The production of new organism from the already existing . existing onganism of the same ‘species is Known as veptoduction- “The process of veproduction ensures continuity of Life on carth- = Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species on this earth: by [Reproduction - The production of a new oxganism from a Single parent without the involvement of sex cells § Cor garnctes) is calted asexual veproduction: a L- The production of a new organism from two Parents bi making use’ of their sex'cells Cor “gametes is called Sexual reflroductio . & @: Differentiate between Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction: ‘Asexual Reproduction ‘Sexual Reproduction —_| = Only one parent is needed to |= Two parents are needed to Pro“duce a new Organism Produce a new Organism: = No Sex cells Cor gametes) ave |= Sex cells Cor gametes) take part involved: in Sexual rebroduction- = No fusion of gametes takes =fusion of gametes vesults in place - Thus, Zuygote is not the formation of Xygote- formed -— In the process of fission, a unicellular Organism splits or divides into two or more new Organism: — vif tania = The pavent oxganism Splits to LS Hs Parent Keo on Splits to jorn two ne Organism: fara many view Organism time: € Eqi-6 Binary fission in Amacha. Cfissidn can take place in | S\Eg ~ Plasmodium “any plane) & ee Figure 8.1(a) Binary fisston in Amoeba Multiple fission in e a a Binary fission in Leishmania Peace Cfission fester place in a inite: orfentation} AN. Figure 8.1(b) Binary fission tn Letshmanta— In the process of fission, a unicellular Organism Splits or divides into wo OY MOYC new organism — —— * Jour parent Orgamism Splits to Le Kee parent or. nganisrn Splits to are ne Ovgamisra: form many View organism 1- Bina at the save time: e . i ission in Amacha. ¢ Cfissi mg, t'sso take place in Te Eq — Plasmodium “any plane’) S : Lr DBGOG, Figure 8.2(a) tinary fission tn Amocba Figure 8.2 Multiple fisston in e Eq 2-B navy fission in deishmania, alicia if ae lace in a inite orien cea ARS Figure 8:1(0) Binary sson t Letshieanta=The breaking up of the body of a Sirnple Orgathism ito too 4 OY More pieces on maturing cach of which Subsequent to form my Complete ve anism , is Cal fragmentation ¢ asso e Eq. Spinngyra. Fig Fragmentation In ~Spinagyra, Q. bohat is the difference between Fission and Fragmentation? Ans Fission ————> Uniecllulay Fragmentation —> Multicellular Regeneration = The process of back a full organism front its ‘dl ae is cated ge ration: g 2 § 3 © Eq: Hydra and Planavia v ein budding, @ Small part of Budding: Tentacles body of ‘the pave ox. sm grows out asa Peaud then detaches and becomes, os new organism ae S Eq - Hydra Fig: Budding in Hydra= The parent Plant voduces hundred of smetoscop oductive units called ‘spores’. When the spore cose of the ant bursts, then the Spows spread into air: When c aix-borne Spores land on hen thes b P land od Cor Soil) under favourable Conditions Clike damp and warm Conditions), they germinate and produce neo plants: © Eu -- Rhizopus Figure 8.6 q ‘Spore formation in Rhizopus = In Vegetati ation, new plants ave obtai ‘om the parts o cui tsants Rifeaior anal nas rr pos ‘reproductive organs: ‘Natuval- Vegetative” Pmpagation fi -Avtificial Vegetative Propagation. = Buds produced in the notches — SThe process of growing many plants along the leaf margin of tron one tah b mann ya ef ™ 4 Lum fall on the Soil methods: 7 Su reane, Rose, Jasmine and ‘develop into nev plants: d Sits three common methods are- © atti It involves cutting a picce of the plant and ooking it df Prducl Dads a new plant- 9 Layering : It involves covering th Figure 8.5 brawch of @ plant with sof © Leal a Bryophyta and then cutting it- 3. ting: It occurs when two different plant Stem are goined and they grow as a Single Plant-Tissue [paca im an artificial medium Callus Callus transferred toa medium containing hormone Plantlet [pont placed in soil Pl = The individuals produced during reproduction axe similar to each other and their parents: This si ilawrity occurs because of DNA: e During veproduction, DNA copying takes place- © However, the process of DNA cop mf is not 100% accurate: These inaccuracies during DNA copying leads to variations * CEven during asexual ‘tebroduction Importance Of Variation It helps the species to Survive even in adverse cnvioynment-Sexual Reproductior -; = Sexual Reproduction involves the | fusion Of gametes or Sex Cells Yesulting Pn the formation of yee = Due to the fusion of fagictes, the chances of variations are very high during sexual reprodlction: Q. What is the advantage of -Sexual yeproductiow ? Aus Sexual reproduction results inigenctic variation which ultimately leads to “evolution of new species: (UG — The sex organs (or reproductive organs) of @ plant are in its flowers: Parts Of A Flower | Gtamen It is the male veproductive Part of the flower: IE is composed of two parts —Anther and Filament- Stamen produces pollen qrains that pau are qetlow in Colour: 4; Biskil : It is the female veproductive os g _ part. Itis made of three parts - wary: The swollen bottom part Figure 8.7 7 Stale’ Middle elongated wt oe marion, qmna Terminal “sticky part 3--Sepals: The green, Leat- like parts of the flower ave called Sepals: ~ Its function iste A Fn fibioce in fie «foe stages: “ee 4, Petals : The colourful parts of a flower ave called petals- - The function etals is to attract insects for pollination and ti peel the vebrbduche organs: {e* peilrwat °Types Of Flowers = Unisexual flowers - Contains cither Stamens or pistil “ Eq Papaya, Watermelon, = Bisexual flowers - contains both stamens and pistil - eg Hibiscus , mustard | Pollination = The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a stamen to the Stigm Of & carpel is called pollination: = Pollination can be of two types : © Stit Pollination - The pollen grains from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigin of the same flower Cor another flower of ‘the Same plant). ° Cross Pollination The pollen grams from the amthey of a flower on one plant ave transferred” to the stigma Of a flower of another Similar plant: <—— Pollen qeain & Fertilization Stigyna = Fertilization occurs when the male gamete Male germ cell Present in the pollen grain joins with the Politn bet olen tube female gamete Coy €9q) present in ovule- ovary © After fertilization, the zygote divides Several Ovule times ‘to form an emb: ¢ within the ovule- Female qerm- cell = The ovule develops a tough coat and is converted into ‘Seed- risa taba oat and ripens to form ee4. Germination Of Seed = The seed contains the future plant which QD develops into a Seedling - = The vadicle grows to form the voot- ature shoo Gaetan rate = Pluynule grows upward to form the «shoot ttitare rect = Cotyledon contains storedmtood) that helps Germitintion vadicle and plumule to grow: = The age at which the Sex hormone and gametes begin to be produced and “the boy and girl become. sexually mature “is called Puberty: = In males, after puberty, testes starts producing sperms and the vale Sof blrmoke calla Seneacrone’ Preucing = In females, after puberty, Ovaries Starts producing ove Cor caqs) and female sex ‘hormoves “oestrogen awd ‘progestevo © Male and female also start developing secondary sexual characters: © ‘Secondary sexual "chavacters™in' male: © Hair grow in armpits, pubic regions , chest and face ° Body Trecomes muscular egions fh © The “voice deepens: © Chest and shoulders broaden: © gecomde rela © Hair grow under armpits and pubic region ° Mam ae diands develop and enlarge’ © Hips broaYe' © Fallopian tube, uterus and vagina enlarge:=The male *eproductive Systen consists of portions which perform two ‘major functions - 9 Produce sperms - Testes ° ‘Deliney sperms to the site "of! fertilization — All the yest Vas deferens, Seminal vesicle, Prostyate) \ Testes © It is the euileroncrpmte ret aaa m in ‘male: = It is located outside the abdomindl cavity in scrotum because sperm formation Yequires @ lower temperature than the normal body temperature: © Functions of testes : Seminal vesicle © Formation of Sperms- © Seeretion of testosterone: Testostevone. It is the male Sex hormone: ~ It helps iv the development o Secondary Sexual characters ~ IE regulates the formation of sperms: ar ‘Muman-mate reproductive system = Vas deferens delivers sperms from testes to urethra: 3. Prostate » Seminal Vesicle: = Both of these glands ada fluid secretions to the sperms which makes the transport® of Sperms ‘casier avd provides nutvition: A. Urethra. = forms a common passage for both Sperms and uvive- (Sperm) - They are tiny bodies that consist of mainly gencte material a f a long “tail that helps them to move® “towards the jemnale gern Cell:Oniduet or Fallopian = Ib is the p Porras aoe ator} Min tite female: If performs two ine mater f ctions © Production of © Secretion of oestrogen hae ond P a nee come = one 4g is Produced every month y ovaries & capa ee pure. han once epteteipon is tramsfered from ovary to uterus through “8 lopian tu = Ik acts asa site of fertilization: 3. Ukerus = The oviducts unite into an elastic- bag like Structure Rnown as the uterus: = Uterus opens imto the vagina through Cervix = Ik vecieves sperms from male partner, Serves as a birth canal: S Cervix = Uterus is connected to vagina through 4 narrow opening Called cervix: ee ee Fertilization & Development of Embryo = The sperms enter through the vagimal passage duving sexual intercourse: e They travel upwards and Yeach the oviduet where they may encounter The fertilized CXygote) Starts dividing to form a ball of cells or ensids = a4 ee ) amg f oF= The embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus where they continue to grow “and develop organs to becowte foctus: = The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the help of a Special tissue called placenta: (Dlacenta ~ Ib isa disc shaped structure embedded in the uterine wall — It helps in exchange. of nutrients; oxygen and Waste products between the embryo avd “mother: i\f = The development of the child inside the mother's body takes approximately nine months CQestation period): The child is born as* a vesult of hythrnic contractions of the muscle im the uterus: Menstruation © Every mouth, ovary veleases onc ¢ag and uterus prepares itself to vecicde the fertilise 49 by devclong thick, spongy liming. = If fertilisation docswt take place along with the uterus limi bd down and coms out tout vagina as blood and ‘mucous: = This cycle. takes place voughly every month and is Rnown as menstruation Ik lasts for about 2-8 days. i = Diseases which are spread by sexual contact with an infected person ave called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD): = Common STD ave: ° : hil } caused by Bacteria e AIDS (Acquired Immune —> Caused by virus Deficiency Syndrome )]__LE S — Contraceptive / Birth Contyol Methods Sree = The prevention of Preqnamcy im Women if Called contraception: } Barrier Metund - Condoms Mvantage: It helps in the prevention of STD — Oval pills "Disadvantage It changes hormonal balance which can cause side Cffects: “Disadvantage: Can couse rere of uterus: Vasectomy - Blocking of vas deferens im male 4 Surgical Methods. < Tubectorny— Blocking of fallopian tube iv females: = Surgical methods ave safe im the long yun but Surgery itself can caube infections if not Performed pr \perly: