TheAutomationEngineer

Manual Testing
Interview Question and Answer
Freshers

Q1 What is Software Testing?

Software testing is aprocessofexecuting a program or application with the
intent of finding a software bug.

Q1.1 What do you understand by software testing?

Softwaretestingisa validation process that confirmsthatasystemworks as
per the business requirements. It qualifies a system on various aspects such
as usability, accuracy, completeness, efficiency, etc. ANSI/IEEE 1059 is the
global standard that defines the basic principles of testing.

Q2 Why Software Testing is necessory?

Software Testingisnecessary because we all makemistakes. Some of those
mistakes are unimportant, but some of them are expensive or dangerous. We
need to check everything and anything we produce because things can
always go wrong, Humans make mistakes all the time.

● Software testing is really required to point out thedefectsanderrors

that were made during thedevelopment phases.
●It’s essential since it makes sure that the customer finds the
organization reliable and their satisfaction in the application is
maintained.
●It is very important to ensure the Quality of the product. Quality product
delivered to the customers helps in gaining their confidence.
●Testing is necessary in order to provide the facilities to the customers
like the delivery of high quality product or software application which
requires lower maintenance cost and hence results into more accurate,
consistent and reliable results.
●Testing is required for an effective performance of software application
or product.

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●It’s important to ensure that the application should not result into any
failuresbecause it can be very expensive in the futureor in the later
stages of the development.
It’s
● required to stay in business.

Q3 Software Testing objectives and purpose?

●Finding defectswhich may get created by the programmerwhile
developing the software.
●Gaining confidence in and providing information about the level of
quality.
● To prevent defects.
●To make sure that the end result meets the business and user
requirements.
●To ensure that it satisfies the BRS that is Business Requirement
Specification and SRS that is System Requirement Specifications.
●To gain the confidence of the customers by providing them a quality
product.

Q4 What are the two main categories of software testing?

Software testing is a huge domain but it can be broadly categorized into two
areas such as :

●Manual Testing– This is the oldest type of softwaretesting where the

testers manually execute test cases without using any test automation
tools. It means the software application is tested manually by QA
testers.
●Automation Testing– This is the process of usingthe assistance of
tools, scripts, and software to perform test cases by repeating
pre-defined actions. Test Automation focuses on replacing manual
human activity with systems or devices that enhance efficiency.

Q5 Why do we say testing is context dependent?

Testing is very much dependent upon context, as the test 'subject' will require
a specific type of approach; for example, an application designed for use in
the cruise industry will be quite different to one in the insurance industry.

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Q6 What different types of manual testing are there?

Differenttypesof manualtestingare;
● Black Box Testing
●White Box Testing
● Unit Testing
●System Testing
● Integration Testing
● Acceptance Testing

Q7 What is Black Box Testing?

Blackboxtestinginvolves testing a system with noprior knowledge of its
internal workings. A tester provides an input, and observes the output
generated by the system under test. This makes it possible to identify how the
system responds to expected and unexpected user actions, its response time,
usability issues and reliability issues.
Black box testingis a powerful testing techniquebecause it exercises a
system end-to-end. Just like end-users “don’t care” how a system is coded or
architected, and expect to receive an appropriate response to their requests, a
tester can simulate user activity and see if the system delivers on its promises.
Along the way, a black box test evaluates all relevant subsystems, including
UI/UX, web server or application server, database, dependencies, and
integrated systems.

Q8 What is White Box Testing?

WhiteBoxTestingis a testing technique in whichsoftware’s internal
structure, design, and coding are tested to verify input-output flow and
improve design, usability, and security. In white box testing, code is visible to
testers, so it is also called Clear box testing, Open box testing, Transparent
box testing, Code-based testing, and Glass box testing.

Q9 What is Unit Testing?

Unit testing involves the testing of each unit or an individual component of the
software application. It is the first level of functional testing. The aim behind unit
testing is to validate unit components with its performance.
A unit is a single testable part of a software system and tested during the
development phase of the application software.

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The purpose of unit testing is to test the correctness of isolated code. A unit
component is an individual function or code of the application. White box testing
approach used for unit testing and usually done by the developers.
Whenever the application is ready and given to the Test engineer, he/she will
start checking every component of the module or module of the application
independently or one by one, and this process is known as Unit testing or
components testing.

Q11 What is Integration Testing?

Integration Testingis defined as a type of testingwhere software modules
are integrated logically and tested as a group. A typical software project
consists of multiple software modules, coded by different programmers. The
purpose of this level of testing is to expose defects in the interaction between
these software modules when they are integrated
Integration Testing focuses on checking data communication amongst these
modules.

Q12 What is Acceptance Testing?

User acceptance testing (UAT), also called application testing or end-user
testing, is a phase of software development in which the software is tested in
the real world by its intended audience.
Q13 What are the Black Box Testing Techniques?
● BoundaryValue Analysis
● Equivalence partitioning
● State Transition Testing
● Decision Table Testing
● Graph-Based Testing
● Error Guessing Technique

Q14 What is Functional testing?

FUNCTIONAL TESTINGis a type of software testing thatvalidates the
software system against the functional requirements/specifications. The
purpose of Functional tests is to test each function of the software application,
by providing appropriate input, verifying the output against the Functional
requirements.

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Q15 What is Non-Functional testing?

Non-Functional Testing is defined as a type of Software testing to check non-
functional aspects (performance, usability, reliability, etc) of a software
application. It is designed to test the readiness of a system as per nonfunctional
parameters which are never addressed by functional testing. An excellent
example of a non-functional test would be to check how many people can
simultaneously login into a software.

Q16 What is regression testing?

Regressiontesting is asoftwaretesting practicethat ensures an
application still functions as expected after any code changes, updates,
or improvements. Regression testingisresponsiblefortheoverallstability
andfunctionalityof theexisting features.

Q17 What is Smoke and Sanity Testing?

:-SmokeTestingisperformedtoascertainthatthecritical functionalities of
the program are working fine.

:-Sanity Testingis done to check the new functionality/bugshave been fixed.

Q18 What is UI Testing?

UItestingis atesting type that helps testers ensurethat all the fields, labels,
buttons, and other items on the screen function as desired. It involves
checking screens with controls, like toolbars, colors, fonts, sizes, icons, and
others, and how these respond to the user input.

Q19 What is Responsive Testing?

Responsivetestinginvolves how a website or web applicationlooks and
behaves on different devices, screen sizes, and resolutions. The goal of
responsive testing is to ensure that the website or web application can be
used effectively on various devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones.

Q20 What is Cross Browser Testing?

CrossBrowsertestingis a type ofnon-functionaltesting that lets you check
whether your website works as intended when accessed through: Different
Browser-OS combinations i.e., on popular browsers like Firefox, Chrome,
Edge, Safari—on any of the popular operating systems like Windows, macOS,
iOS and Android.

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Q21 What’s the difference between verification and

validation in testing?
:-Verificationis a processof determiningifthesoftwareisdesignedand
developed as per the specified requirements.

:-Validationis the process of checking if the software(end product) has met

the client's true needs and expectations

Q22 What is the difference between a bug, a defect and an

error?
Error :- We can say that a mistake made by a programmer during coding is
called an error.

Defect :-an error found during the testing in thedevelopment phase is called a
defect.(Deviation from requirement)

Bug:- an error found during the testing phase is calleda bug.

Q23 What is the test case and test scenario?

●Thetestcaseisanin-detailed document thatincludesall possible
inputssuch aspositive and negative, andthe navigationsteps.
These are implemented during the testing process to check whether the
software application is performing the task for which it was developed or
not.

●Test scenarioIt is a detailed document of test casesthat coverend to

end functionalityof a software application in linerstatements. The test
scenario is a high-level classification of testable requirements. Before
performing the test scenario, the test engineer needs to consider the
test cases for each scenario.

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Q24 What are the phases involved in the Software Testing

Life Cycle?
The different phases involved in the software testing life cycle are:

Phases Explanation

Requirement AnalysisQA team understands the requirement in terms of

what we will testing & figure out the testable
requirements.

Test Planning In this phase, the test strategy is defined. Objective

& the scope of the project is determined.
Here, detailed test cases are defined and developed.
Test Case
The testing team also prepares the test data for
Development
testing. It is a setup of software and hardware for the

Test Environment testing

Setup teams to execute test cases.
Test Execution It is the process of executing the code and
comparing the expected and actual results.
It involves calling out the testing team member
Test Cycle Closure meeting & evaluating cycle completion criteria based
on test coverage, quality, cost, time, critical business
objectives, and software.

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Q25 What is SDLC?

SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within a software
organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain,
replace and alter or enhance specific software. The life cycle defines a
methodology for improving the quality of software and the overall development
process. The following figure is a graphical representation of the various
stages of a typical SDLC.

A typical Software Development Life Cycle consists of the following

stages −

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Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis

Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It
is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer,
the sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This
information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct
product feasibility study in the economical, operational and technical areas.
Planning for the quality assurance requirements and identification of the risks
associated with the project is also done in the planning stage. The outcome of
the technical feasibility study is to define the various technical approaches that
can be followed to implement the project successfully with minimum risks.
Stage 2: Defining Requirements
Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is to clearly define and
document the product requirements and get them approved from the customer
or the market analysts. This is done through an SRS (Software Requirement
Specification) document which consists of all the product requirements to be
designed and developed during the project life cycle.
Stage 3: Designing the Product Architecture

SRS is the reference for product architects to come out with the best
architecture for the product to be developed. Based on the requirements
specified in SRS, usually more than one design approach for the product
architecture is proposed and documented in a DDS - Design Document
Specification.
This DDS is reviewed by all the important stakeholders and based on various
parameters as risk assessment, product robustness, design modularity,
budget and time constraints, the best design approach is selected for the
product.
A design approach clearly defines all the architectural modules of the product
along with its communication and data flow representation with the external
and third party modules (if any). The internal design of all the modules of the
proposed architecture should be clearly defined with the minutest of the
details in DDS.
Stage 4: Building or Developing the Product
In this stage of SDLC the actual development starts and the product is built.
The programming code is generated as per DDS during this stage. If the design
is performed in a detailed and organized manner, code generation can be
accomplished without much hassle.

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Developers must follow the coding guidelines defined by their organization and
programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers, etc. are used to
generate the code. Different high level programming languages such as C,
C++, Pascal, Java and PHP are used for coding. The programming language is
chosen with respect to the type of software being developed.
Stage 5: Testing the Product
This stage is usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC
models, the testing activities are mostly involved in all the stages of SDLC.
However, this stage refers to the testing only stage of the product where
product defects are reported, tracked, fixed and retested, until the product
reaches the quality standards defined in the SRS.

Stage 6: Deployment in the Market and Maintenance

Once the product is tested and ready to be deployed it is released formally in
the appropriate market. Sometimes product deployment happens in stages as
per the business strategy of that organization. The product may first be
released in a limited segment and tested in the real business environment
(UAT- User acceptance testing). Then based on the feedback, the product may
be released as it is or with
suggested enhancements in the targeting market segment. After the product is
released in the market, its maintenance is done for the existing customer base.

Q26 Bug Life Cycle?

●New:When a new defect is logged and posted for thefirst time. It is

assigned a status as NEW.

●Assigned:Once the bug is posted by the tester, thelead of the

tester approves the bug and assigns the bug to the developer team.

●Open:The developer starts analyzing and works onthe defect fix.

●Fixed:When a developer makes a necessary code changeand

verifies the change, he or she can make bug status as “Fixed.”

●Pending retest:Once the defect is fixed the developergives a

particular code for retesting the code to the tester. Since the software
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testing remains pending from the testers end, the status assigned is
“pending retest.”

● Retest:Tester does the retesting of the code at thisstage to check

whether the defect is fixed by the developer or not and changes the
status to “Re-test.”

● Verified:The tester re-tests the bug after it gotfixed by the

developer. If there is no bug detected in the software, then the bug is
fixed and the status assigned is “verified.”

● Reopen:If the bug persists even after the developerhas fixed the
bug, the tester changes the status to “reopened”. Once again the bug
goes through the life cycle.

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● Closed:If the bug is no longer exists then tester assigns the status
“Closed.”

● Duplicate:If the defect is repeated twice or thedefect corresponds

to the same concept of the bug, the status is changed to “duplicate.”
● Rejected:If the developer feels the defect is nota genuine defect
then it changes the defect to “rejected.”

●Deferred:If the present bug is not of a prime priorityand if it is

expected to get fixed in the next release, then status “Deferred” is
assigned to such bugs.

● Not a bug:If it does not affect the functionalityof the application then
the status assigned to a bug is “Not a bug”.
Q27 What is the difference between Severity and Priority?

Severityis basically a parameter that denotes thetotal impact of a given

defect on any software.
Priorityis basically a parameter that decides theorder in which we should fix
the defects.
Q28 What are the 7 principles of testing?
The seven principles of testing

● Testing shows the presence of defects, not their absence.

● Exhaustive testing is impossible.
● Early testing saves time and money.
● Defects cluster together.
● Beware of the pesticide paradox.
● Testing is context dependent.
● Absence-of-errors is a fallacy.

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Q29 Test Cases of Pen?

Prerequisite forperforming all these test cases is, a Pen must have a refill and
the refill must have ink.

1.The grip of the pen: Verify if you are able to hold the pen
comfortably.
2.Writing: Verify if you are able to write smoothly.
3.Verify that the pen is not making any sound while writing.
4.Verify the ink flow. It should not overflow nor get a break either.
5.Verify the quality of the material used for the pen.
6.Verify if the company or pen name is visible clearly.
7.Verify if the pen color or text written on the pen is not getting
removed easily.
8.Verify, whether the width of the line drawn by the pen is as per the
expectations or not.
9.Verify the ink color, it should be consistent from the start till the
end.
10. Verify if a pen can write on a variety of papers like smooth,
rough, thick, thin, glossy etc.
11.Verify for the waterproof ink. [Not for gel and ink pens].
12. Verify if the ink will not get dried easily by keeping the pen
open for some time. [Not for ink pen]
13. Verify if any other refill fits in the pen or not.
14. Verify that the pen doesn’t have sharp edges or corners.
15. Verify if the ink and external assembly of the pen is made of
non-toxic material.

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Negative Test Cases/Scenarios

1.Put the pen in water and then try to write. Verify if you are able to
write with this pen. The pen can get wet because of the water spill
on the table or during the rainy season. It can be due to any
reason.
2.Drop the pen from some height (Table height) in the upside-down
position. Verify if you are able to write with this pen. By mistake,
the pen can any time fall on the ground. So testing this possibility
to know its impact, will help us in knowing the quality of the pen.

For both the above test cases, the frequency that these scenarios will happen
may not be very high but it is not even very low. So by knowing its impact, we
will be able to know more about the quality of the pen.

Performance Test Cases/Scenarios

1.Verify how fast you can write with this pen.

2.Verify if the pen will perform the same even though you use it
continuously for hours.
3.Verify ‘How much can be written in one refill/ink sac?’
4.Verify if the tip or nib of the pen is not destroyed after continuous
writing for hours.

Out of Scope Test Cases

1.Verifying the pen working in different gravity.
2.Verifying the pen working at different temperatures (Especially at 0
degrees).

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Q30 Test Cases of Chair?

●Verify that thechair is stable enough to take an average human load.
●Check the material used in making the chair-wood, plastic etc.
● Check if the chair’s leg are level to the floor.
●Check the usability of the chair as an office chair, normal household
chair.
● Check if there is back support in the chair.
● Check if there is support for hands in the chair.
● Verify the paint’s type and color.
●Verify if the chair’s material is brittle or not.
● Check if cushion is provided with chair or not.
● Check the condition when washed with water or the effect of water on
the chair.
●Verify that the dimension of chair is as per the specifications.
● Verify that the weight of the chair is as per the specifications.
●Check the height of the chair’s seat from floor.

Q31 Test Cases of Login Functionality?

● Verify that as soon as the login page opens,by default the cursor
should remain on the username textbox.
● Verify that the user is able to navigate or access the different controls
by pressing the ‘Tab’ key on the keyboard.

●Check if the password is in masked form when typed in the password

field.
Check if the password can be copy-pasted or not.
●
Verify that the user is able to login by entering valid credentials and
● clicking on the ‘Login’ button.
Verify that the user is able to login by entering valid credentials and
● pressing Enter key.
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●Check that the user is not able to login with an invalid username and
password.

●Verify that the validation message gets displayed in case the user
leaves the username or password field blank.

●Check that the validation message is displayed in case the user

exceeds the character limit of the user name and password fields.
Verify that the reset button functionality is on the login page. Clicking
● on it should clear the textbox’s content.

●Verify if there is a checkbox with the label “remember password” on

the login page.
Verify that closing the browser should not log out an authenticated
● user. Launching the application should lead the user to the login state
only.

Security Test Cases for Login Page

●Verify that there is a limit on the total number of unsuccessful login
attempts. So that a user cannot use a brute-force mechanism to try all
possible combinations of username-password.

●Verify that in case of incorrect credentials, a message like “incorrect

username or password” should get displayed. Instead of an exact
message pointing to the incorrect field. This is because a message like
“incorrect password” will help a hacker in knowing that the username is
correct. In this way, he will just need to try a different combination on the
password field only.

●Verify the login session timeout duration. So, once logged in a user
cannot be authenticated for a lifetime.
Verify that once logged in, clicking the back button doesn’t log out the
● user.

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● Verify if SQL Injection attacks work on the login page. The application
should not be vulnerable to SQL injection attacks.
Verify that the XSS vulnerability should not work on the login page.
●

1 To 3 Years Of Experience

Q1 What is Quality Assurance and what are the different

activities involved inQualityassurance?
Quality assurance is a process-driven approach that checks if the process of
developing the product is correct and conforming to all the standards. It is
considered a preventive measure. This is because it identifies the weakness
in the process to build software. It involves activities like document review, test
case review, walk-throughs, inspection.

Q2 What is Quality Control and what are the different types

of testing involved inQC?
Quality control is a product-driven approach that checks that the developed
product conforms to all the specified requirements. It is considered a
corrective measure as it tests the built product to find the defects. It involves
different types of testing like functional testing, performance testing, usability
testing, etc.

Q3 What are the different types of testing?

Ans. Testing can broadly be defined into two types-
● Functional testing–Functional testinginvolves validatingthe
functional specifications of the system.
● Non Functional testing–Non-functional testingisa type of
testing that involves testing of non-functional requirements of the
system such as performance, scalability, security, endurance,
portability, etc.

the way the testing is done, it can be categorized as-

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● Black-box testing– In black-box testing, the tester need not have

any knowledge of the internal architecture or implementation of
the system. The tester interacts with the system through the
interface providing input and validating the received output.

●White box testing– In white box testing, the testeranalyses the

internal architecture of the system as well as the quality of source
code on different parameters like code optimization, code
coverage, reusability, etc.

● Gray box testing– In gray box testing, the testerhas partial

access to the internal architecture of the system e.g. the tester
may have access to the design documents or database structure.
This information helps the tester to test the application better.

Q4 Is there any difference between retesting and

regression testing?
Possible differences between retesting and regression testing are as follows:
●We perform retesting to verify the defect fixes. But, the regression
testing assures that the bug fix does not break other parts of the
application.
●Regression test cases verify the functionality of some or all
modules.
● Regression testing ensures the re-execution of passed test cases.
Whereas, retesting involves the execution of test cases that are in a
failed state.
●Retesting has a higher priority over regression. But in some cases,
both get executed in parallel.

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Q5 As per your understanding, list down the key

challenges of software testing.
Followingare some of thekeychallengesof softwaretesting:
●The lack of availability of standard documents to understand the
application
● Lack of skilled testers
●Understanding the requirements: Testers require good listening and
understanding capabilities to be able to communicate with the
customers the application requirements.
●The decision-making ability to analyze when to stop testing
●Ability to work under time constraints
● Ability to decide which tests to execute first
●Testing the entire application using an optimized number of test
cases

Q6 What is a test plan?

Ans.A test plan isa formal document describing the scope of testing, the
approach to be used, the resources required, and the time estimate for
carrying out the testing process. It is derived from the requirement documents
(Software Requirement Specifications).

Q7 What is a test scenario?

Ans.A test scenario is derived from a use case. It is used for end-to-end
testing of a feature of an application. A single test scenario can cater to
multiple test cases. Scenario testing is particularly useful when there is a time
constraint while testing.

Q8 What is a Test case?

Ans.A test caseisusedto test the conformance of an application with its
requirement specifications. It is a set of conditions with pre-requisites, input
values, and expected results in a documented form.

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Q9 What are some attributes of a test case?

● Ans.Atest case can have the following attributes-
○ TestCaseId – A unique identifier of the test case.
○Test Summary – One-liner summary of the test case.
○ Description – Detailed description of the test case.
○Prerequisite or pre-condition – A set of prerequisites that must be
followed before executing the test steps.
○Test Steps – Detailed steps for performing the test case.
○ Expected result – The expected result in order to pass the test.
○ Actual result – The actual result after executing the test steps.
○ Test Result – Pass/Fail status of the test execution.
○Automation Status – Identifier of automation – whether the
application is automated or not.
○ Date – The test execution date.
○Executed by – Name of the person executing the test case.

Q10 What are some defect reporting attributes?

Ans.Someoftheattributesofa Defect report are-

● DefectId – A unique identifier of the defect.

●Defect Summary – A one-line summary of the defect, more like a
defect title.
● Defect Description – A detailed description of the defect.
● Steps to reproduce – The steps to reproduce the defect.
●Expected Result – The expected behavior from which the
application is deviating because of the defect.
●
● Actual Result- The current erroneous state of the application w.r.t.
● the defect.
Defect Severity – Based on the criticality of the defect, this field
can be set to minor, medium, major, or show stopper.
Priority – Based on the urgency of the defect, this field can be set
on a scale of P0 to P3.

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Q11 What are some of the bug or defect management

tools?
Ans.Someofthe mostwidelyused Defect Managementtoolsare–Jira,
Bugzilla, Redmine, Mantis, Quality Center, etc.

Q12 What is Test data?

Ans. Test data is data that is used to test the software with different inputs and
helps to check whether the corresponding output is as per the expected result
or not. This data is created based on the business requirements.
Q13 What is defect priority?
Ans.A defect priorityis an urgency offixing the defect. Normally the defect
priority is set on a scale of P0 to P3 with the P0 defect having the most
urgency to fix.

Q14 What is defect severity?

Ans.Defect severity is the severity of the defect impacting the functionality.
Based on the organization, we can have different levels of defect severity
ranging from minor to critical or show stopper.

Q15 Explain the procedure for manual testing?

Themanualtesting processcomprisesthefollowingsteps:
● Planning and Control
● Analysis and Design
●Implementation and Execution
● Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting
● Test Closure activities.

Q16 What is a blocker?

Ans.A blocker is abugofhighpriority and high severity. It prevents or blocks
testing of some other major portion of the application as well.

Q17 What is a critical bug?

Ans. A criticalbug is a bug that impacts a major functionality of the application
and the application cannot be delivered without fixing the bug. It is different
from the blocker bug as it doesn’t affect or block the testing of other parts of
the application.

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Q18 What is Static Testing?

Ans. Static testing isa kindof testing for reviewing the work products or
documentation that are being created throughout the entire project. It allows
for reviewing the specifications, business requirements, documentation,
processes, and functional requirements in the initial phase of testing.
So that the testers involved in it can understand the requirements in more
detail before starting the testing lifecycle which intends to help in delivering a
quality product.

Q19 What is Dynamic Testing?

Ans. The type of testing performed by executing or running the application
under test either manually or using automation is called dynamic testing.

Q20 Explain the different types of specification-based test

design techniques.
Ans. Specification-basedtest design techniques are also referred to as
black-box testing. It involves testing based on the specification of the system
under test without knowing its internal architecture. The different types of
specification-based test design or black box testing techniques are-

● Equivalence partitioning– Grouping test data intological groups

or equivalence classes with the assumption that all the data items
lying in the classes will have the same effect on the application.

● Boundary value analysis– Testing using the boundaryvalues of

the equivalence classes taken as the test input.
● Decision tables– Testing using decision tables showingthe
application’s behavior based on a different combination of input
values.

● Cause-effect graph– Testing using a graphical representationof

the result or outcome and all the factors that affect the outcome.

●State transition testing– Testing based on the statemachine

model.
Use case testing– Testing carried out using use cases.
●

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Q21 Explain equivalence class partitioning.

Ans.Equivalence class partitioningis a specification-based black-box testing
technique. In equivalence class partitioning, a set of input data that defines
different test conditions are partitioned into logically similar groups such that
using even a single test data from the group for testing can be considered
similar to using all the other data in that group.
For example, for testing a Square program (a program that prints the square
of a number), the equivalence classes can be-
Set of Negative numbers, whole numbers, decimal numbers, sets of large
numbers, etc.

Q22 What is boundary value analysis?

Ans. Boundaryvalue analysis is a software testingtechnique for designing
test cases wherein the boundary values of the classes of the equivalence
class partitioning are taken as input to the test cases e.g. if the test data lies in
the range of 0-100, the boundary value analysis will include test data – 0,1,
99, 100

Q23 What is decision table testing?

Ans.Decision tabletesting is a typeofspecification-based test design
technique or black-box testing technique in which testing is carried out using
decision tables showing the application’s behavior based on different
combinations of input values.
Decision tables are particularly helpful in designing test cases for complex
business scenarios involving the verification of applications with multiple
combinations of input.

Q24 What is a cause-effectgraph?

Ans. A cause-effect graph testing is a black-box test design technique in which
a graphical representation of input i.e. cause and output i.e. effect is used for
test designing. This technique uses different notations representing AND, OR,
NOT, etc relations between the input conditions leading to output.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q25 What is state transition testing?

Ans. State transition testing isablack box test design technique based on a
state machine model. State transition testing is based on the concept that a
system can be defined as a collection of multiple states and the transition from
one state to another happens because of some event.

Q26 What is use case testing?

Ans.Use casetesting is ablack-boxtesting approach in which testing is
carried out using use cases. A use-case scenario is seen as an interaction
between the application and actors(users). These use cases are used for
depicting requirements and hence can also serve as a basis for acceptance
testing.

Q27 What is Test Coverage?

Ans. It is a metric that measures the amount of testing performed on software
while executing the test cases. Test coverage for any software can be
calculated as the percentage of the number of test areas or coverage items
covered with respect to the total number of test areas.
The higher the test coverage, the more the part of the software gets covered

by test cases and hence, the more effective the testing will be.

Q28 List the different types of severity.

The criticality of a bug can be low, medium, or high depending on the
context.
● User interface defects – Low
●Boundary-related defects – Medium
●Error handling defects – Medium
● Calculation defects – High
●Misinterpreted data – High
● Hardware failures – High
●Compatibility issues – High
● Control flow defects – High
● Load conditions – High

Q29 What is code coverage?

Ans.Code coverageis the measure of the amount of code covered by the test
scripts. It gives the idea of the part of the application covered by the test suite.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q30 What are the different types of functional testing?

Functionaltesting coversthefollowingtypesofvalidationtechniques:
● Unit testing
● Smoke testing
● UAT
● Sanity testing
● Interface testing
● Integration testing
● System testing
● Regression testing

Q31 What are the different levels of testing?

Ans.Testing can be performedat different levels during the development
process. Performing testing activities at multiple levels helps in the early
identification of bugs. The different levels of testing are –
1.Unit Testing
2.Integration Testing
3.System Testing
4.Acceptance Testing

Q32 What is unit testing?

Ans.Unit testing isthefirst leveloftesting and it involves testing individual
modules of the software. It is usually performed by developers.

Q33 What is integration testing?

Ans.Integration testingisperformed afterunit testing. In integration testing,
we test the group of related modules. It aims at finding interfacing issues
between the modules.

Q34 What are the different types of integration testing?

Ans. The different type of integration testing is-
1.Big bang Integration Testing – In big bang integration testing,
testing starts only after all the modules are integrated.

2.Top-down Integration Testing – In top-down integration,

testing/integration starts from top modules to lower-level modules.

3.Bottom-up Integration Testing – In bottom-up integration, testing

starts from lower-level modules to higher-level modules up in the
hierarchy.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

4.Hybrid Integration Testing – Hybrid integration testing is the

combination of both Top-down and bottom-up integration testing.
In this approach, the integration starts from the middle layer, and
testing is carried out in both the direction

Q35 What is Exploratory Testing?

Exploratory testing is a type of software testing where the tester actively
explores the application under test to identify defects, rather than following a
predetermined test plan or script. It's an iterative and interactive process that
allows the tester to gain a deeper understanding of the software and to
uncover unexpected issues or behaviors.

Q36 What is “use case testing”?

In order to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application
from start to finish “use case” is used and the techniques used to do this is
known as “Use Case Testing.”

Q37 What is the difference between the STLC (Software

Testing Life Cycle) and SDLC (Software Development Life
Cycle)?
SDLC deals with development/coding of the software while STLC deals with
validation and verification of the software

Q38 What is a traceability matrix?

The relationship between test cases and requirements is shown with the help
of a document. This document is known as a traceability matrix.
Q39 What is the difference between static and dynamic
testing?

Static testing:During the Static testing method,the code is not executed,

and it is performed using the software documentation.

Dynamictesting:To perform this testing the codeis required to be in an

executable form.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q40 What is System Testing?

SystemTestingis a levelof testing that validatesthe complete and fully
integrated software product. The purpose of a system test is to evaluate the
end-to-end system specifications. Usually, the software is only one element of
a larger computer-based system. Ultimately, the software is interfaced with
other software/hardware systems. System Testing is defined as a series of
different tests whose sole purpose is to exercise the full computer-based
system.

Q41 What is acceptance testing?

Ans. Acceptance testing is testing performed by the potential end-user or
customers to check if the software conforms to the business requirements and
can be accepted for use.

Q42 What is UAT Testing?

Ans UATtesting isthe lastphase of the testing lifecycle. Its main focus is to
validate that software is working in accordance with business requirements. It
also ensures that the application is user-friendly and can handle complex
scenarios at its best before releasing the product to real-world users.

Q43 What is End-To-End Testing?

Ans.End-to-Endtesting is atype of testingwhere the entire application
undergoes testing, to test that each functionality of the software is working as
expected and there is no loophole remaining in it. It ensures that the
application is user-friendly and meets the business requirements.

Q44 What is alpha testing?

Ans. Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing that is performed by testers
or the internal employees of the organization at the developer site.

Q45 What is beta testing?

Ans.Betatestingisthe testing done by end-users at the end user’s site. It
allows users to provide direct input about the software to the development
company.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q46 What is Adhoc Testing?

Ans. Adhoc testingisanunstructured way of testing that is performed without
any formal documentation or proper planning.

Q47 What is monkey testing?

Ans. Monkeytesting isa type of testingthat is performed randomly without
any predefined test cases or test inputs.

Q48 How is monkey testing different from Adhoc testing?

Ans. In the case of Adhoc testing although there areno predefinedor
documented test cases still testers have an understanding of the application.
While in the case of monkey testing testers don’t have any understanding of
the application.

Q49 What is exploratory testing?

Ans. Exploratory testingis a type oftesting in which new test cases are added
and updated while exploring the system or executing test cases. Unlike
scripted testing, test design and execution go parallel in exploratory testing.

Q50 What is load testing?

Ans.Loadtestingisatype ofperformance testing which aims at finding an
application’s performance under the expected workload. During load testing,
we evaluate the response time, throughput, error rate, etc parameters of the
application.

Q51 What is stress testing?

Ans.Stress testingis a type of performance testing in which an application’s
behavior is monitored under a higher workload than expected. Stress testing
is done to find memory leaks and the robustness of the application.

Q52 What is volume testing?

Ans. Volume testing isatype of performance testing in which the performance
of the application is evaluated with a large amount of data. It checks the
scalability of the application and helps in the identification of a bottleneck with
a high volume of data.

Q53 What is endurance testing or Soak testing?

Ans. Endurancetestingis atype of performance testingwhich aims at finding
issues like memory leaks when an application is subjected to load tests for a
long period of time.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q54 What is spike testing?

Ans. Spiketestingis a type ofperformance testing in which the application’s
performance is measured while suddenly increasing the number of active
users during the load test.

Q55 What is UI testing?

Ans.UIor user interface testing is a type of testing that aims at finding
Graphical User Interface defects in the application and checks that the GUI
conforms to the specifications.

Q56 What is usability testing?

Ans. Usabilitytesting is the type oftesting that aims at determining the ease of
using the application. It aims at uncovering the usability defects in the
application.

Q57 What is Accessibility testing?

Ans. Accessibilitytesting is the typeoftestingwhich aims at determining the
ease of use or operation of the application specifically for people with
disabilities.

Q58 What is compatibility testing?

Ans.Compatibility testingis validatingsoftwareto see how compatible the
software is with a particular environment – operating system, platform, or
hardware.

Q59 What is configuration testing?

Ans. Configurationtestingis the typeoftestingused to evaluate the
configurational requirements of the software along with the effect of changing
the required configuration.

Q60 What is localization testing?

Ans.Localization testing is a typeoftestingin which we evaluate the
application’s customization(a localized version of the application) in a
particular culture, locale or country.

Q61 What is globalization testing?

Ans.Globalizationtestingis atype of testing in which an application is
evaluated for its functioning across the world in different cultures, languages,
locales, and countries.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q62 What is negative testing?

Ans.Negative testing isa type oftesting in which the application’s
robustness(graceful exiting or error reporting) is evaluated when provided with
invalid input or test data.

Q63 What is security testing?

Ans. Security testing is a type of testing which aims at evaluating the integrity,
authentication, authorization, availability, confidentiality, and non-repudiation of
the application under test.

Q64 What is penetration testing?

Ans. Penetration testing or pen testing is a type of security testing in which an
application is evaluated(safely exploited) for different kinds of vulnerabilities
that any hacker could exploit.

Q65 What is robustness testing?

Ans. Robustness testing is a type of testing that is performed to find the
robustness of the application i.e. the ability of the system to behave gracefully
in case of erroneous test steps and test input.

Q66 Whatisconcurrencytesting?
Ans. Concurrency testing is multi-user testing in which an application is
evaluated by analyzing the application’s behavior with concurrent users
accessing the same functionality.
Q67 What is backend testing?
Ans. Backend testing is a type of testing that involves testing the backend of
the system which comprises testing the databases and the APIs in the
application.
Q68 What is A/B testing?
Ans. A/B testing is a typeof testing in which the two variants of the software
product are exposed to the end-users and on analyzing the user behavior on
each variant, the better variant is chosen and used thereafter.

Q69 What is risk analysis?

Ans.Riskanalysisis the analysis of the risk identified and assigning an
appropriate risk level to the defect based on its impact on the application.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q70 What is the difference between regression and

retesting?
Ans. Regressiontesting involvestestingthe applicationtoverifythata new
code change doesn’t affect the other parts of the application. Whereas, in
retesting, we verify if the fixed issue is resolved or not.

Q71 What is the difference between black-box and

white-box testing?
Ans.
● Black-box testingis a type of testing in which theinternal architecture
of the code is not required for testing. It is usually applicable for system
and acceptance testing.
●white-box testingrequires internal design and implementation
knowledge of the application being tested. It is usually applicable for
Unit and Integration testing.

Q72 What is the difference between smoke and sanity

testing?
Ans.Thedifference between smoke andsanity testing is-

●Smoke testing is a type of testing in which all major functionalities

of the application are tested before carrying out exhaustive
testing. Whereas, sanity testing is a subset of regression testing
which is carried out when there is some minor fix in the application
in a new build.
●In smoke testing, shallow-wide testing is carried out while in
Sanity, narrow-deep testing (for a particular functionality) is done.
●The smoke tests are usually documented or automated. Whereas,
the sanity tests are generally not documented or unscripted.

Q73 What is the difference between Release and Build?

Ans. A build is an executablefile providedby the developersto the testing
team for testing the application. It undergoes various iterations of fixing and
testing until the application works as expected. Once the application becomes
stable and ready for the end-users, it’s released in the market.
Whereas, a release is installable software provided to the end-users after it
gets certified by the testing team. During the release of any software to the
client, release notes are attached to it that includes a number of defects still
open, covered user stories, change requirements, and version of the release.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q74. What is API testing?

Ans.APITestingisa software testing type that validatesApplication
Programming Interfaces (APIs). The purpose of API Testing is to check the
functionality, reliability, performance, and security of the programming
interfaces. In API Testing, instead of using standard user inputs(keyboard) and
outputs, you use software to send calls to the API, get output, and note down
the system’s response. API tests are very different from GUI Tests and won’t
concentrate on the look and feel of an application. It mainly concentrates on
the business logic layer of the software.

Q75. When should you stop the testing process?

The testing activity ends when the testing team completes the following
milestones.
Test case execution
The successful completion of a full test cycle after the final bug fix marks the
end of the testing phase.
Testing deadline
The end date of the validation stage also declares the closure of the validation
if no critical or high-priority defects remain in the system.
Code Coverage(CC) ratio
It is the amount of code concealed via automated tests. If the team achieves
the intended level of code coverage (CC) ratio, then it can choose to end the
validation.

Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) rate

Mean time between failure (MTBF) refers to the average amount of time that a
device or product functions before failing. This unit of measurement includes
only operational time between failures and does not include repair times,
assuming the item is repaired and begins functioning again. MTBF figures are
often used to project how likely a single unit is to fail within a certain period of
time.

Q76 What is meant by test coverage?

Test coverage is a quality metric to represent the amount (in percentage) of
testing completed for a product. It is relevant for both functional and non-
functional testing activities. This metric is used to add missing test cases.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q77 Is it possible to achieve 100% testing coverage? How

would you ensure it?
It’s considered not possible to perform 100% testing of any product. But you
can follow the below steps to come closer.
●Set a hard limit on the following factors:
○ Percentage of test cases passed
○Number of bugs found
● Set a red flag if:
○ Test budget is depleted
○ Deadlines are breached
● Set a green flag if:
○ The entire functionality gets covered in test cases
○All critical and major bugs must have a ‘CLOSED’ status

Q78 What are unit testing and integration testing?

Unit testing has many names such as module testing or component testing.

Many times, it is the developers who test individual units or modules to check
if they are working correctly.
Whereas, integration testing validates how well two or more units of software
interact with each other.
There are three ways to validate integration:
● Big Bang approach
● Top-down approach
●Bottom-up approach

Q79 Can we do system testing at any stage?

No.Systemtesting shouldstart onlyifall modules are inplace and they work
correctly. However, it should be performed before UAT (user acceptance
testing).

Q80 What are the drawbacks of manual testing?

1. Manual Testingrequiresmoretimeormoreresources,sometimes
both Time and Resources.
2. LessAccuracy
(Human Users (Testers) may make mistakes, so we cannot expect more
accuracy in Manual Testing,
3. Performance testing is impractical in manual testing.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

4. Comparing a large amount of data is impractical.

(Comparing twoDatabasesthathavethousandsofrecords is impractical, but
it is very is in Test Automation.)
5. Processing change requests during software maintenance takes more
time.
6. Batch Testing is possible, but for each test execution Human user
interaction is mandatory.
7. GUI Objects Size difference and Color combinations etc.. are not easy
to find in Manual Testing.
8. Manual Test Case scope is very less, if it is Automated test, scope is
more.
9. Executing the same tests, again and again, is time taking process as
well as Tedious.
10. For every release you must rerun the same set of tests which can be

tiresome.
Q81. Explain the difference between alpha testing and beta
testing.

●Alpha Testing –It is a type of software testing performedto identify

bugs before releasing the product to real users or to the public. Alpha
Testing is a type of user acceptance testing.
●Beta Testing –It is performed by real users of thesoftware application
in a real environment. Beta Testing is also a type of user acceptance
testing.
Q82 What Test Plans consists of?
Test design, scope, test strategies, approach are various details that Test plan
document consists of.
1.Test case identifier
2. Scope
3.Features to be tested
4.Features not to be tested
5.Test strategy & Test approach
6.Test deliverables
7. Responsibilities
8.Staffing and training

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TheAutomationEngineer

9.Risk and Contingencies

Q83 What is agile testing and why is it important?

Agile testing is a software testing process that evaluates software from the
customers’ point of view. It is favorable as it does not require the development
team to complete coding for starting QA. Instead, both coding and testing go
hand in hand. However, it may require continuous customer interaction.

Q84 Why is it impossible to test a program thoroughly?

Here are the two principal reasons that make it impossible to test a program
entirely.
● Software specifications can be subjective and can lead to different
interpretations.
●A software program may require too many inputs, outputs, and path
combinations.

Q86 What is the purpose of the end-to-end testing?

End-to-end testing is a testing strategy to execute tests that cover every
possible flow of an application from its start to finish. The objective of
performing end-to-end tests is to discover software dependencies and to
assert that the correct input is getting passed between various software
modules and sub-systems.

Q87 What is a testbed in manual testing?

The testbed is an environment configured for testing. It is an environment
used for testing an application, including the hardware as well as any software
needed to run the program to be tested. It consists of hardware, software,
network configuration, an application under test, other related software.
Q88 What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance

Testing)and Systemtesting?
System Testing:System testing is finding defectswhen the system
undergoes testing as a whole; it is also known as end-to-end testing. In such
type of testing, the application suffers from beginning till the end.
UAT:User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves runninga product through a
series of specific tests which determines whether the product will meet the
needs of its users.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q89 Mention the difference between Data Driven Testing

and Retesting?
Retesting:It is aprocessof checking bugs thatareactioned by the
development team to verify that they are fixed.
Data Driven Testing (DDT): In data driven testing process, the application is
tested with multiple test data. The application is tested with a different set of
values.

Q90 How will you overcome the challenges faced due to the
unavailability of proper documentation for testing?
If the standard documents like System Requirement Specification or Feature
Description Document are not available, then QAs may have to rely on the
following references, if available.

● Screenshots
● A previous version of the application
● Wireframes

Another reliable way is to have discussions with the developer and the
business analyst. It helps in solving the doubts, and it opens a channel for
bringing clarity on the requirements. Also, the emails exchanged could be
useful as a testing reference.
Smoke testing is yet another option that would help verify the main
functionality of the application. It would reveal some very basic bugs in the
application. If none of these work, then we can just test the application from
our previous experiences.
Q91 How much testing is sufficient? Or, is it possible to do
exhaustive testing of the software?

It is impossible toexhaustivelytest softwareorprovetheabsenceoferrors,

no matter how specific your test strategy is.
An extensive test that finds hundreds of errors doesn’t imply that it has
discovered them all. There could be many more errors that the test might have
missed. The absence of errors doesn’t mean there are no errors, and the
software is perfect. It could easily mean ineffective or incomplete tests. To
prove that a program works, you’d have to test all possible inputs and their
combinations.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Consider a simple program that takes a string as an input that is ten

characters long. To test it with each possible input, you’d have to enter 2610
names, which is impossible. Since exhaustive testing is not practical, your
best strategy as a tester is to pick the test cases that are most likely to find
errors. Testing is sufficient when you have enough confidence to release the
software and assume it will work as expected.

Q93 Why developers shouldn’t test the software they wrote?

Developers make poor testers. Here are some reasons why:
● They try to test the code to make sure that it works, rather than testing
all the ways in which it doesn't work.
● Since they wrote it themselves, developers tend to be very optimistic
about the software and don't have the correct attitude needed for
testing: to break software.
● Developers skip the more sophisticated tests that an experienced tester
would perform to break the software. They follow the happy path to
execute the code from start to finish with proper inputs, often not
enough to get the confidence to ship software in production.
However, it doesn't mean that developers shouldn't test the software before
sending it to the tester. Developer testing helps find many bugs that are
caused by programming errors. These are hard to find for a tester because
they don't always have access to the source code

Q94 Whatisautomatedtesting?
As the name suggests, automated testing, which is also called test
automation, is the programmatic execution of the tests. The tester uses an
automation tool or software like Selenium to write code that performs the
following tasks.
1.Automatically run the software.
2.Feed the input data to the system.
3.Examine the output with the expected outcome.
4.Fail the test if the results don’t match. Otherwise, pass the test.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q95 What are the various components of Selenium?

Seleniumconsistsofthe followingcomponents:
● Selenium Remote Control (RC).
●Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
●Selenium WebDriver.
●Selenium Grid.
Q96 What are the different HTTP status codes that a server
can return?
AnHTTP status codeis a three-digit number that indicatesthestatus ofan
incoming HTTP request, that is, if the request has been completed or not.

A server can send the following five types of responses for an HTTP request.

1.Information (100 - 199): These status codes provide a temporary

response. The response consists of the status line and optional
headers and terminates by an empty line.
2.Success (200 - 299): Indicate that the incoming HTTP request was
successfully received, understood, and accepted.
3.Redirect (300 - 399): These status codes indicate further actions the
client should take to satisfy the HTTP request. It can mean that the
requested resource may have moved temporarily or permanently. It can
also redirect the client to another URL.
4.A client error (400 - 499): Indicate a problem with the client who
initiated the HTTP request.
5.Server error (500 - 599): The 5XX status code indicates a problem on
the server while processing the request.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q97 What is the most effective way to map automation testing

success?
Thesuccessof Automationtestingcanbemeasuredusingthefollowing
criteria:
● Savings on labor & other costs.
● Defect Detection Ratio.
● Automating the execution process and reducing the release time

Q98 Which test cases are written first: white boxes or black
boxes?
Testcasesfor the black boxtesting areusually written first, followedby test
cases for the white box testing. An outline of the design or project plan and
the requirements document is required to write black-box test cases.
Documents such as these are readily available at the beginning of the project.
The initial phase of a project isn't the right time to start white box testing
because it requires more architecture clarification that isn't available yet.
Therefore, white-box test cases are typically written after black-box test cases
have been developed.

Q99 What is meant by browser automation?

It’s a process of automaticallytesting a webapplication’s functionality in a
browser, where a program launches the browser, navigates to the application,
and interacts with the user interface by clicking buttons or links, just like an
average user would.
The only difference is that the browser automation can test this very quickly
and often, whereas the same test would take a human tester a long time. It’s
part of automated testing. Some essential tools for browser testing include
Selenium, protractor.js, and cypress.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q100 What do you mean by Test Matrix and Traceability

Matrix?
TestMatrix:It is referred toas a testing tool that is used to capture actual
quality, effort, resources, plan, and time required to capture all the phases of
software testing. It only covers the testing phase of the life cycle.
Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM): It is referred to as a document, usually
present in the form table, that is used to trace and demonstrate the
relationship between the requirements and other artifacts of the project right
from start to end. In simple words, it maps between test cases and customer
requirements.

Q101 What is the MAIN benefit of designing tests early in

the life cycle?
It helps prevent defects from being introduced into the code.

Q102 Give an example of Low priority-Low severity, Low

priority-High severity, High priority-Low severity, and High
priority-High severity defects.
Ans.Belowareexamplesfordifferentcombinations ofpriority and severity-

1.Low priority-Low severity– A spelling mistake ina page not

frequently navigated by users.
2.Low priority-High severity– Application crashingin some very
corner cases.
3.High priority-Low severity– Slight change in logocolor or
spelling mistake in the company name.
4.High priority-High severity– Issue with login functionality.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

3 To 5 Years Of Experience

Q19. When should you opt for manual testing over automation testing?
There are a lot of cases when manual testing is best suited over automation
testing, like:

● Short-time projects: Automated tests are aimed at saving time and

resources yet it takes time and resources to design and maintain them.
For example, if you are building a small promotional website, it can be
much more efficient to rely on manual testing.
● Ad-hoc Testing: In ad-hoc testing, there is no specific approach. Ad-hoc
testing is a totally unplanned method of testing where the
understanding and insight of the tester is the only important factor. This
can be achieved using manual testing.
● Exploratory Test: This type of testing requires the tester’s knowledge,
experience, analytical, logical skills, creativity, and intuition. So human
involvement is important in exploratory testing.
●Usability Testing: When performing usability testing, the tester needs to
measure how user-friendly, efficient, or convenient the software or
product is for the end-users. Human observation is the most important
factor, so manual testing sounds seems more appropriate.

Q26. What is the test harness?

Q27. What is test closure?
Q29. Define what is a critical bug.

What is a Failure in software testing?

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q31. What is Defect Cascading in Software Testing?

Q32. What is the term ‘quality’ mean when testing?

Q36.What is a top-down and bottom-up approach in testing?

Top-Down – Testing happens from top to bottom. That is, high-level modules are
tested first, and after that low-level modules. Lastly, the low-level modules are
incorporated into a high-level state to guarantee the framework is working as it is
expected to.

Bottom-Up – Testing happens from base levels to high-up levels. The lowest level
modules are tested first and afterward high-level state modules. Lastly, the high-level
state modules are coordinated to a low level to guarantee the framework is filling in
as it has been proposed to.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q38. What is the difference between static testing and dynamic testing?

Static Testing Dynamic Testing

Static Testing is a white box testing Dynamic testing includes the process
technique, it includes the process of of execution of code and is done at
exploring the records to recognize the later stage of the software
the imperfections in the very early development lifecycle. It validates
stages of SDLC. and approves the output with the
expected results.

Static Testing is implemented at the Dynamic testing starts during the

verification stage. validation stage.

Static testing is performed before the Dynamic testing is performed after

code deployment. the code deployment

The program’s code error detection Execution of code is necessary for

and execution is not a concern in this dynamic testing.
type of testing.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q39. How will you determine when to stop testing?

Deciding when to stop testing can be quite difficult. Many modern software
applications are so complex and run in such an interdependent environment, that
complete testing can never be done. Some common factors in deciding when to stop
testing are:

● Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc.)

● Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
●When the test budget is depleted
● Coverage of code or functionality or requirements reaches a specified point
● Bug rate falls below a certain level
●When Beta or alpha testing period ends

Q40. What if the software is so buggy it can’t really be tested at all?

Often testers encounter a bug that can’t be resolved at all. In such situations, the

best bet is for testers to go through the process of reporting whatever bugs or
blocking-type problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs. Since
this type of problem can cause severe problems such as insufficient unit testing or
insufficient integration testing, poor design, improper build or release procedures, etc
managers should be notified and provided with some documentation as evidence of
the problem.

Q41. How you test a product if the requirements are yet to freeze?
It’s possible that a requirement stack is not available for a piece of product. It might
take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected
functionality, and it would indicate deeper problems in the software development
process. If the functionality isn’t necessary to the purpose of the application, it should
be removed. Else, create a test plan based on the assumptions made about the
product. But make sure you get all assumptions well documented in the test plan.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q44. What are the cases when you’ll consider to choose automated testing
over manual testing?
Automated testing can be considered over manual testing during the following
situations:

●When tests require periodic execution

● Tests include repetitive steps
● Tests need to be executed in a standard runtime environment
●When you have less time to complete the testing phase
●When there is a lot of code that needs to be repeatedly tested
● Reports are required for every execution

Q45. What is ‘configuration management’?

Every high-functioning organization has a “master plan” that details how they are
supposed to operate and accomplish tasks. Software development and testing are no
different. Software configuration management (SCM) is a set of processes,

policies, and tools that organize, control, coordinate, and track:

● code
● documentation
● problems
● change requests
● designs and tools
● compilers and libraries

Q46. Is it true that we can do system testing at any stage?

In system testing, all the components of the software are tested as a whole in order to
ensure that the overall product meets the requirements specified. So, no. The system
testing must start only if all units are in place and are working properly. System testing
usually happens before the UAT (User Acceptance Testing).

Ques.21. What is a Test script?

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TheAutomationEngineer

Ans. A test script is an automated test case written in any programming or

scripting language. These are basically a set of instructions to evaluate the
functioning of an application.

Ques.11. What is automation testing?

Ans. Automation testing is a type of software testing that involves
automated test case execution using an automation tool. It helps in
reducing the test execution time as the test scripts written once, can be run
automatically any number of times without any human intervention.

Ques.12. What are some advantages of automation testing?

Ans. Some advantages of automation testing are-

1.Test execution using automation is fast and saves a

considerable amount of time.

2.Carefully written test scripts remove the chance of human error

during testing.

3.Test execution can be scheduled for a nightly run using CI tools

like Jenkins which can also be configured to provide daily test

results to relevant stakeholders.

4.Automation testing is very less resource-intensive. Once the

tests are automated, test execution requires almost no time of

QAs. Saving QA bandwidth for other exploratory tasks.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Ques.13. What are some disadvantages of automation testing?

Ans. Some disadvantages of automation testing are-

1.It requires skilled automation testing experts to write test

scripts.

2.Additional effort to write scripts is required upfront.

3.Automation scripts are limited to verification of the tests that are

coded. These tests may miss some error that is very glaring

and easily identifiable to human(manual QA).

4.Even with some minor change in the application, script update

and maintenance is required.

Ques.14. What is performance testing?

Ans.Performance testingis a type of non-functionaltesting in which the

performance of the system is evaluated under expected or higher load. The

various performance parameters evaluated during performance testing are –

response time, reliability, resource usage, scalability, etc. The different types

of performance testing are – Load, Stress, Endurance, Spike, and Volume

Testing.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

Q47. What are some best practices that you should follow when writing test
cases?
Few guidelines that you need to follow while writing test cases are:

● Prioritize which test cases to write based on the project timelines and the risk
factors of your application.
● Remember the 80/20 rule. To achieve the best coverage, 20% of your tests
should cover 80% of your application.

● Don’t try to test cases in one attempt instead improvise them as you progress.
● List down your test cases and classify them based on business scenarios and
functionality.

● Make sure test cases are modular and test case steps are as granular as
possible.

●Write test cases in such a way that others can understand them easily &
modify if required.
● Always keep end-users’ requirements in the back of your mind because
ultimately the software designed is for the customer
● Actively use a test management tool to manage stable release cycle.
●Monitor your test cases regularly. Write unique test cases and remove
irrelevant & duplicate test cases.

Q50. Can automation testing replace manual testing?

Automation testing isn’t a replacement for manual testing. No matter how good
automated tests are, you cannot automate everything. Manual tests play an important
role in software development and come in handy whenever you have a case where
you cannot use automation. Automated and manual testing each have their own
strengths and weaknesses. Manual testing helps us understand the entire problem
and more flexibly explore other angles of tests. On the other hand,

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

automated testing helps save time in the long run by accomplishing a large number
of surface-level tests in a short time.

Ques.34. What are the different test design techniques?

Ans. Test design techniques are different standards of test designing that
allow systematic and widely accepted test cases. The different test design
techniques can be categorized as static test design techniques and dynamic
test design techniques.

1.Static Test Design Techniques – The test design techniques

which involve testing without executing the code. The various
static test design techniques can be further divided into two
parts manual and using tools-

○Manual static design techniques

■ Walkthrough
■Informal reviews
■ Technical reviews
■ Audit
■ Inspection
■Management review
○ Static design techniques using tools

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TheAutomationEngineer

■ Static analysis of code – It includes analysis

of the different paths and flows in the
application and different states of the test
data.
■Compliance with coding standards – This
evaluates the compliance of the code with
the different coding standards.
■Analysis of code metrics – The tool used for
static analysis is required to evaluate the
different metrics like lines of code,
complexity, code coverage, etc.
2.Dynamic Test Design Techniques – Dynamic test design
techniques involve testing by running the system under test.
○ Specification-based – Specification-based test design
techniques are also referred to as black-box testing.
These involve testing based on the specification of the
system under test without knowing its internal
architecture.
○ Structure-based – Structure-based test design
techniques are also referred to as white box testing. In
these techniques, the knowledge of the code or
internal architecture of the system is required to carry
out the testing.

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

○ Experienced-based – The experienced-based

techniques are completely based on the experience or
intuition of the tester. The two most common forms of
experienced-based testing are – Adhoc testing and
exploratory testing.

Ques.45. What is structure-based testing?

Ans. Structure-based test design techniques are also referred to as white

box testing. In these techniques, the knowledge of the code or internal
architecture of the system is required to carry out the testing. The various
kinds of testing structure-based or white testing techniques are-

● Statement testing– A white box testing techniquein which the

test scripts are designed to execute the application’s code
statements. Its coverage is measured as the line of code or
statements executed by test scripts.

● Decision testing/branch testing– A testing techniquein the

test scripts is designed to execute the different decision
branches (e.g. if-else conditions) in the application. Its coverage
is measured as the percentage of decision points out of the

By Achal Singh
TheAutomationEngineer

total decision points in the application.

● Condition testing – Condition testing is a testing approach in

which we test the application with both True and False
outcomes for each condition. Hence for n conditions, we will
have 2n test scripts.

●Multiple condition testing– In multiple conditiontesting, the

different combinations of condition outcomes are tested at least
once. Hence for 100% coverage, we will have 2^n test scripts.
This is very exhaustive and very difficult to achieve 100%
coverage.

●Condition determination testing– It is an optimizedway of

multiple condition testing in which the combinations which don’t
affect the outcomes are discarded.

● Path testing– Testing the independent paths in the

system(paths are executable statements from entry to exit
points).

By Achal Singh