Chapter – 3 – Research Design
3.1 Introduction:
This chapter focuses on the research methodologies employed in the current study. It discusses the
following topics: the statement of the problem, objectives, the survey method, research design,
definitions of terminology, population, sampling procedure, the study's sample and variables (both
dependent and independent) chosen for the study, standardizing the accepted tools, description of the
tools, validity and reliability, administration of tools, the objectives have been defined, and
hypotheses have been developed., methods used in sample selection, data gathering, and score
analysis.
3.2 Meaning of Research Design:
In Research Methodolgy, a researcher attempts to search the offered query in our own way until we
locate all of the answers. The odds of discovering the ultimate result are limited if study on an issue is
not undertaken in a methodical manner. A researcher faces several problems while discovering or
exploring research issues, all of which may be efficiently addressed by using appropriate research
methodologies (Industrial Research Institute. 2010).
Research is a methodical process in which the research design is a strategy for acquiring answers to
research questions. The fundamental responsibility of the investigator is to devise a research strategy
capable of providing the knowledge required to address the problem. It acts as a guide for data
collection, measurement, and analysis. In other words, strategy refers to how the study objectives will
be reached and how challenges encountered throughout the research will be solved. The first and most
important necessity in any research is data. Data are similar to raw materials; without them, no
investigation can be conducted. As a result, no study can be conducted.
In order to finish his or her inquiry, the researcher needs gather data, explain the sampling procedure,
the population and sample, and the instruments utilized to acquire data, the tools' reliability and
validity, the technique used to tabulate and arrange the data, and the procedure used to tabulate and
organize the data.
Keeping the above information in mind. The researcher believed it was vital to discuss both the study
technique and the data gathering approach used in this experiment. As a result, the following
procedures will be covered in this chapter:
1. Research method.
2. Population and sample.
3. Tools used.
4. Procedure of data collection.
5. Statistical techniques used.
3.3 Research Method:
The research methodology is the key to success in any study technique. The nature of the research
topic chosen and the sort of data necessary to attain its aims dictate the research method utilized. The
following research approaches are typically acknowledged in educational research:
1. The Historical Method
2. The Descriptive (Survey) Method
3. The experimental Method
4. The Philosophical Method.
However, the final research method chosen is determined by the study's goal. The objective and
nature of the research topic are essential factors in deciding on a research method and carrying it out.
3.4 Survey Method:
Given the nature of the study, the information was gathered utilizing the Descriptive (Survey)
Method. This approach is the most popular and widely used in the social sciences. The current study
is descriptive in nature, since it attempts to characterize the nature and current status of the
phenomenon, as well as existing circumstances or linkages and held opinions.
Through Descriptive (Survey) Studies,
i. We may obtain a better knowledge of what existing by investigating and analyzing crucial
aspects of the current situation.
ii. We get a clear image of what we desire through identifying goals and objectives, whether
through actual-world research or what experts consider ideal.
iii. We learn about various strategies to reach the goals based on what others have done or what
experts have stated.
It involves various types of comparisons or contrasts between already existing variables. Co-relational
research is so named because it attempts to determine how existing characteristics, such as life
happiness, teacher efficacy, and organizational atmosphere, are connected.
3.5 Sample:
Every research endeavor requires perseverance, hard work, money, time, and understanding about the
study topic. These things are difficult to measure since they have all of the accuracy qualities.
Because it is impossible to include the complete population in an investigation, each investigator must
select a demography and sample from his or her related field to resolve these challenges.
Thousands of researchers are required to participate in the study of the entire population. as well as a
substantial amount of time and money. On the other hand, sampling is a procedure in which a small
group of individuals is selected and assessed in order to learn more about the entire population from
which they were drawn. Using suitable sampling procedures, a representative sample of the
population may be generated.
The findings can be safely applied to the intended demographic. In this study, the investigator
followed all necessary steps to verify that the sampled group was representative of the target
population. The present study's population consisted of all secondary school teachers in Kalyan and
Bhiwandi. For sampling, the Multistage Random Sampling method was utilized. It was accomplished
using a random sampling method.
3.6 Nature And Sample Size:
The current study's sample was chosen using a basic random sampling approach. The primary goal
was to learn about secondary school teachers' attitudes about organizational climate efficiency. As a
result, the nature of the sample consisted of instructors from various schools in Kalyan and Bhiwandi.
The researcher collected 75 opinionnaire, which was the final sample size.
3.7 Tools
Using research methods, information regarding the study's various factors was acquired. These
strategies were chosen with the purpose of getting as much information as possible from all teachers
of the population involved in this study on each topic.
It is vital in any study effort to obtain factual information or data that has not previously been
gathered or updated. They can be obtained from both direct and indirect sources. A systematic
technique must be used to collect critical data. Data should be collected that is both relevant and
sufficient in quantity and quality. They must be adequate, reliable, and legitimate. Choosing adequate
equipment or instruments is crucial for a successful study. Different tools are suited for collecting
various types of data for various purposes. The most prevalent research instruments in education
include questionnaires, checklists, score cards, schedule rating scales, opinion questionnaires, and
attitude scales.
Responses Scale Value
Strongly Agree 4
Agree 3
Disagree 2
Strongly Disagree 1
Table 3.7.1 Scale Value for Responses
3.8. Validity of the Tool
According to John W. Best (1972), "Validity is the equality of data gathering devices." "The validity
of a tool is primarily determined by the technique used to develop it." The attitude scale was designed
to include all components of a secondary school teacher's point of view.
The researcher had offered the content validity questionnaire specialists feedback for the purpose of
validity, and the tool was modified and finished based on their comments and ideas. and the draught
scale was evaluated. A list of specialists is included in the appendix.
According to experts, Iit is developed property by taking awareness skills, cognitive development, and
perception towards other dimensions." As a result, the opinionnaire can be considered legitimate and
reliable. The final version of the opinion questionnaire, consisting of 30 items, was administered to
student teachers. Following the expert's review, it was sent to 4 to 5 educational experts for content
validity. (N=101)
Reliability of the Tool
Cronbach's Alpha was used to calculate the tool's reliability. It is widely used to assess the reliability
of a test for a sample of examinees. Lee Cronbach named it alpha in 1951.
Sr. No. Methods Reliability
1 Cronbach’s Alpha 0.617
2 Split Half Method 0.582
Table 3.8.1 Reliability Of The Tool
3.9 Data Collection
After determining a research issue and developing a study strategy, the work of data gathering begins.
The researcher planned how to collect data from a representative sample well in advance.
The five possibilities presented for each item on the Teaching Effectiveness and Job Satisfaction
assessments were Strongly Agreed, Agreed, Disagreed, and Strongly Disagreed. Respondents were
explicitly instructed to express their views by checking the response category with which they agreed.
Important instructions and clarifications are provided, as well as personal bio-data about the teacher's
gender, age, credentials, salary, and service experience. Teachers were given adequate time to think
about and complete the assessment scale. The respondents were also informed that their responses
would be kept concealed and that the information acquired would be used solely for research reasons.
A total of 101 responses were collected through the questionnaire.
3.10 Statistical Technique Used
Based on the study's recommendations, the investigator employed acceptable statistical procedures to
analyze the data. The calculated data was edited, coded, and entered. Using computer software and the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), data was statistically examined. Means, standard
deviations, medians, skewness, and frequencies are determined for all distributions. The example data
for Job Satisfaction and Learner Effectiveness Scales' normality is tested using nomal probability
graphs. Pearson's product moment correlation is calculated for even/odd items on each scale, and the
Reliability Index is calculated using the Spearman Brown Prophecy procedure.
The 'r' values are calculated. The coefficient of correlation for all dimensions of two variables is
evaluated to identify the inter and intra-relationships. Critical ratios and T-tests are created for item
analysis. To test hypotheses concerning significant differences in demographic variables and high-low
groups of Job Satisfaction and Teacher Effectiveness, F-tests and ANOVA analyses are performed.
Conclusion
The research design and methodologies employed to perform the study are the subject of this
chapter. The problem statement. operational definitions. the study's research design, the research
objectives and questions. hypotheses, population. sample. sampling technique. description and
standardization of the tools, variables (independent and dependent). administration of the tools.
data-collection procedures. data-analysis methods, statistical techniques. and measures to ensure
the validity and reliability of the instruments were all mentioned. The data analysis and
interpretations will be presented in the next chapter.
