Faculty of Engineering & Technology

ACADEMIC YEAR - (2025-2026)

I Semester

OBSERVATION NOTEBOOK

PHYSICS PRACTICALS (EBPH24ET1)

Name: ……………………………….

Section: ………………………………

Roll No: ………………………………..

Branch: ………………………………..

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 INDEX

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given liquid by Poiseuille’s Method

2. Determination of velocity of Ultrasonic waves using Ultrasonic Interferometer.

3. Determination of wavelength using Spectrometer Grating.

4. Determination of Wavelength of the given Laser source and particle size determination

5. Determination of Numerical Aperture and Acceptance angle of an Optical Fiber

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 CONTENTS

S. No. Date Name of the Experiment Page Signature of the

No. Staff

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 DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION

Radius of the capillary tube, r = …………… ×10-2m

Density of the given liquid, ρ = …………………. kg/m3

Length of the capillary tube, l = ………………….. x 10-2m

ho -2m
= ………………………………. x 10

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Expt. No: Date:

POISEUILLE’S METHOD –Determination of Coefficient of Viscosity of a given liquid

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by Poiseiulle’s method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Graduated Burette, Rubber Tube, Capillary Tube, Stop clock, Meter scale, Beaker.

FORMULA:

Coefficient of viscosity ղ

ղ= Nsm-2



FORMULAEXPANSION:

Symbol Explanation Unit

ρ Density of the given liquid, (For water, ρ = 1000 kg/m3) kg/m3

g Acceleration due to gravity ( g= 9.8 m/s2) m/s2

r Radius of the capillary tube (r= 0 .025 x 10-2 m) meter

l Length of the capillary tube meter

h Driving height of the liquid level meter

t Time taken for a known height of liquid to flow second

V Volume of the liquid

m3

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TABULAR COLUMN:

1. To find (ht/V)
h0 =………… ×10-2 m

Range Volume Time of h1 h2

S. No. (Burette (×10-6m3) flow (sec) (×10-2m) (×10-2m)
Reading) (×10-2 m)
(x104sec/m2)

1. 0–5

2. 5–10

3. 10–15

4. 15–20

5. 20–25

6. 25–30

7. 30–35

8. 35–40

9. 40–45

10 45–50

Mean ⁽ ⁾ =……………x 10 4 sec /m2

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PROCEDURE

The burette is filled with the given liquid. A capillary tube is attached to the lower end of the
burette using a rubber tube. Burette is made vertical and at the lower end of the burette, a
capillary tube is attached to the rubber tube. Make sure that the capillary tube is placed on the
table in a horizontal position. This arrangement allows the liquid to flow freely through the
capillary tube without the influence of gravity. The pinch-cork in the bottom of the burette is
opened and the water is allowed to drain through the capillary tube. When the liquid level
reaches zero mark level, the stop clock is started. The time taken to reach levels 5, 10, 15, 20,
25 , ….... 50 is noted. The stop clock is stopped when water reaches the level [Link] calculate
the time interval for each 5 cc namely (0-5), (5-10), (10-15), (15-20), (20-25), (25-30),
(30-35), (35-40), (40-45), (45-50) and enter in the table.

The driving height is given by. , where h0 is the height of the center of the
capillary tube from table. (Since h1 and h2 are measured from table and driving height is with
respect to the capillary tube, the term (h0) is in corporate in the formula for driving height. The
volume of the liquid and time of flow are noted. Using the above formula the coefficient of
viscosity of the given liquid can be calculated. The radius of the capillary tube will be given.

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CALCULATION

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RESULT:

The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid, = ----------------------- Nsm-2

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DIAGRAM:

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Expt. No: Date:

ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER - Determination of velocity of sound in the given liquid

AIM:

To find the velocity of ultrasonic sound waves in the given liquid using ultrasonic interferometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Ultrasonic interferometer (High frequency generator and measuring cell with micrometer
and quartz crystal), Experimental liquid, high frequency generator

FORMULA:

1. Wavelength of the ultrasonic waves (λ)

λ = 2d/n meter

2. Velocity of ultrasonic waves (v)

V = f λ m/s

FORMULA EXPANSION:

Symbol Expansion Unit

f Frequency of generator which excites the crystal Hz

d Distance moved in micrometer screw m

λ Wavelength of the ultrasonic wave m

n Number of oscillations No unit
ρ Density of the given liquid ( Take ρ= 784 Kg/m3) Kg/m3

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OBSERVATIONS:

1. Frequency of applied voltage, f = 2×106 Hz.

2. Least count of micrometer screw gauge, LC =0.01mm

3. Liquid used

4. Density of liquid, ρ = kg/m3.

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PROCEDURE

Unscrew the knurled cap of the cell and lift it away from double walled construction of the
cell. In the middle portion of it pour experimental liquid and screw the knurled cap. Wipe out
excess liquid overflowing from the cell. Insert the cell in the socket and clamp it with the help of
a screw provided on its side. High frequency generator is connected to the cell using co-axial
cables. Move the micrometer slowly in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction till the anode
current on the ammeter on the high frequency generator shows a maximum or a minimum. Note
the readings of micrometer. Take readings of a few consecutive maximum or minimum. The
difference between two consecutive readings will give l/2. Once the wavelength () is known,
the velocity of ultrasonic wave in the liquid can be calculated.

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 TABULATION COLUMN

1. To find the distance ‘d’ using micrometer

L.C = 0.01mm
Micrometer screw gauge reading
S. NO.
PSR HSC HSR= HSC X LC TR= PSR ± HSR
x 10-3 m (div) x 10-3 m (d)
x 10-3 m
1

2. To find the velocity of ultrasonic sound waves (v)

Number of Micrometer screw gauge

S. No. deflections reading d= d1-d2 λ=2d/n V=fλ
( n) -3
x10 m (x10-3m) (x10-3m) (m/s)

d1 d2

Mean v= ---------- m/s

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CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Velocity of the ultrasonic sound waves in the given liquid, v = ------ m/s

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DIAGRAM

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Expt. No: Date:

SPECTROMETER GRATING–Determination of Wavelength of Spectral Lines

AIM:

To determine the wavelength of green color of mercury spectrum using spectrometer grating.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Spectrometer, plane transmission grating, mercury vapour lamp, spirit level etc.,

FORMULA:

Wavelength of the prominent lines of the mercury spectrum is

λ = Sin Å
Nn

FORMULA EXPANSION:

Symbol Expansion Unit

λ Wavelength of the prominent lines of the mercury Å
spectrum
n Order of the spectrum (n=1) No unit
 Angle of diffraction degree
N Number of lines in the grating (N=105 lines /meter) lines/m

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 TABULAR COLUMN:

1. To find the wavelength of different colors of mercury spectrum (λ)

Telescope reading (degrees) Difference 2

λ=
Color Mean
Left Right 
Vernier A Vernier B Vernier A Vernier B A1~A2 B1~B2 2
Å
A1 B1 A2 B2 (deg) (deg) (deg) (deg)
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR
(deg) (deg) (deg) (deg)

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PROCEDURE

The given grating is mounted on the spectrometer table using the grating mount. The
spectrometer is placed in front of the mercury Vapor lamp. The verniers are made to read 0 and
180. The telescope is rotated through 90 degrees. Then the prism table is rotated till the image of
The white light is seen through the telescope. This is then made to coincide with the cross wire.
Now the vernier table is rotated through 45 degrees in anti-clockwise direction. Now the grating
is said to be adjusted for normal incidence. Then the telescope is brought back to initial position.
A central white image with spectrum on either side is obtained. The diffracted images of the first
order of various colors from violet to Red are seen on either sides of the central white image. The
telescope is moved on one side and the vertical cross wire is made to coincide with the green
color. The reading on vernier A & B is noted. Similarly readings are taken for green color on the
other side. Then mean angle of diffraction is found out, using which the number of lines of the
given grating is found out.

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OBSERVATION

Number of lines in the grating, N = ------ lines /meter

Order of the spectrum, n = --------------

CALCULATION

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RESULT:.

The wavelength of green color of the mercury spectrum, λ ------------- Å

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DIAGRAM

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 Expt. No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF THE GIVEN SOURCE AND PARTICLE SIZE

DETERMINATION

AIM:

To determine the wavelength of the given laser source using grating and to determine the
particle size of the given lycopodium powder using laser diffraction method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A laser source, grating, meter scale, He-Ne laser or semiconductor laser, Lycopodium powder,
Glass plate, Screen, etc.,

FORMULA:
Wave length of the laser source, ()

= Å

where  = tan-1 degree

To determine the particle size, (2d)

meter

FORMULA EXPANSION:

Symbol Expansion Unit

D Distance between the screen and grating meter

 Wavelength of Helium-Neon laser Å

xn Distance between the central bright point and nth fringe meter

 Angle of Diffraction Degree

N Number of lines in Grating (N=105 lines/meter) lines/meter

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 TABULAR COLUMN:

1. To find the wavelength of the given laser light ()

Distance Distance between

Order Angle of Wavelength
between central spot and
of the diffraction Mean 
grating each diffracted λ =
image 
& screen Images = tan-1(x/D)
(m) (x) x10-3m deg x 10-10 m
D
deg
(10-2m)
LHS RHS LHS RHS
1

Mean λ = -------- x 10-10 m

2. To find the particle size of the given lycopodium powder (2d)

Wavelength of the light,  = ……… x 10-10 m

S. No Distance between the Order of Distance between Particle size

screen and the glass Diffraction the central bright
plate (n) point and nth fringe
D (xn) x 10-6 m
x10-2m x10-3m
1
1
2
1
2
2

Mean 2d= -----x 10-6 m

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PROCEDURE:

The grating is placed in front of the laser source using a stand. As soon as the source is
switched on diffracted images are formed in the screen due to diffraction. The pattern consists of a
central spot and diffracted images on either side. The distance between the central spot and the grating
is noted as (D). The distance between the central spot and each diffracted images are noted on either
sides as (x). Using the above relations the wavelength of the given laser source is determined.
The powder of few microns whose size is to be determined is spread over the glass plate. The
glass plate is inserted vertically through the path of the laser beam. To get the contrast circular rings on
the screen the glass plate is adjusted until clear image is formed. After the ring formation using white
paper or trace sheet the circular patterns are marked carefully. The ratio of different order dark rings
(xn) are measured. The distance between the screen and the glass plate (D) is measured. Knowing all,
the size of particle can be calculated. Using the formula, the particle size can be found for different D
value.

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CALCULATION:

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RESULT:.

The wavelength of the given laser source = --------------- À

Particle size of the given lycopodium powder 2d = ---------- x 10-6 m -

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DIAGRAM

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 Expt. No: Date:

NUMERICAL APERTURE AND ACCEPTANCE ANGLE OF AN OPTICAL FIBER

AIM

To determine the acceptance angle and numerical aperture of the

given fiber optic cable.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Diode laser source, fiber optic cable (typically 1m) and NA plate

FORMULA

1. Numerical Aperture of the given optical fiber (NA)

NA= Sinθmax (no unit)

NA= D/ (4L2 + D2)1/2 (no unit)

2. Acceptance angle of the given optical fiber (θmax)

θmax = Sin-1(NA) degree

Symbol Expansion Unit

NA Numerical aperture of optical fiber No unit

L Distance of the screen from the fiber end meter

D Diameter of the laser spot noted on the screen in meter meter

θmax Acceptance angle degree

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TABULAR COLUMN

1. To find the Numerical aperture (NA) and Acceptance angle (θmax) of the given fiber optic cable

S. No Distance of the
spot from fiber end Diameter of spot (D) NA= D/(4L2+𝐷2)1/2 θmax =sin-1(NA)
(L) -3
x10 m degree
x10-2m No unit

Mean NA = ---------No unit

θmax = --------degree

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PROCEDURE:

Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light can be collected
by the optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of the incident medium and the sine
of the maximum ray angle. The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement
system is shown in the figure.

One end of the 1 meter optical fiber cable is connected to PO of source and the other end
to the NAJI Gas shown in the figure. The AC main is switched on. Light should appear at the
end of the fiber on the NAJIG. Turn the set Po knob clockwise to set to maximum intensity.

The white screen in the NAJIG with the 4 concentric circles each of 10, 15, 20, and 25
mm in diameter is kept vertically at a suitable distance so that the red spot from the emitting
fiber coincides with the smallest (10mm) circle. The circumference of the spot outermost must
coincide with the circle. A dark room will facilitate good contrast. The distance of the screen
from the fiber end. L and the diameter of the spot are noted. The diameter of the circle is
measured accurately with a suitable scale which is provided in the JIG itself. The experiment is
repeated for 15mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm diameters in the same way. The readings are tabulated.

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CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT

1. Numerical aperture of the given fiber optic cable, NA= ------------------------ (no unit)

2. Acceptance angle of the fiber, θmax = ------------------------ degree

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