Dr. R. Sivapriyan, Associate Professor sivapriyan@gmail.
com
Module 1: IoT-Based Battery Management System (BMS) for Hybrid
Electric Vehicles
1. Introduction
● Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in EVs and HEVs due to their favorable
characteristics.
● A Battery Management System (BMS) is essential for:
○ Monitoring and controlling charging/discharging.
○ Maintaining battery health (SoH).
○ Estimating State of Charge (SoC).
○ Ensuring safety through diagnostics and protection features.
○ Balancing individual cells online.
● IoT Integration adds value by enabling remote monitoring, control, and data logging
of key parameters (voltage, current, temperature, etc.).
2. Battery Configurations
● Batteries are arranged in Series (SCM) for voltage and Parallel (PCM) for current.
● Equations:
●
Example Configurations:
○ 40 series cells of 3.7V → 148V pack.
○ 10 parallel cells of 3,100 mAh → 31A current.
● 2P5S = 2 parallel × 5 series = 10 cells.
Dr. R. Sivapriyan, Associate Professor
[email protected]3. Types of Batteries for HEV/EV
● Energy Battery: Low C-rating, economical.
● Power Battery: High C-rating, costly.
● Hybrid Battery: Mix of power and energy battery, may include ultra-capacitor.
● Selection Parameters:
○ Energy, power (continuous and peak), thermal and safety considerations, life
cycles, weight, etc.
4. Functional Blocks of BMS
A. Monitoring Circuit Parameters:
● Voltage
● Current
● Power
● Cell and Ambient Temperature
● Estimates SoC, DoD, SoH
B. Core Components:
Component Purpose
Voltage Sensor Accurate SoC/SoH estimation
Current Sensor Ensures safe operation and power estimation
Cell Temp Sensor Measures top-of-cell temp to detect thermal issues
Ambient Temp Sensor Monitors environmental temperature
Vehicle Interface Communicates with vehicle controller
Remote Interface Enables remote monitoring and analytics
Dr. R. Sivapriyan, Associate Professor
[email protected]C. Current Sensing Techniques:
● Shunt Method:
● Hall Effect Sensor: Detects magnetic field from current flow; better for isolation and low
heat.
5. Key Battery Metrics
6. Diagnostics & Balancing
A. Cell Diagnostics:
● Detects overtemperature, leakage, over/undervoltage, etc.
● Prevents failures and improves battery safety.
B. Cell Balancing Techniques:
● Passive: Dissipates excess charge from overcharged cells.
● Active: Redistributes charge from high to low cells.
C. Thermal Management:
● Optimal temperature: 5–40°C.
● Affects range, performance, and safety.
Dr. R. Sivapriyan, Associate Professor
[email protected]7. IoT-Based Battery Monitoring System
Architecture Layers:
● Hardware Layer: Sensors (Voltage, Current, Temp)
● Middle Layer: IoT Platform (data handling)
● Application Layer: Data analytics, storage, user interface
Communication to:
● Vehicle Controller (local monitoring)
● Remote Server (cloud-based diagnostics, history tracking)
Communication Technologies:
Technology Features
Zigbee Mesh networking, low power, limited range
Wi-Fi High data rate, common, less secure
GSM Wide coverage, needs license
Bluetooth Short-range, simple, limited devices
GPRS Internet access, cheap, moderate speed
GPS Satellite-based location tracking (±10 m accuracy)
