Growth and Development
1. Nature of Growth and Development
Growth
Refers to quantitative changes in the body such as increase in height, weight, size, and organs.
It is physical and measurable (e.g., increase in length of bones, weight gain).
Growth is limited to certain periods (rapid during infancy and adolescence, slows in adulthood).
Development
Refers to qualitative and functional changes, i.e., improvement in skills, abilities, emotions, intelligence,
and social adaptation.
It is a continuous, lifelong process from conception to death.
Involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions.
Nature
Growth and development are interrelated but not identical.
Growth stops after physical maturity, but development continues throughout life.
Development follows certain principles:
Cephalocaudal principle (head to toe progression).
Proximodistal principle (from center to periphery).
Sequential and orderly (crawling → standing → walking).
2. Characteristics of Growth and Development
1. Universality – all humans pass through predictable stages.
2. Individual differences – rate and extent vary among individuals.
3. Continuity – development is a lifelong process.
4. Interrelation of domains – physical, mental, emotional, and social aspects influence each other.
5. Critical periods – certain stages are more sensitive for acquiring skills (e.g., language in early
childhood).
6. Cumulative process – new abilities build upon earlier foundations.
7. Influenced by heredity and environment – genetic makeup sets potential, environment provides
opportunities.
3. Developmental Periods
Infancy (Birth to 2 years)
Physical: Rapid growth in weight and height, motor milestones (rolling, sitting, crawling, walking).
Cognitive: Development of sensory-motor intelligence (Piaget’s sensory-motor stage).
Social/Emotional: Attachment formation, recognition of parents, stranger anxiety.
Childhood (2 years to 12 years)
Early childhood (2–6 years)
Growth is steady.
Development of language, imagination, play behavior.
Socialization begins (sharing, cooperation).
Late childhood (6–12 years)
Steady physical growth.
Concrete thinking develops, memory improves.
Peer group becomes important, school plays central role.
Adolescence (12 to 18/19 years)
Physical: Puberty, sexual maturation, rapid growth spurt.
Cognitive: Abstract and logical thinking develops.
Emotional/Social: Identity formation, peer influence, emotional instability, desire for independence.
Adulthood (20 to 60 years)
Early adulthood (20–40 years):
Peak of physical strength and reproductive capacity.
Career establishment, family responsibilities.
Middle adulthood (40–60 years):
Gradual decline in stamina, appearance of aging signs.
Stability in personality, career consolidation, parenting.
Old Age (60+ years)
Physical: Decline in sensory, motor, and immune functions.
Cognitive: Memory may decline; wisdom and experience increase.
Social/Emotional: Retirement, reduced social roles, need for security and companionship.
4. Factors Affecting Growth and Development
1. Genetic/Heredity factors – determine potential for height, intelligence, temperament, diseases.
2. Prenatal factors – maternal nutrition, health, infections, substance abuse, stress.
3. Postnatal factors – nutrition, diseases, accidents, physical activity.
4. Family environment – parenting style, emotional climate, socioeconomic status.
5. Culture and society – traditions, education, peer influence.
6. Economic conditions – poverty, access to healthcare, sanitation.
7. Geographical factors – climate, altitude, living conditions.
5. Role of Heredity and Environment
Heredity
Provides the genetic blueprint.
Determines physical features (height, skin color, body build), innate capacities (intelligence, talents), and
susceptibility to diseases.
Sets upper limits of potential growth and development.
Environment
Shapes how genetic potentials are expressed.
Includes nutrition, education, family atmosphere, culture, peer group, social opportunities.
Can either facilitate or hinder development.
Relative Importance
Both heredity and environment interact constantly.
Example: A child may inherit musical talent (heredity), but requires training and encouragement
(environment) to develop it.
In physical development, heredity determines body structure, while environment (diet, exercise)
influences actual growth.
In psychological development, heredity influences temperament and intelligence, while environment
shapes personality and behavior.
In social development, heredity gives basic instincts, but environment (family, culture, peers) refines
social skills.
6. Relevance for Physiotherapy Students
Understanding growth and development helps physiotherapists:
Plan age-appropriate rehabilitation (e.g., exercises for children differ from elderly).
Recognize normal vs. abnormal development (delayed milestones, motor dysfunctions).
Provide preventive care (guidance on posture, exercise, lifestyle).
Address psychosocial needs along with physical therapy in all age groups.
