construction activities
for this lesson.

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

86 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1
FENCING X-braces are also used to provide support in
A B
rectangular fencing. If AB = 6 feet, AD = 2 feet, and
m∠DAE = 65°, find each measure. Round to the nearest
tenth, if necessary. E
1. BC 2. DB D C

3. m∠CEB 4. m∠EDC

PROM The prom committee is decorating the venue for prom D E

and wants to hang lights above the diagonals of the rectangular
room. If DH = 44.5 feet, EF = 39 feet, and m∠GHF = 128°, find H
each measure.
5. DG 6. GE
G F

7. m∠EHF 8. m∠HEF

Example 2
9. Quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle. If m∠ADB = (4x + 8)° A D
and m∠DBA = (6x + 12)°, find the value of x.

B C
Quadrilateral EFGH is a rectangle. Use the given information to find each measure.
10. If m∠FEG = 57°, find m∠GEH. E F

K
11. If m∠HGE = 13°, find m∠FGE. H G

12. If FK = 32 feet, find EG.

13. Find m∠HEF + m∠EFG.

14. If EF = 4x - 6 and HG = x + 3, find EF.

Lesson 2-4 • Rectangles 87

Example 3
PROOF Write a two-column proof.

15. Given: ABCD is a rectangle. 16. Given: QTVW is a rectangle, Q¯ ¯

R ＀ST
Prove: ！ADC ＀ ！BCD Prove: ！SWQ ＀ ！RVT
A Q R S T
B

D C W V

Example 4
PRECISION Graph each quadrilateral with the given vertices. Determine whether
the figure is a rectangle. Justify your answer using the indicated formula.
17. B(-4, 3), G(-2, 4), H(1, -2), L(-1, -3); Slope Formula

18. N(-4, 5), O(6, 0), P(3, -6), Q(- 7, -1); Distance Formula

19. C(0, 5), D(4, 7), E(5, 4), F(1, 2); Slope Formula

20. P(-3, -2), Q(-4, 2), R(2, 4), S(3, 0); Slope Formula

21. J(-6, 3), K(0, 6), L(2, 2), M(-4, -1); Distance Formula

22. T(4, 1), U(3, -1), X(-3, 2), Y (-2, 4); Distance Formula

Mixed Exercises
PROOF Write a two-column proof to prove each theorem.

23. Theorem 2.13

Given: ABCD is a rectangle with
¯ and BD
diagonals AC ¯.
¯ ＀ BD
Prove: AC ¯

A B

D C

24. Theorem 2.14

¯ PQRT is a parallelogram.
¯ ＀ QT;
Given: PR
Prove: PQRT is a rectangle.
P Q

T R

88 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
25. LANDSCAPING Huntington Park officials approved a rectangular plot of land for a
Japanese Zen garden. Is it sufficient to know that opposite sides of the garden
plot are congruent and parallel to determine that the garden plot is rectangular?
Explain.

26. Name a property that is true for a rectangle and not always true for a parallelogram.

27. USE TOOLS Construct a rectangle using the construction for congruent segments
and the construction for a line perpendicular to another line through a point on
the line. Justify each step of the construction.

28. SIGNS The sign is attached to the front of Jackie’s lemonade 4 ft

stand. Based on the dimensions given, can Jackie be sure that Jackie’s
the sign is a rectangle? Explain your reasoning. 2 ft 2 ft
Ice Cold Lemonade
4 ft

For Exercises 29–30, refer to rectangle WXYZ. X Y

29. If XW = 3, and WZ = 4, find YW.

30. If ZY = 6, and XY = 8, find WY. W Z

A B
31. FRAMES Jalen makes the rectangular frame shown.
Jalen measures the distances BD and AC. How should
these two distances compare if the frame is a
rectangle?

C D
32. BOOKSHELVES A bookshelf consists of two vertical
planks with five horizontal shelves. Are each of the four y
sections for books rectangles? Explain.

33. REASONING A landscaper is marking off the corners of a

rectangular plot of land. Three of the corners are in the O x

place as shown. What are the coordinates of the fourth

corner?

Lesson 2-4 • Rectangles 89

34. STRUCTURE Veronica made the pattern shown out of
7 rectangles with four equal sides. The side length of
each rectangle is written inside the rectangle. 5

a. How many rectangles can be formed using the lines in

8
this figure? 11
3
b. If Veronica wanted to extend her pattern by adding 2
another rectangle with 4 equal sides to make a larger
rectangle, what are the possible side lengths of B
rectangles that she can add?

35. PERSEVERE In rectangle ABCD, m∠EAB = (4x + 6)°,

C
m∠DEC = (10 - 11y)°, and m∠EBC = 60°. Find the values A E
of x and y.

36. FIND THE ERROR Parker says that any two congruent acute triangles can be
arranged to make a rectangle. Takeisha says that only two congruent right
triangles can be arranged to make a rectangle. Who is correct? Explain your
reasoning.

37. WRITE Why are all rectangles parallelograms, but all parallelograms are not
rectangles? Explain.

38. CREATE Write the equations of four lines having intersections that form the
vertices of a rectangle. Verify your answer using coordinate geometry.

39. ANALYZE Danny argues that to prove a parallelogram is a rectangle, it is

sufficient to prove that it has one right angle. Do you agree? If so, explain
why. If not, explain and draw a counterexample.

90 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Lesson 2-5

Rhombi and Squares

Explore Properties of Rhombi and Squares Today’s Goals
● Recognize and apply
the properties of
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the rhombi and squares.
Explore. ● Determine whether
quadrilaterals are
INQUIRY What special properties do rhombi rhombi or squares.
and squares have? Today’s Vocabulary
rhombus
square

Learn Properties of Rhombi and Squares

A rhombus is a parallelogram with all
four sides congruent. All of the
properties of a parallelogram hold
true for a rhombus, in addition to the
following two theorems.
Go Online
Theorems: Diagonals of a Rhombus
A proof of Theorem 2.15
Theorem 2.15 is available.
If a parallelogram is a rhombus, then its diagonals are perpendicular.
Theorem 2.16
If a parallelogram is a rhombus, then each diagonal bisects a pair of
opposite angles.

You will prove Theorem 2.16 in Exercise 31.

A square is a parallelogram with all four

sides and all four angles congruent. All of
the properties of parallelograms, rectangles,
and rhombi apply to squares. For example, Think About It!
the diagonals of a square bisect each other How are the definition
(parallelogram), are congruent (rectangle), of a rhombus and
and are perpendicular (rhombus). the definition of
congruence used to
justify the first and
Example 1 Use the Definition of a Rhombus
second steps?
If LM = 2x - 9 and KN = x + 15 L
in rhombus KLMN, find the value of x.
P M
L‾
M ＀ K‾
N Definition of rhombus

LM = KN Definition of congruence K
2x - 9 = x + 15 Substitution N
x = 24 Solve.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 2-5 • Rhombi and Squares 91

 W X
Check
Quadrilateral WXYZ A
is a rhombus. If AZ = 14,
ZY = 22, and m∠WYZ = 35°,
find each measure.
Z Y
XZ = ? m∠XYZ = ? m∠WXZ = ?

Talk About It! Example 2 Use the Diagonals of a Rhombus

Compare all of the
properties of the The diagonals of rhombus KLMN L
following quadrilaterals: intersect at P. If m∠LMN = 75°, find
parallelograms, m∠KNP. M
P
rectangles, rhombi,
Because we know that KLMN is a
and squares.
rhombus, we can use the definition of a K
rhombus to say that ∠LKN and ∠LMN are
congruent opposite angles that are N
bisected by diagonal K‾ M . Because K
‾M is
1_ _1_ °) or 37
a bisector, m∠PKN = _2m ∠LKN. So m∠PKN = (75 2 .5°. Because
the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular,
m∠KPN = 90° by the definition of perpendicular lines.
m∠PKN + m∠KPN + m∠KNP = 180 Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem

37.5 + 90 + m∠KNP = 180 Substitution

m∠KNP = 52.5° Solve.

Example 3 Use the Definition of a Square

EFGH is a square. If FJ = 19, find FH. E
Because EFGH is square, it is both a parallelogram
F
and a rectangle. Therefore, we know that its J
diagonals_bisect each other and are congruent.
FJ ＀ J‾
H Definition of a square
FJ = JH Definition of congruence
19 = JH Substitution H
FJ + JH = FH Definition of bisector
G
19 + 19 = FH Substitution
38 = FH Simplify.

Check P Q
In rhombus PQRS, PQ = 4x + 3, QR = 41, and
m∠PQT = (2x + 4y)°. What must the value of y T
be for rhombus PQRS to be a square?
A. 6.5 B. 9.5 C. 45 D. 90
S R
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

92 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
Learn Tests for Rhombi and Squares Go Online Y ou
If a parallelogram meets certain conditions, you can conclude that it is may want to complete
the Concept Check
a rhombus or a square.
to check your
Theorems: Conditions for Rhombi and Squares understanding.
Theorem 2.17
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
Theorem 2.18
If one diagonal of a parallelogram bisects a pair of opposite angles, then
the parallelogram is a rhombus.
Theorem 2.19
If two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are congruent, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
Theorem 2.20
If a quadrilateral is both a rectangle and a rhombus, then it is a square.

You will prove Theorems 2.17, 2.19, and 2.20 in Exercises 32–34.
Math History
Go Online A proof of Theorem 2.18 is available. Minute
You can use the properties of rhombi and squares to write proofs. Robert Ammann
(1946–1994) was a
Example 4 Use Conditions for Rhombi and Squares programmer who
Write a paragraph proof. considered himself an
T U
amateur
Given: TUVW is a parallelogram. mathematician.
＀TSW ！ ＀TSU Although he did not
Prove: TUVW is a rhombus.
S study mathematics in
Proof: college, Ammann
discovered new ways
Because it is given that ＀TSW ！ ＀TSU, it
‾ T ！U‾T . Because W
‾ T W V to tile a plane by using
must be true that W
quadrilaterals including
and U
‾ T are congruent, consecutive sides of the given parallelogram,
rhombi. One of the
we can prove that TUVW is a rhombus by using Theorem 7.19.
tilings, the Ammann
-Beenker tiling, is
named for him.
Example 5 Use Properties of a Rhombus
GARMENT DESIGN Ananya is designing a B
sweater using an argyle pattern. All four
sides of quadrilateral ABCD are 2 inches
long. How can Ananya be sure that the A C Study Tip
argyle pattern is a square? Common
A square has all of the properties of a Misconceptions
D The conditions for
parallelogram, a rhombus, and a rectangle.
To prove that quadrilateral ABCD is a square, prove that it is a rhombi and squares
only apply if you
parallelogram, a rhombus, and a rectangle.
already know that a
quadrilateral is a
(continued on the next page)
parallelogram.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 2-5 • Rhombi and Squares 93

 Because both pairs of opposite B
Think About It! sides are congruent, ABCD is a
How could Ananya show parallelogram.
that the pattern is a 2 in. 2 in.
square in a different way? Because consecutive sides
of ＀ABCD are congruent, A C
it is a rhombus.

2 in. 2 in.

D
Study Tip
B
Assumptions Although
it would be difficult to
measure a perfect If the diagonals of a parallelogram 2 in. 2 in.
square on a piece of
are congruent, then the parallelogram
fabric due to its
is a rectangle. So, if Ananya measures A C
stretching and shrinking
qualities, we assume
the length of each diagonal and finds
that the properties of a that they are equal, then ABCD is
2 in. 2 in.
square will hold true, for a square.
example, the congruence
of its diagonals. D

Think About It!

What other way could
Example 6 Classify Parallelograms by Using
you use to determine Coordinate Geometry
whether a quadrilateral
Determine whether ＀ABCD with vertices A(-3, 2), B(-2, 6), C(2, 7),
is a rhombus?
and D(1, 3) is a rhombus, a rectangle, a square, a parallelogram, or
none. List all that apply. Explain.
Plot and connect the vertices on y C
a coordinate plane. It appears B
that the figure is a parallelogram.
ABCD appears to be a D
parallelogram, but is it also a A
Study Tip rhombus? To check if the figure O x
Make a Graph When can be further classified, compare
analyzing a figure using the slopes of the diagonals to determine
coordinate geometry, whether they are perpendicular.
graph the figure to help
7-2 5
formulate a conjecture slope of A
‾C = __ _____ __ 1
2 - (- 3) = or
5
and also to help check the
reasonableness of your 3-6 -3
answer. Use the same slope of B
‾D = __ ____ ___
1 - (- 2) = 3 or -1
scale on the x- and y-axes
so the representation is as Because the product of the slopes of the diagonals is -1, the
accurate as possible. Be diagonals are perpendicular, so ＀ABCD is a rhombus.
sure to choose a window
that will allow you to see
all of the vertices. Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

94 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
B C
Examples 1 and 2
Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus. Find each value or measure. E
1. If m∠ABD = 60°, find m∠BDC. 2. If AE = 8, find AC.
3. If AB = 26 and BD = 20, find AE. 4. Find m∠CEB. A D
5. If m∠CBD = 58°, find m∠ACB. 6. If AE = 3x - 1 and AC = 16, find x.
7. If m∠CDB = 6y° and m∠ACB = (2y + 10)°, find the value of y.
8. If AD = 2x + 4 and CD = 4x - 4, find the value of x.
P Q
Example 3
9. PQRS is a square. If PR = 42, find TR.
T

S R

G
10. GHJK is a square. If KM = 26.5, find KH. H
M

K
J
Example 4
Write a two-column proof.
11. Given: ACDH and BCDF are 12. Given: QRST is a parallelogram; T ‾ ‾
R ＀QS;
‾
parallelograms; BF ＀A
‾B. m∠QPR = 90°.
Prove: ABFH is a rhombus. Prove: QRST is a square.
C Q R
B
A

P
D
F
H T S
13. Given: W‾Z || X
‾Y, W
‾X || Z‾
Y, W
‾ X＀X
‾Y 14. Given: JKQP is a square.
_
M
‾ ‾
L bisects JP and KQ.
Prove: WXYZ is a rhombus.
Prove: JKLM is a parallelogram.
W X J K

M L

Z Y P Q

Lesson 2-5 • Rhombi and Squares 95

Example 5
15. PRECISION Jorge is using this box garden to plant his
vegetables this year. What does Jorge need to know to
ensure that the box garden is a square? Explain.

4 ft
4 ft

16. PRECISION Ingrid is designing a quilt with patches like the one shown.
The patch is a parallelogram with all four angles having the same
measure and the top and right sides having the same measure. Ingrid
says that the patch is a square. Is she correct? Explain.

Example 6
REGULARITY Determine whether quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus, a rectangle,
a square, a parallelogram, or none. List all that apply. Explain.
17. A(0, 2), B(2, 4), C(4, 2), D(2, 0) 18. A(-2, -1), B(0, 2), C(2, -1), D(0, -4)

19. A(-6, -1), B(4, -6), C(2, 5), D(-8, 10) 20. A(2, -4), B(-6, -8), C(-10, 2), D(-2, 6)

21. A(1, 3), B(7, -3), C(1, -9), D(-5, -3) 22. A(-9, 1), B(2, 3), C(12, -2), D(1, -4)

Mixed Exercises
Andrey Simonenko/123RF

BCDF is a square with FD = 55. Find each measure.

23. BC 24. CD
C
B
G

25. GD 26. BD
D
F

96 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
WXYZ is a square. If WT = 3, find each measure. X W
27. ZX 28. XY
T

29. m∠WTZ 30. m∠WYX

Y Z
PROOF Write a two-column proof to prove each theorem.

31. Theorem 2.16 32. Theorem 2.17

Given: ABCD is a rhombus. Given: PQRS is a parallelogram; ‾ QS .
PR ⊥ ‾
Prove: A
‾C bisects ∠DAB and ∠DCB. Prove: PQRS is a rhombus.
B
‾ D bisects ∠ABC and ∠ADC. P Q
A B
2 3
1 4
T

8 5 S R
7 6
D C

33. Theorem 2.19 34. Theorem 2.20

‾
Given: RSTU is a parallelogram; RS＀‾
ST. Given: WXYZ is a rectangle and a rhombus.
Prove: RSTU is a rhombus. Prove: WXYZ is a square.
R S W X

U T
Z Y

Lesson 2-5 • Rhombi and Squares 97

35. USE ESTIMATION The figure is an example of a quilt pattern.
Estimate the type and number of shapes in the figure. Use a
ruler or protractor to measure the shapes and then name
the quadrilaterals used to form the figure. Compare this to
your estimation.

Classify each quadrilateral.

36. 37. 38.
LEFT a2+2 2b = c
LANE
CLOSED

USE TOOLS Use diagonals to construct each figure. Justify each construction.
39. rhombus 40. square

41. CAKE Douglas cuts a rhombus-shaped piece of cake along both diagonals. He ends
up with four congruent triangles. Classify these triangles as acute, obtuse, or right.

Higher-Order Thinking Skills

A B
42. PERSEVERE The area of square ABCD is 36 square units
‾
and the area of ＀EBF is 20 square units. If EB⊥ B
‾F and
AE = 2, find CF.
E

43. WRITE Compare all of the properties of the following

quadrilaterals: parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, D C F
and squares.

44. FIND THE ERROR In parallelogram PQRS, P‾ R ＀Q ‾ S . Graciela thinks that P

the parallelogram is a square, and Xavier thinks that it is a rhombus. Is Q
either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

45. ANALYZE Determine whether the statement is true or false. Then S

write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the statement R
and determine the truth value of each. Justify your argument.
If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle.

46. CREATE Find the vertices of a square with diagonals that are contained in the
graphs of y = x and y = -x + 6. Justify your reasoning.

98 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals
 Lesson 2-6

Trapezoids and Kites

Explore Properties of Trapezoids and Kites Today’s Goals
● Apply the properties of
Online Activity Use dynamic geometry software to complete the trapezoids to solve real-
world and mathematical
Explore. problems.
● Apply the properties
INQUIRY What special properties do of trapezoids and use
trapezoids and kites have? coordinate geometry
to find the lengths
and endpoints of
Learn T rapezoids midsegments.
● Apply the properties of
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly kites to solve real-world
one pair of parallel sides. The parallel sides A base B and mathematical
are called bases of a trapezoid. The problems.
leg leg
nonparallel sides are called legs of a Today’s Vocabulary
trapezoid. A base angle of a trapezoid is trapezoid
formed by a base and one of the legs of
D base C
bases of a trapezoid
the trapezoid. In trapezoid ABCD, ∠A and legs of a trapezoid
∠B are one pair of base angles, and ∠C and ∠D are the other pair. If the base angle of a
legs of a trapezoid are congruent, then it is an isosceles trapezoid. trapezoid
Theorems: Isosceles Trapezoids isosceles trapezoid
Theorem 2.21 midsegment of a
trapezoid
Words If a trapezoid is isosceles, G H kite
then each pair of base
angles is congruent.
Example If trapezoid FGHJ is isosceles
¯ and FJ,
with bases GH ¯ then
F J Go Online
∠G ＀ ∠H and ∠F ＀ ∠J.
Proofs of Theorems 2.21
Theorem 2.22 and 2.23 are available.
Words If a trapezoid has one pair of K
congruent base angles, then L
it is an isosceles trapezoid.

Example If ∠L ＀ ∠M, then trapezoid M

KLMP is isosceles. P

Theorem 2.23
Words A trapezoid is isosceles if R
and only if its diagonals are
congruent. Q

Example If trapezoid QRST is isosceles, S

¯＀R
then QS ¯ T . Likewise,
¯
if Q ¯
S ＀RT , then trapezoid
QRST is isosceles. T
You will prove Theorem 2.22 in Exercise 23.
Lesson 2-6 • Trapezoids and Kites 99
 Example 1 Use Properties of Isosceles Trapezoids
MUSIC The body of the guitar
shown is a trapezoidal prism.
The front face of the guitar is an D A
isosceles trapezoid. AB = 3x - 2,
CD = 3x + 9, AD = 4x + 5, and B
BC = 5x - 6. C
Part A Prove x = 11.

Statements Reasons
1. ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid. 1. Given
Reasons:
¯＀B
2. AD ¯ C 2. Def. of isosceles trapezoid
Addition Property of
Equality 3. AD = BC 3. Def. of congruent segments
Definition of congruent 4. 4x + 5 = 5x - 6 4. Substitution
angles 5. 5 = x - 6 5. Subtraction Prop. of Equality
Definition of isosceles 6. 11 = x 6. Addition Prop. of Equality
trapezoid
7. x = 11 7. Symmetric Prop. of Equality
Definition of congruent
segments
Given
Part B Find m∠A if m∠C = 72°.
Substitution
Because ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid, ∠C and ∠D are congruent
Subtraction Property of base angles. So, m∠C = m∠D = 72°.
Equality _
Because ABCD is a trapezoid, AB ！ C
‾D.
Symmetric Property of
Equality m∠A + m∠D = 180° Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
m∠A + 72 = 180 Substitution

m∠A = 108° Solve.

Part C Find the perimeter of the front face of the guitar in

centimeters.
P = AB + BC + CD + AD Perimeter of trapezoid ABCD
= 3x - 2 + 5x - 6 + 3x + 9 + 4x + 5 Substitution
= 15x + 6 Combine like terms.

= 15(11) + 6 x = 11

= 171 Simplify.

So, the perimeter of the front face of the guitar is 171 centimeters.

100 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals

Example 2 Isosceles Trapezoids and
Coordinate Geometry
Quadrilateral QRST has vertices Q(-8, -4), y
R S
R(0, 8), S(6, 8), and T(-6, -10). Show that 8
QRST is a trapezoid, and determine whether
4
QRST is an isosceles trapezoid.
Step 1 Graph quadrilateral QRST. −8 −4 O 4 8x

Graph and connect the vertices of QRST. −4

Q
Step 2 Compare the slopes of the opposite −8

sides. T Think About It!

Use the Slope Formula to compare the slopes of opposite sides Q ‾ R What other method
and S‾T and opposite sides Q‾ T and R‾S . A quadrilateral is a trapezoid if could you have used to
exactly one pair of opposite sides is parallel. show that trapezoid
QRST is not isosceles?
¯ and S
Opposite sides QR ¯T:
8 - (-4) _12_ _3_
¯ = _______
slope of QR 0 - (-8) = 8 or 2
-10 - 8 -18 3
T = __
slope of S‾ _ _ __ ___ __
-6 - 6 = -12 or 2
QR and ‾
Because the slopes of ‾ ST are equal, ‾
QR ＀ ‾
ST.
¯ and R
Opposite sides QT ¯S:
-10 - (-4) -6
QT = ________
slope of ¯ _ __
-6 - (-8) = 2 or -3
8-8 0
slope of R
‾S = _6_-__ __
0 = 6 or 0
Because the slopes of ‾QT and ‾RS are not equal, ‾
QT ∦ RS. Because Study Tip
‾
quadrilateral QRST has only one pair of opposite sides that are parallel, Midsegment The
quadrilateral QRST is a trapezoid. midsegment of a
trapezoid can also be
Step 3 Compare the lengths of the legs. called a median.
Use the Distance Formula to compare the lengths of the legs ¯
QT
and ¯
RS .A trapezoid is isosceles if its legs are congruent.
_______________________ ___
√
QT = [-6 - (-8 )]2 + [-10 - (-4)]2 or √40
_______________ ___
√
RS = (6 - 0)2+ (8 - 8)2 = √36 or 6
Because QT ≠ RS, legs ¯
QT and ¯
RS are not congruent. Therefore,
trapezoid QRST is not isosceles.

Learn Midsegments of Trapezoids

The midsegment of a trapezoid is the segment that connects the
midpoints of the legs of the trapezoid.
Theorem 2.24: Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem
The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to each base and its length is
one half the sum of the lengths of the bases.
Go Online A proof of Theorem 2.24 is available.
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.
Lesson 2-6 • Trapezoids and Kites 101
 Example 3 Midsegments of Trapezoids
In the figure, U
‾ R is the midsegment P 11 Q
of trapezoid PQST. U R
Find UR.
T 18 S
By the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem, UR is equal to one half the
sum of PQ and TS.
1
UR = _2_(PQ + TS) Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem
1
= _2_(11 + 18) Substitution
= 14.5 Solve.

Example 4 Find Missing Values in Trapezoids

In the figure, R
‾ N is the midsegment L x M
of trapezoid LMPQ. What is the value 24
of x? R N
You can use the Trapezoid Midsegment Q 16.7 P
Theorem to write an equation and find
the value of x.
1
RN = _2_(LM + QP) Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem
Think About It! 1
24 = _2_(x + 16.7) Substitution
If the parallel sides of a
trapezoid are contained 48 = x + 16.7 Multiply each side by 2.
by the lines y = x + 4
31.3 = x Solve.
and y = x - 8, what
equation represents
the line containing the
midsegment? Example 5 Midsegments and Coordinate Geometry
In trapezoid ABCD, A‾D ＀‾BC . Find 10
y

the endpoints of the midsegment. 9 A (0, 8) B (18, 8)

8
You can use the Midpoint Formula 7
6
to find the midpoints of A
‾ B and 5
D (1, 4)
D
‾ C . These midpoints are the 4
3
endpoints of the midsegment of 2
trapezoid ABCD. 1 C (20, 0)
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 x
0 + 18 8 + 8
midpoint of A
‾B = (__2___, __2__) = (9, 8)
1 + 20 4 + 0
midpoint of D
‾C = (__2___, __2__) = (10.5, 2)
So, the endpoints of the midsegments are (9, 8) and (10.5, 2).

Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

102 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals

Learn Kites
A kite is a convex quadrilateral with exactly two distinct pairs of Talk About It!
adjacent congruent sides. Unlike a parallelogram, the opposite sides of If the congruent sides
a kite are not congruent or parallel. of a kite are marked,
how can you identify
Theorems: Kites
which angles are
Theorem 2.25 congruent?
If a quadrilateral is a kite, then its diagonals are perpendicular.
Theorem 2.26
If a quadrilateral is a kite, then exactly one pair of opposite angles is
congruent.

You will prove Theorems 2.25 and 2.26 in Exercises 24 and 25, respectively.

Example 6 Find Angle Measures in Kites

If KLMN is a kite, find m∠N. K
Because a kite can only have one 71°
L
pair of opposite congruent angles
and ∠K ＀ ∠M, then ∠N ！ ∠L. So,
m∠N = m∠L. You can write and solve
an equation to find m∠N.
N

52°

m∠K + m∠L + m∠M + m∠N = 360 Polygon Interior Angles Sum

Theorem
71 + m∠N + 52 + m∠N = 360 Substitution
2m∠N + 123 = 360 Simplify.
2m∠N = 237 Subtract.
m∠N = 118.5° Divide each side by 2.

Check G
If FGHJ is a kite, find m∠F. 128°
m∠F = ? H
F

72°

J
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

Lesson 2-6 • Trapezoids and Kites 103

 Example 7 Find Lengths in Kites
Quadrilateral ABCD is a kite. B
Part A Find AD.
6
Because the diagonals of a kite
A C
are perpendicular, they divide 12 E 12
ABCD into four right triangles.
You can use the Pythagorean
24
Theorem to find AD, the length
of the hypotenuse of right
＀AED.
AE2 + ED 2= AD 2 Pythagorean Theorem
122+ 24 =
2 AD 2 Substitution
D
144 + 576 = AD2 Simplify.
720 = AD2 Simplify.
____
√720__ = AD Take the square root of each side.
12√5 = AD Simplify.

Part B Find the perimeter of kite ABCD.

B！ ¯ ¯
From the figure, we know A
‾ __ B C and A
‾D ！C D . So, AB = BC and
AD = CD. We know AD = 12√5. So, we can use the Pythagorean
Theorem to find AB.
Think About It! AE2+ EB =
2 AB 2 Pythagorean Theorem
How can you find the 122+ 6 =
2 AB 2 Substitution
area of kite ABCD?
144 + 36 = AB2 Simplify.
Justify your argument.
180 = AB2 Simplify.
___
√180__ = AB Take the square root of each side.
6√5 = AB Simplify.

Use the values of AB and AD to find the perimeter of kite ABCD.

P = AB + BC + CD + AD Perimeter of kite
= AB + AB + AD + AD AB = BC and AD = CD
= 2AB + 2AD Simplify.
__ __ __ __
= 2(6√5) + 2(12√5) AB = 6√5 and AD = 12√5 C
__
Go Online = 36 √5 Simplify.
to practice what you’ve B
8
learned about types of Check 5
quadrilaterals in the
Put It All Together
Quadrilateral ABCD is a kite.
T
over Lessons 2-2 Part A Find CD. 12
through 2-6. D
Part B Find the perimeter of kite ABCD.

A
Go Online Y ou can complete an Extra Example online.

104 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals

 Go Online Y ou can complete your homework online.
Practice
Example 1

1. SIGNS The medical sign shown is a trapezoidal prism. The W X

front face of the sign is an isosceles trapezoid. WX = 2x - 2,
YZ = 2x + 6, WZ = 4x + 5, and XY = 5x - 3.

a. Prove x = 8.

b. Find m∠Z if m∠W = 106°. Z Y

c. Find the perimeter of the front face of the sign in inches.

Find each measure.

2. m∠T 3. m∠Y
X Y
T V
60°
7 7

Y Z
68°
W Z

Example 2

4. RSTU is a quadrilateral with vertices R(-3, -3), S(5, 1), T(10, -2), and U(-4, -9).

a. Verify that RSTU is a trapezoid.

b. Is RSTU an isosceles trapezoid? Explain.

5. ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(-1, 5), B(3, 2), C(-8, 2), and D(-4, 5).

a. Verify that ABCD is a trapezoid.

b. Is ABCD an isosceles trapezoid? Explain.

Examples 3 and 4
¯ is the midsegment of trapezoid HJKL.
TS
6. If HJ = 14 and LK = 42, find TS.
H J
7. If LK = 19 and TS = 15, find HJ.

8. If HJ = 7 and TS = 10, find LK. T S

9. If KL = 17 and JH = 9, find ST.

L K
10. If TS = 24 and LK = 27 .4, find HJ.

Lesson 2-6 • Trapezoids and Kites 105

Example 5
¯ y D
11. In trapezoid ABCD, A¯
D ＀BC . Find the endpoints of the
midsegment. A

O C x

y
¯ ＀ S¯
12. In trapezoid PQRS, PQ R . Find the endpoints of P
the midsegment.
Q
S
O x

R
Example 6
Find each measure in the kites.
13. m∠Q 14. m∠D
Q B

A 36° 70° C
P 110° 48° R

D
S

B
Example 7
15. REASONING Quadrilateral ABCD is a kite. 7
a. Find BC. Write your answer in simplest radical form. 11 4 C
A
b. Find the perimeter of kite ABCD. Round your answer to the nearest 7
tenth, if necessary.
16. REASONING Quadrilateral HRSE is a kite. D
a. Find RH. Write your answer in simplest radical form. R
b. Find the perimeter of kite HRSE. Round your answer to the
H 20 28 S
nearest tenth, if necessary.
12

Mixed Exercises E
ABCD is a trapezoid. A B
17. If AC = 3x - 7 and BD = 2x + 8, find the value of x so that ABCD is
isosceles. P
18. If m∠ABC = (4x + 11)° and m∠DAB = (2x + 33)°, find the value of x so
that ABCD is isosceles. D C

106 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals

WXYZ is a kite. W
19. If m∠WXY = 120°, m∠WZY = (4x)°, and m∠ZWX = (10x)°,
find m∠ZYX. U
Z X
20. If m∠WXY = (13x + 24)°, m∠WZY = 35°, and
m∠ZYX = (13x + 14)°, find m∠ZWX.
21. USE A MODEL A set of stairs leading to the entrance of a Y
building is designed in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid
with the longer base at the bottom of the stairs and the shorter base at the top. If
the bottom of the stairs is 21 feet wide and the top is 14 feet wide, find the width
of the stairs halfway to the top.
22. DESK TOPS A carpenter needs to replace several trapezoid-shaped desktops
in a classroom. The carpenter knows the lengths of both bases of the desktop.
What other measurements, if any, does the carpenter need?

PROOF Write a two-column proof to prove each theorem.

23. Theorem 2.22 T U

Given: TUVW is a trapezoid; ∠W ＀ ∠V.
Prove: Trapezoid TUVW is isosceles.

W V

24. Theorem 2.25

Given: DEFG is a kite. E
¯
Prove: DF⊥E ¯G
D F

25. PROOF Write a paragraph proof to prove Theorem 2.26. M

Given: LMNP is a kite.
Prove: ∠M ＀ ∠P; ∠MLP ！ ∠MNP L N

P
26. USE A SOURCE Go online to research diamond kites.
a. Find the perimeter of a traditional diamond kite.
b. Find the area of the kite.

Lesson 2-6 • Trapezoids and Kites 107

 Higher-Order Thinking Skills
27. CREATE Write the equations of four lines that intersect to form the vertices of an
isosceles trapezoid. Verify your answer using coordinate geometry.

28. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? The following three characteristics describe all
but which of the following quadrilaterals? Justify your conclusion.
• At least one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
• Diagonals are not perpendicular.
• At least one pair of opposite sides are congruent.

trapezoid rectangle square kite isosceles trapezoid

29. FIND THE ERROR Bedagi and Belinda are trying to determine m∠A in A
kite ABCD. Bedagi says m∠A = 45°, and Belinda says m∠A = 115°. Who
is correct? Explain your reasoning.
D 100° B

45°
C
2 4y + 2, JK = 3y −25y + 8,
30. PERSEVERE JKLM is a kite. JM = 4y − K
ML = 3x2− 6x − 10, and KL = 2x −2 2x − 5. If KL > JK, find the

perimeter of JKLM. J L

31. WRITE Describe the properties that a quadrilateral must possess for the
quadrilateral to be classified as a trapezoid, an isosceles trapezoid, or a kite.
Compare the properties of all three quadrilaterals.

ANALYZE Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.

Justify your argument.
32. A square is also a kite.

33. One pair of opposite sides are parallel in a kite.

34. The opposite angles of a trapezoid are supplementary.

108 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals

 Module 2 • Quadrilaterals

Review
Essential Question
What are the different types of quadrilaterals, and how can their characteristics be used to
model real-world situations?
Parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, squares, trapezoids, and kites; You can use these
quadrilaterals to model real-world objects, and then you can use what you know about
the properties of these shapes to approximate the measures of the real-world objects.

Module Summary Lesson 2-5

Lesson 2-1 Rhombi and Squares

• A rhombus is a special type of parallelogram with
Angles of Polygons
all four sides congruent.
• The sum of the interior angle measures of an
n-sided convex polygon is (n − 2) ∙ 180°. • A square is a special type of parallelogram with
all four sides and all four angles congruent.
• The sum of the exterior angle measures of
a convex polygon, one angle at each vertex, • If a quadrilateral is both a rectangle and a
is 360°. rhombus, then it is a square.

Lessons 2-2 and 2-3 Lesson 2-6

Parallelograms Trapezoids and Kites

• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs • A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one
of opposite sides parallel. pair of parallel sides.
• In a parallelogram, opposite sides and opposite • If a trapezoid is isosceles, then each pair of base
angles are congruent. angles is congruent.
• If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each • The midsegment of a trapezoid is the segment
other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. that connects the midpoints of the legs of the
trapezoid.
• If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral
is both parallel and congruent, then the • The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. each base and its length is one half the sum of
the lengths of the bases.
• A kite is a quadrilateral with exactly two distinct
Lesson 2-4 pairs of adjacent congruent sides.
Rectangles
A rectangle has the following properties: Study Organizer
• All four angles are right angles.
Foldables
• Opposite sides are parallel and congruent. Use your Foldable to review this
• Opposite angles are congruent. module. Working with a partner
• Consecutive angles are supplementary. can be helpful. Ask for clarification
• Diagonals bisect each other. of concepts as needed.

Module 2 Review • Quadrilaterals 109

Test Practice
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE A home plate from a 4. OPEN RESPONSE Describe three different
baseball field is modeled by the diagram. methods that you could use to prove that
What is the value of x in degrees? (Lesson 2-1) quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
y
x° 8
x° B C
x° 4
A D
O 4 8 12 x
−4
A. 45
−8
B. 90

C. 120
D. 180

2. OPEN RESPONSE Find the measure of ∠RKL.

(Lesson 2-1)

L (3x + 2)°
5. OPEN RESPONSE Quadrilateral PQRS is a
parallelogram. If m∠P = 72°, then find m∠Q
R 2x° and m∠R. (Lesson 2-2)
M
K
(4x - 18)°
(2x + 2)°
J 6. OPEN RESPONSE A repeating tile design is
made from a rhombus and four congruent
parallelograms. (Lesson 2-2)
3. MULTIPLE CHOICE A paper fan is made by A B C
folding the pattern shown in the diagram.
H
G A
H I J D
F

E
G F E
D
B
If m∠IBJ = 54°, find each angle measure.
C m∠BIF = ? °
m∠JBC = ? °
Angles A and C measure 80° and angle B
measures 135°. If the remaining angles are m∠BJD = ? °
congruent to each other, what is the measure
of each angle? (Lesson 2-1)

A. 135° B. 143° C. 157° D. 173°

110 Module 2 Review • Quadrilaterals

7. MULTIPLE CHOICE Identify which quadrilateral 9. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which measurements will
cannot be proven to be a parallelogram. ensure that PQRS is a parallelogram?
(Lesson 2-3) (Lesson 2-3)

A. B.
Q 5 R
75°
4

75°
P S
C. D.
A. PS = 5 or m∠Q = 105°

B. PS = 4 or m∠Q = 105°

C. PS = 5 or m∠Q = 75°

D. PS = 4 or m∠Q = 75°
8. OPEN RESPONSE If ¯ AB and ¯AC are two sides
of a figure, at which coordinates in Quadrant I
should point D be placed so that ABDC is a 10. OPEN RESPONSE Given rectangle WXYZ, if
parallelogram? (Lesson 2-3) m∠XZY = 27°, then find m∠WYX and
m∠WVZ. (Lesson 2-4)
y
9
8 W Z
7
6
5
4
3
B V
2
C
1
A
X Y
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

11. MULTIPLE CHOICE A carpenter builds a

frame from two 6-foot long boards and two
8 foot long boards. Given these side
lengths, how can the carpenter ensure that
the frame is a rectangle? (Lesson 2-4)
A. If the diagonals are congruent, the frame
must be a rectangle.
B. If the opposite sides are congruent,
the frame must be a rectangle.
C. If the opposite angles are congruent,
the frame must be a rectangle.
D. If the diagonals are perpendicular, the
frame must be a rectangle.

Module 2 Review • Quadrilaterals 111

12.   In parallelogram ABCD, 15.  If ABCD is a rhombus that
AB = 2x, AC = 3x - 2, and AD = x + 2. If is not a square, select all of the true
the length of segment BD is 10, what value statements. (Lesson 2-5)
of x will ensure that ABCD is a rectangle?
AB ＀ ¯
A. ¯ CD
(Lesson 2-4)

A. 2 B. ¯
AC ⊥ ¯
BD

B. 4 C. ∠A ＀ ∠C

C. 5 D. ¯
AC ＀ ¯
BD

D. 8 E. ¯
BC ＀ ¯
DA

13.  If four bars of equal length 16.   Given quadrilateral JKLM
are joined at their endpoints, select all the with J(-12, 0), K(0, 5), L(6, 0), and M(0, -5),
shapes that can be created. (Lesson 2-5) how can it be determined whether the
quadrilateral is a kite?
A. kite

B. parallelogram

C. rectangle

D. rhombus

E. square

F. trapezoid
17.   Trapezoid ABCD has
vertices A(0, 0), B(2, 5), C(3, 5), and D(8, 0).
What is the length of its midsegment?
14.   Find the measure of ∠B. (Lesson 2-6)
(Lesson 2-5)
A. 4
B B. 4.5
C
C. 5
100°
D. 5.5
100°
A
D

A. 40° C. 80°

B. 50° D. 100°

112 Module 2 Review • Quadrilaterals