1) What are static members in java?
Ans:
In Java, static members are class-level
members that belong to the class itself
rather than any specific object. They are
declared using the static keyword. They
can be called without creating an object
of the class and cannot access non-static
(instance) members directly.
2) What is static block?
Ans:
Static block is used for initializing static
variables. They execute once when the
class is loaded.
3) Can static member function access non-
static data ?
Ans:
No. because static member function can
be called without creating object. When
object is not created, non-static member is
not allocated memory.
4)Can non-static member function access
static data ?
Ans:
Yes. Because in order to invoke non-
static member function u need to create
object and by that time static members
are already allocated memory
4) What is non-static block in java?
Ans:
A non-static block (also known as an
instance initializer block) is a block of
code inside a class that executes
whenever an object is created. It is used
for initializing instance variables before
the constructor runs.
5) What is this? And what is its importance
in object oriented programming?
Ans:
"this" is a reference which refers to the
current or invoking object.
when u create multiple objects, u have
those many copies of instance members
however , u have only one copy of
member function/s. In that case how
will member function keep a track of
invoking object ?
member function/s will come to know
about invoking or current object
through "this" reference.
6) Why can’t we use “this” with static
members?
Ans:
Because ,“this” refers to object and
static are not associated with objects.
7) What happens when we say
java Sample [ consider “Sample”
class contains “main” function ]
ans:
a) JVM searches "Sample.class" inside
current working directory
if found, "Sample.class" will be loaded
by JVM.
b) JVM will invoke "main()" function.
since main() function is static, JVM
invokes it with
Sample.main
8) Explain System.out.println("hello");
Ans:
System.out.println("hello")
class System
{
public static PrintStream out;
}
class PrintStream
{
public void print(){}
public void println(){}
}
explanation:
a) we want to print "hello"
so we write ("hello")
b) using println() method we can
print "hello"
so we write
println("hello");
c) println() is a non-static method
of PrintStream , hence it needs to be
called using reference of PrintStream.
d) do we have any reference of
PrintStream available?
yes it's "out"
so we write
out.println("hello");
e) what is "out"?
"out" is a public static
member of "System" class, hence we
write
System.out
so that's why we have
System.out.println("hello");
9) What is class "Class" in java ?
Ans:
In java whenever any class gets loaded it
is represented by instance of class
"Class".
This instance holds information about
loaded class such as member variables,
methods,constructors etc.
10) Where exactly in java code we can use
class "Class"?
Ans: we use class "Class" in case of
Reflection API.
11) What is the use of non-static block in
java?
Ans:
NON-STATIC BLOCK:is used for - if we
have many constructors inside a class
and those constructors need to have
some common statements.
instead of repeate those statements in
each constructor,we place those
statements in non-static block.
e.g counter which is incremented in
each constructor , to keep a track of
number of objects created.
12) When a class gets loaded ?
Ans:
a) implicitly
java MyClass8
or
emp e=new emp(); when u
create first object of that class
or
emp.staticmemberfun();
or
before deserialization if the
class is not loaded it gets loaded
implicitly during deserialization
b) explicitly
Class.forName("classname");
13) What is NullPointerException?
Ans:
When a reference contains null and if u
invoke a method on it , u get
NullPointerException.
14) Explain Singleton class.
Ans:
is a class where :
a) only one object is created and that
too inside the class itself by the
developer.
b) users are not allowed to create the
object or instance of the class. They can
use the same instance or object which
has been created inside the class.
c) may have some non-static methods.
d) developer must share one and only
one object created of the class among
all the users , so that they can invoke
non-static methods of the class.
15) How many places final keyword can be
applied in java?
Ans:
final keyword can be applied to
a) instance member
b) class variable
c) local variable
d) member function
e) class
16) What is the meaning of constructor?
Ans:
It is a special member function .
Special because
a) it is used to initialize (construct) the
instance member/s.
b) it has got the same name as of class
c) it does not have a return type.
17) How many types of constructors are
allowed in Java?
Ans:
There are 2 types of constructor
a) default or no-arg constructor
constructor having no arguments.
if no constructor is defined in the
class, compiler by default provides "no-
arg constructor". But the moment we
define some constructor in the class,
compiler does not provide "default or
no-arg constructor".
b) parameterized constructor
constructor with at least one
argument.
18) What happens when object is created?
Ans:
a) memory is allocated for instance
member/s.
b) constructor is called
19) Does java have destructor?
Ans:
java does not have destructor.
just before object gets garbage
collected, following method gets called.
Programmer can override(define) this
finalize method in order to release
resources such as file, database
connection or sockets.
protected void finalize()
{
}
Since there is no guarantee as to when
exactly object will get garbage collected,
u can not rely upon "finalize" method to
release the resources such as
Connection , Socket etc.
Garbage collection can not be forced in
java. U can just make a request for
Garbage Collection , by invoking a
method "System.gc()". or
"Runtime.getRuntime().gc()".
20) Explain abstraction with the real life
example.
Ans:
Abstraction means Hiding an
implementation and showing only
essential features.
It means providing information about
what object does instead of how it does.
Real-Life Examples of Abstraction
1. Car Operation:
o Abstraction: When you drive a car, you
interact with the steering wheel,
pedals, and gear shift. You don’t need
to know the intricate details of how
the engine, transmission, or braking
system works internally.
o Underlying Complexity: The car's
internal systems are complex, but the
user interface (steering wheel, pedals)
abstracts away this complexity.
2. Television Remote Control:
o Abstraction: A TV remote provides
buttons for changing channels,
adjusting volume, and powering the
TV on/off. The remote abstracts the
complex operations of the TV and its
internal mechanisms, allowing users to
perform these actions without
understanding how they are executed
internally.
o Underlying Complexity: The remote
communicates with the TV using
signals to control various functions,
but the user interacts with a simplified
interface.
21) Explain encapsulation with the real life
example.
Ans:
Binding the data and functions together
in one unit is called as "Encapsulation".
In java "class" is the example of
Encapsulation.
e.g.
class Car
{
private color,weight,price,model etc.
// data
public start() // member
function
{
}
public stop() // member
function
{
}
public accelerate() // member
function
{
}
}
one more example:
class TV
{
private wires,circuits,TV Tube
etc. // data
public on() // member functions
{
}
public off() // member functions
{
}
}
In a Car: The car’s internal systems are
encapsulated within its body. This
means the driver does not interact
directly with the internal mechanisms
but instead uses controls like the
steering wheel, pedals, and gear shift.
These internal systems (engine,
transmission, brakes) are managed and
operated internally by the car's design.
