ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PITUITARY GLANDS
● one of the body’s most complex
systems ● lies in the sella turcica of the
● it affects functions of the middle cranial fossa (the bony
different organs/system floor that supports the brain)
● it is interrelated with functions of Composed of the Anterior
the nervous system, to pituitary gland
coordinate body processes (andrenohyphesis) and
Posterior pituitary gland.
NOTE: An alteration in the endocrine ● The hypothalamus controls both
system's function results in various the anterior and posterior
physiologic changes, which may vary pituitary glands
from serious to fatal.
ANTERIOR
● The end result of most
pathologic, processes affecting A. Growth hormone (GH)
the endocrine system is ● also known as somatotropin or
hypersecretion or somatotropic hormone (STH)
hyposecretion of hormones ● for growth of cells, bones, and
● Diabetes Mellitus soft tissues
○ One of the most serious ● it affects carbohydrates and fat
endocrine disorders metabolism
○ A global problem. ● it increases blood glucose levels
○ The disease is irreversible, by reducing glucose utilization
and causes many an insulin antagonist
life-threatening
complications that B. Prolactin (PRL)
affect…. The brain, heart, ● also known as mammotropic
kidneys, eyes, and many hormone, lactotropic hormone,
more organs. luteotropic hormone
○ Note: Nobody dies with ● necessary for breast
DM, but dies because of development and lactation
complications. ● regulates reproductive function
in both males and females
Different types of Glands
1. Pituitary Gland C. Thyroid-stimulating hormones
2. Thyroid Gland (TSH)
3. Adrenal Gland ● controls function of the thyroid
glands
D. Gonadotropic hormone or ● increases water reabsorption in
gonadotropin (FSH & LH) the collecting ducts of the
● 2 types kidneys.
1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ● Increases BP
(FSH) ● Note: stop urination, maintain
- Follicle maturation ---> hydration
estrogen (ovaries)
- Testosterone(testes) B. Oxytocin
2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) ● produces milk let down in a
- ovulation & progesterone lactating breast
(ovaries) ● increased uterine contraction
- Setolic ---> androgen binding after labor has begun
protein ---->promote sperm ● utero contraction
production (testes) ● milk ejection
- Responsible for secondary sex ● Stimulates milk letdown in
characteristics lactating breasts. Increases
- Essential for gametogenesis and uterine contractions during
sex steroid production labor
● affects the development of
secondary SEX characteristics THYROID GLANDS
● necessary for gametogenesis
and sex steroid production in
Function:
males and females
● Metabolism
● Development
E. Adrenocorticotropic hormones
● Enhances action of
(ACTH) on Adrenocorticotropin.
Catecholamines
● it regulates functions of the
adrenal glands
A. Triiodothyronine (T3) and
Thyroxine (T4)
F. Melanocytes - stimulating
● regulate the metabolic rate of
hormone (MSH)
cells
● necessary for pigmentation like
● Regulates protein, fat, and
the skin, retina, etc.
carbohydrate metabolism
● Acts as insulin antagonist
POSTERIOR ● Maintain growth hormone
secretion and promote skeletal
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) maturation
● also known as vasopressin ● Affects central nervous system
● the major control of osmolality development
(concentration) and body waste ● Affect cardiac rate, force, and
volume output
● Affect oxygen utilization [chon and fat catabolism.]
● Stimulate lipid turnover, free ● Anti inflammatory effect
fatty acid release, and ● Immunosuppressant-
cholesterol synthesis decreases T - lymphocytes
● Stimulates sympathetic nervous ● participation in cell mediated
system activity immunity.
● Decreases antibody release
B. Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin) ● Increase gastric acid production
● It lowers calcium level > GI irritation
● Inhibits osteoclastic activity ● Maintain emotion
● Lowers phosphate levels
● Decreases calcium and B. Mineralocorticoids
phosphorus absorption in the GI [Aldosterone] (Salts)
tract. ● Maintain sodium and volume
● Inverse relationship with status (salt)
calcium: ● Increase sodium reabsorption
● High thyrocalcitonin → Low in distal tubules of the kidneys
calcium
● Increase potassium and
● Low thyrocalcitonin → High
hydrogen excretion in the distal
calcium.
tubules
● Aldosterone - “pro sodium”
PARATHYROID GLANDS
“anti- K”
● Retains sodium; excrete
● opposes Calcitonin
potassium
● Decrease Ca → increase Ca
● An increase in aldosterone level
● Increase Ca → decrease Ca
results to: Hypernatremia /
Hypokalemia
ADRENAL GLANDS ● Decrease in aldosterone results
to Hyponatremia /
● Adrenal Glands - divided into 2 hyperkalemia
○ Cortex and medulla
● Adrenal Cortex Hormones - C. Sex Hormones Androgen and
controls the 3 S Estrogen
○ Sugar / Salt / Sex ● Responsible for the secondary
sex characteristic females
● In males, these hormones works
HORMONES IN ADRENAL CORTEX
like gonadal steroid
A. Glucocorticoids (cortisol/
sugar)
● Maintains blood glucose level
● Enhance gluconeogenesis
ADRENAL MEDULLA ○ KIDNEYS - increased
RENIN secretions
○ URINARY BLADDER -
Secretes:
relaxation of detrusor
● Catecholamines [epinephrine]
muscles and contraction
and [norepinephrine]
of sphincter
● Through stimulation of the SNS
○ = urinary retention
and medulla oblongata
● LIVER - Glycogenolysis ,
gluconeogenesis = increase
Effects of sympatho-adrenomedullary
serum glucose level
response ( SAMR )
● PANCREAS - decrease secretion
of Islet cells
● Stimulates on body organs.
○ >> decreased insulin
● Every function is HIGH and FAST
secretion
● Except GI and. GU
○ >> increased serum
glucose level
Adrenal medulla > catecholamines
● Gallbladder - relaxation of the
(epi and norepi)
gallbladder
● Fat cells - lipolysis
● Brain - Increased alertness,
restlessness
ADRENAL GLANDS
● Eyes - Dilatation of the pupils,
(ADDITIONAL NOTES)
relaxation of ciliary bodies
● Heart - increased heart rate,
● location is above the suprarenal
↑ contractility, ↑ stroke volume,
area
coronary vasodilation
● 3 S
● LUNGS - relation of bronchial
○ Salt
muscles (bronchodilation)
○ Sugar
increased respiratory rate
○ Sex
● Peripheral blood vessels -
○ Note: Increase in 3S
vasoconstriction Increased BP
(Cushing), Decrease in 3S
● MOUTH - decreased salivary
(Addison's)
glands secretion = dry mouth
and thirst
● SKIN - Pilomotor muscle 2 LAYERS
contraction. = localized
sweating, cold clammy skin 1. Adrenal Cortex (Outer)
● Gastrointestinal tract - ● produces corticosteroids
decreased production of GI ○ Cortisol (Increase BP,
secretions. suppress immune
● Decreased motility and system)
contraction sphincter
○ Aldosterone
(Reabsorption of salt,
Increases BP and Blood
Volume)
2. Adrenal Medulla (Inner)
● produces Catecholamines
○ Epinephrine
○ Norepinephrine
○ Note: Everything is HIGH
except for GI and
Genitourinary.
KIDNEY
● Renin (Increase BP, BV)
● Erythropoietin (increase RBC
production)
PANCREAS
● Islet of Langerhans
● Alpha cell (Glucagon)
● Beta cell (Insulin)
● Insulin (decreases Blood
glucose)
● Glucagon (Increases blood
Glucose)
● Exocrine ducts (digestive
enzymes)
