RxPY

i
 RxPY

About the Tutorial

RxPY is a python library to support Reactive Programming. RxPy stands for Reactive
Extensions for Python. It is a library that uses observables to work with reactive
programming that deals with asynchronous data calls, callbacks and event-based
programs. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on various functionalities of
RxPY with suitable examples.

Audience
The tutorial is designed for software programmers who want to learn the basics of RxPY
i.e. Reactive extension for Python and its programming concepts in simple and easy ways.

Prerequisites
We suggest you to go through tutorials related to Python, before proceeding with this
tutorial.

Copyright & Disclaimer

 Copyright 2019 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

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Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish
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of the publisher.

We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as
possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.
Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@[Link]

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 RxPY

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ........................................................................................................................................... ii

Audience .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

Prerequisites .................................................................................................................................................... ii

Copyright & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... iii

1. RxPY – Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 1

What is Reactive Programming? ..................................................................................................................... 1

What is RxPy? .................................................................................................................................................. 2

Features of RxPy .............................................................................................................................................. 2

Advantages of using RxPY ................................................................................................................................ 3

Disadvantage of using RxPY ............................................................................................................................. 3

2. RxPY — Environment Setup ...................................................................................................................... 4

Installing Python .............................................................................................................................................. 4

Install RxPY ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

3. RxPY — Latest Release Updates ................................................................................................................... 9

Observable in RxPY .......................................................................................................................................... 9

Operators in RxPy ............................................................................................................................................ 9

4. RxPY — Working with Observables ......................................................................................................... 11

Create observables ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Subscribe and Execute an Observable ........................................................................................................... 11

5. RxPY — Operators...................................................................................................................................... 13

Working with Operators ................................................................................................................................ 13

Creating Observables..................................................................................................................................... 14

create............................................................................................................................................................. 15

empty ............................................................................................................................................................ 16

never .............................................................................................................................................................. 16

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throw ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

from_ ............................................................................................................................................................. 18

interval........................................................................................................................................................... 19

just ................................................................................................................................................................. 20

range.............................................................................................................................................................. 21

repeat_value.................................................................................................................................................. 22

start ............................................................................................................................................................... 23

timer .............................................................................................................................................................. 24

Return value .................................................................................................................................................. 24

Example ......................................................................................................................................................... 24

Mathematical operators ................................................................................................................................ 25

average .......................................................................................................................................................... 26

concat ............................................................................................................................................................ 26

count.............................................................................................................................................................. 28

max ................................................................................................................................................................ 29

min ................................................................................................................................................................. 30

reduce ............................................................................................................................................................ 31

Syntax ............................................................................................................................................................ 31

Parameters .................................................................................................................................................... 31

Return value .................................................................................................................................................. 32

Example ......................................................................................................................................................... 32

sum ................................................................................................................................................................ 32

Transformation operators ............................................................................................................................. 33

buffer ............................................................................................................................................................. 34

ground_by ..................................................................................................................................................... 35

map ................................................................................................................................................................ 36

scan................................................................................................................................................................ 37

Filtering operators ......................................................................................................................................... 38

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debounce ....................................................................................................................................................... 39

distinct ........................................................................................................................................................... 39

element_at .................................................................................................................................................... 40

filter ............................................................................................................................................................... 41

first ................................................................................................................................................................ 42

ignore_elements............................................................................................................................................ 43

last ................................................................................................................................................................. 44

skip ................................................................................................................................................................ 45

skip_last ......................................................................................................................................................... 46

take ................................................................................................................................................................ 47

take_last ........................................................................................................................................................ 48

Error handling operators ............................................................................................................................... 48

catch .............................................................................................................................................................. 49

retry ............................................................................................................................................................... 50

Utility operators ............................................................................................................................................ 51

delay .............................................................................................................................................................. 52

materialize ..................................................................................................................................................... 53

time_interval ................................................................................................................................................. 54

timeout .......................................................................................................................................................... 55

timestamp ..................................................................................................................................................... 55

Conditional and Boolean Operators .............................................................................................................. 57

all ................................................................................................................................................................... 57

contains ......................................................................................................................................................... 58

default_if_empty ........................................................................................................................................... 60

sequence_equal ............................................................................................................................................ 61

skip_until ....................................................................................................................................................... 62

skip_while ...................................................................................................................................................... 63

take_until....................................................................................................................................................... 64
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Connectable Operators ................................................................................................................................. 66

publish ........................................................................................................................................................... 67

ref_count ....................................................................................................................................................... 68

replay ............................................................................................................................................................. 68

Combining Operators .................................................................................................................................... 69

combine_latest .............................................................................................................................................. 70

merge ............................................................................................................................................................ 71

start_with ...................................................................................................................................................... 72

zip .................................................................................................................................................................. 73

[Link] — Working with Subject .................................................................................................................... 75

Create a subject ............................................................................................................................................. 75

Subscribe to a Subject ................................................................................................................................... 75

Passing Data to Subject ................................................................................................................................. 76

BehaviorSubject ............................................................................................................................................. 78

Replay Subject ............................................................................................................................................... 79

AsyncSubject ................................................................................................................................................. 80

7. RxPY — Concurrency using Scheduler ........................................................................................................ 81

8. RxPy — Examples .................................................................................................................................... 88

Difference between observable and subject ................................................................................................. 89

Understanding Cold and Hot Observables .................................................................................................... 91

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 1. RxPY – Overview RxPY

This chapter explains what is reactive programming, what is RxPY, its operators, features,
advantages and disadvantage.

What is Reactive Programming?

Reactive programming is a programming paradigm, that deals with data flow and the
propagation of change. It means that, when a data flow is emitted by one component, the
change will be propagated to other components by a reactive programming library. The
propagation of change will continue until it reaches the final receiver.

By using RxPY, you have good control on the asynchronous data streams, for example, a
request made to URL can be traced by using observable, and use the observer to listen to
when the request is complete for response or error.

RxPY offers you to handle asynchronous data streams using Observables, query the data
streams using Operators i.e. filter, sum, concat, map and also make use of concurrency
for the data streams using Schedulers. Creating an Observable, gives an observer object
with on_next(v), on_error(e) and on_completed() methods, that needs to be subscribed
so that we get a notification when an event occurs.

The Observable can be queried using multiple operators in a chain format by using the
pipe operator.

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RxPY offers operators in various categories like: -

 Mathematical operators
 Transformation operators
 Filtering operators
 Error handling operators
 Utility operators
 Conditional operators
 Creation operators
 Connectable operators

These operators are explained in detail in this tutorial.

What is RxPy?
RxPY is defined as a library for composing asynchronous and event-based
programs using observable collections and pipable query operators in Python as
per the official website of RxPy, which is [Link]

RxPY is a python library to support Reactive Programming. RxPy stands for Reactive
Extensions for Python. It's a library that uses observables to work with reactive
programming that deals with asynchronous data calls, callbacks and event-based
programs.

Features of RxPy
In RxPy, following concepts take care of handling the asynchronous task:

Observable
An observable is a function that creates an observer and attaches it to the source having
data streams that are expected from, for example, Tweets, computer-related events, etc.

Observer
It is an object with on_next(), on_error() and on_completed() methods, that will get called
when there is interaction with the observable i.e. the source interacts for an example
incoming Tweets, etc.

Subscription
When the observable is created, to execute the observable we need to subscribe to it.

Operators
An operator is a pure function that takes in observable as input and the output is also an
observable. You can use multiple operators on an observable data by using the pipe
operator.

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Subject
A subject is an observable sequence as well as an observer that can multicast, i.e. talk to
many observers that have subscribed. The subject is a cold observable, i.e. the values will
be shared between the observers that have been subscribed.

Schedulers
One important feature of RxPy is concurrency i.e. to allow the task to execute in parallel.
To make that happen RxPy has two operators subscribe_on() and observe_on() that works
with schedulers and will decide the execution of the subscribed task.

Advantages of using RxPY

The following are the advantages of RxPy:

 RxPY is an awesome library when it comes to the handling of async data streams
and events. RxPY uses observables to work with reactive programming that deals
with asynchronous data calls, callbacks and event-based programs.
 RxPY offers a huge collection of operators in mathematical, transformation,
filtering, utility, conditional, error handling, join categories that makes life easy
when used with reactive programming.
 Concurrency i.e. working of multiple tasks together is achieved using schedulers in
RxPY.
 The performance is improved using RxPY as handling of async task and parallel
processing is made easy.

Disadvantage of using RxPY

 Debugging the code with observables is a little difficult.

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 2. RxPY — Environment Setup RxPY

In this chapter, we will work on the installation of RxPy. To start working with RxPY, we
need to install Python first. So, we are going to work on the following:

 Install Python
 Install RxPy

Installing Python
Go to the Python official site: [Link] as shown below, and
click on the latest version available for Windows, Linux/Unix, and mac os. Download Python
as per your 64 or 32-bit OS available with you.

Once you have downloaded, click on the .exe file and follow the steps to install python
on your system.

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 RxPY

The python package manager, i.e. pip will also get installed by default with the above
installation. To make it work globally on your system, directly add the location of python
to the PATH variable, the same is shown at the start of the installation, to remember to
check the checkbox, which says ADD to PATH. In case, you forget to check it, please follow
the below given steps to add to PATH.

To add to PATH follow the below steps:

Right-click on your Computer icon and click on properties -> Advanced System Settings.

It will display the screen as shown below:

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 RxPY

Click on Environment Variables as shown above. It will display the screen as shown below:

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 RxPY

Select Path and click on Edit button, add the location path of your python at the end. Now,
let’s check the python version.

Checking for python version

E:\pyrx>python --version
Python 3.7.3

Install RxPY
Now, that we have python installed, we are going to install RxPy.

Once python is installed, python package manager, i.e. pip will also get installed. Following
is the command to check pip version:

E:\pyrx>pip --version
pip 19.1.1 from c:\users\xxxx\appdata\local\programs\python\python37\lib\site-
packages\pip (python 3.7)

We have pip installed and the version is 19.1.1. Now, we will use pip to install RxPy

The command is as follows:

pip install rx

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 3. RxPY — Latest Release Updates RxPY

In this tutorial, we are using RxPY version 3 and python version 3.7.3. The working of
RxPY version 3 differs a little bit with the earlier version, i.e. RxPY version 1.

In this chapter, we are going to discuss the differences between the 2 versions and
changes that need to be done in case you are updating Python and RxPY versions.

Observable in RxPY
In RxPy version 1, Observable was a separate class:

from rx import Observable

To use the Observable, you have to use it as follows:

[Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

In RxPy version 3, Observable is directly a part of the rx package.

Example:

import rx
[Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

Operators in RxPy
In version 1, the operator was methods in the Observable class. For example, to make
use of operators we have to import Observable as shown below:

from rx import Observable

The operators are used as [Link], for example, as shown below:

[Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)\
.filter(lambda i: i %2 == 0) \
.sum() \
.subscribe(lambda x: print("Value is {0}".format(x)))

In the case of RxPY version 3, operators are function and are imported and used as follows:

import rx

from rx import operators as ops

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[Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10).pipe(
[Link](lambda i: i %2 == 0),
[Link]()
).subscribe(lambda x: print("Value is {0}".format(x)))

Chaining Operators Using Pipe() method

In RxPy version 1, in case you had to use multiple operators on an observable, it had to
be done as follows:

Example

from rx import Observable

[Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)\
.filter(lambda i: i %2 == 0) \
.sum() \
.subscribe(lambda x: print("Value is {0}".format(x)))

But, in case of RxPY version 3, you can use pipe() method and multiple operators as shown
below:

Example

import rx
from rx import operators as ops

[Link](1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10).pipe(
[Link](lambda i: i %2 == 0),
[Link]()
).subscribe(lambda x: print("Value is {0}".format(x)))

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 4. RxPY — Working with Observables RxPY

An observable, is a function that creates an observer and attaches it to the source where
values are expected, for example, clicks, mouse events from a dom element, etc.

The topics mentioned below will be studied in detail in this chapter.

 Create Observables

 Subscribe and Execute an Observable

Create observables
To create an observable we will use create() method and pass the function to it that has
the following items.

 on_next(): This function gets called when the Observable emits an item.

 on_completed(): This function gets called when the Observable is complete.

 on_error(): This function gets called when an error occurs on the Observable

To work with create() method first import the method as shown below:

from rx import create

Here is a working example, to create an observable:

[Link]

from rx import create

deftest_observable(observer, scheduler):
observer.on_next("Hello")
observer.on_error("Error")
observer.on_completed()

source = create(test_observable).

Subscribe and Execute an Observable

To subscribe to an observable, we need to use subscribe() function and pass the callback
function on_next, on_error and on_completed.

Here is a working example:

[Link]

from rx import create

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deftest_observable(observer, scheduler):
observer.on_next("Hello")
observer.on_completed()

source = create(test_observable)

[Link](
on_next = lambda i: print("Got - {0}".format(i)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!"),
)

The subscribe() method takes care of executing the observable. The callback
function on_next, on_error and on_completed has to be passed to the subscribe
method. Call to subscribe method, in turn, executes the test_observable() function.

It is not mandatory to pass all three callback functions to the subscribe() method. You can
pass as per your requirements the on_next(), on_error() and on_completed().

The lambda function is used for on_next, on_error and on_completed. It will take in the
arguments and execute the expression given.

Here is the output, of the observable created:

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Got - Hello
Job Done!

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 5. RxPY — Operators RxPY

This chapter explains about the operators in RxPY in detail. These operators include: -

 Working with Operators

 Mathematical operators
 Transformation operators
 Filtering operators
 Error handling operators
 Utility operators
 Conditional operators
 Creation operators
 Connectable operators
 Combining operators
Reactive (Rx) python has almost lots of operators, that make life easy with python coding.
You can use these multiple operators together, for example, while working with strings
you can use map, filter, merge operators.

Working with Operators

You can work with multiple operators together using pipe() method. This method allows
chaining multiple operators together.

Here, is a working example of using operators:

test = of(1,2,3) // an observable

subscriber = [Link](
op1(),
op2(),
op3()
)

In the above example, we have created an observable using of() method that takes in
values 1, 2 and 3. Now, on this observable, you can perform a different operation, using
any numbers of operators using pipe() method as shown above. The execution of operators
will go on sequentially on the observable given.

To work with operators, first import it as shown below:

from rx import of, operators as op

Here, is a working example:

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[Link]

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda s: s%2==0),
[Link](lambda acc, x: acc + x)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Sum of Even numbers is {0}".format(x)))

In the above example, there is a list of numbers, from which we are filtering even numbers
using a filter operator and later adding it using a reduce operator.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Sum of Even numbers is 30

Here is a list of Operators, that we are going to discuss:

 Creating Observables
 Mathematical operators
 Transformation operators
 Filtering operators
 Error handling operators
 Utility operators
 Conditional
 Connectable
 Combining Observables

Creating Observables
Following are the observables, we are going to discuss in Creation category

Observable Description

create This method is used to create an

observable.

empty This observable will not output anything

and directly emit the complete state.

never This method creates an observable that

will never reach the complete state.

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throw This method will create an observable that

will throw an error.

from_ This method will convert the given array or

object into an observable.

interval This method will give a series of values

produced after a timeout.

just This method will convert given value into

an observable.

range This method will give a range of integers

based on the input given.

repeat_value This method will create an observable that

will repeat the given value as per the count
is given.

start This method takes in a function as an input

and returns an observable that will return
value from the input function.

timer This method will emit the values in

sequence after the timeout is done.

create
This method is used to create an observable. It will have the observer method, i.e.

 on_next(): This function gets called, when the Observable emits an item.

 on_completed(): This function gets called, when the Observable is complete.

 on_error(): This function gets called, when an error occurs on the Observable.

Here, is a working example:

[Link]

from rx import create

def test_observable(observer, scheduler):

observer.on_next("Hello")
observer.on_error("Error occured")
observer.on_completed()

source = create(test_observable)

[Link](

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on_next = lambda i: print("Got - {0}".format(i)),

on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!"),
)

Here, is the output of the observable created:

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Got - Hello
Job Done!

empty
This observable will not output anything and directly emit the complete state.

Syntax
empty()

Return value
It will return an observable with no elements.

Example
from rx import empty

test = empty()

[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Job Done!

never
This method creates an observable that will never reach the complete state.

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Syntax
never()

Return value
It will return an observable that will never complete.

Example
from rx import never

test = never()

[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

It does not show any output.

throw
This method will create an observable that will throw an error.

Syntax
throw(exception)

Parameters
exception: an object that has error details.

Return value
An observable is returned with error details.

Example
from rx import throw

test = throw(Exception('There is an Error!'))

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[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Error: There is an Error!

from_
This method will convert the given array or object into an observable.

Syntax
from_(iterator)

Parameters
iterator: This is an object or array.

Return value
This will return an observable for the given iterator.

Example
from rx import from_

test = from_([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])

[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 1

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The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6
The value is 7
The value is 8
The value is 9
The value is 10
Job Done!

interval
This method will give a series of values produced after a timeout.

Syntax
interval(period)

Parameters
period: to start the integer sequence.

Return value
It returns an observable with all the values in sequential order.

Example
import rx
from rx import operators as ops

[Link](1).pipe(
[Link](lambda i: i * i)
).subscribe(lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

input("Press any key to exit\n")

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Press any key to exit
The value is 0
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The value is 1
The value is 4
The value is 9
The value is 16
The value is 25
The value is 36
The value is 49
The value is 64
The value is 81
The value is 100
The value is 121
The value is 144
The value is 169
The value is 196
The value is 225
The value is 256
The value is 289

The value is 324

The value is 361
The value is 400

just
This method will convert given value into an observable.

Syntax
just(value)

Parameters
value: to be converted to an observable.

Return value
It will return an observable with the given values.

Example
from rx import just

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test = just([15, 25,50, 55])

[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is [15, 25, 50, 55]
Job Done!

range
This method will give a range of integers based on the input given.

Syntax
range(start, stop=None)

Parameters
start: the first value from which the range will start.

stop: optional, the last value for the range to stop.

Return value
This will return an observable with integer value based on the input given.

Example
from rx import range

test = range(0,10)

[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

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Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 0
The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6
The value is 7
The value is 8
The value is 9
Job Done!

repeat_value
This method will create an observable that will repeat the given value as per the count is
given.

Syntax
repeat_value(value=None, repeat_count=None)

Parameters
value: optional. The value to be repeated.

repeat_count: optional. The number of times the given value to be repeated.

Return value
It will return an observable that will repeat the given value as per the count is given.

Example
from rx import repeat_value

test = repeat_value(44,10)

[Link](

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lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),

on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
The value is 44
Job Done!

start
This method takes in a function as an input, and returns an observable that will return
value from the input function.

Syntax
start(func)

Parameters
func: a function that will be called.

Return value
It returns an observable that will have a return value from the input function.

Example
from rx import start

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test = start(lambda : "Hello World")

[Link](
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!")
)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is Hello World
Job Done!

timer
This method will emit the values in sequence after the timeout is done.

Syntax
timer(duetime)

Parameters
duetime: time after which it should emit the first value.

Return value
It will return an observable with values emitted after duetime.

Example
import rx
from rx import operators as ops

[Link](5.0, 10).pipe(
[Link](lambda i: i * i)
).subscribe(lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

input("Press any key to exit\n")

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Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Press any key to exit
The value is 0

The value is 1
The value is 4
The value is 9

The value is 16
The value is 25
The value is 36
The value is 49
The value is 64

Mathematical operators
The operators we are going to discuss in Mathematical operator category are as follows: -

Operator Description

average This operator will calculate the average

from the source observable given and
output an observable that will have the
average value.

concat This operator will take in two or more

observables and given a single observable
with all the values in the sequence.

count This operator takes in an Observable with

values and converts it into an Observable
that will have a single value. The count
function takes in predicate function as an
optional argument.

The function is of type boolean and will add

value to the output only if it satisfies the
condition.

max This operator will give an observable with

max value from the source observable.

min This operator will give an observable with

min value from the source observable.

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 RxPY

reduce This operator takes in a function called

accumulator function that is used on the
values coming from the source observable,
and it returns the accumulated values in
the form of an observable, with an optional
seed value passed to the accumulator
function.

sum This operator will return an observable with

the sum of all the values from source
observables.

average
This operator will calculate the average from the source observable given and output an
observable that will have the average value.

Syntax
average()

Return value
It returns an observable that will have the average value.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Average is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Average is 5.5

concat
This operator will take in two or more observables and give a single observable with all
the values in the sequence.

26
 RxPY

Syntax
concat(observable1, observable2...)

Parameters
Observables: List of observables to be concatenated.

Return value
An observable is returned with a single value merged from the values of the source
observable.

Example

[Link]

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

test2 = of(3,6,9,12,15)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](test2)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Final value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Final value is 2
Final value is 4
Final value is 6
Final value is 8
Final value is 10
Final value is 3
Final value is 6
Final value is 9
Final value is 12
Final value is 15

27
 RxPY

count
This operator takes in an observable with values, and converts it into an observable that
will have a single value. The count function takes in predicate function as an optional
argument. The function is of type Boolean, and will add value to the output only, if it
satisfies the condition.

Syntax
count(predicate_function=None)

Parameters
The count function takes in predicate function as an optional argument. The function is of
type Boolean, and will add value to the output only, if it satisfies the condition.

Return value
It will return an observable with a single value, i.e. the count from the source observable.

Example 1
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1,2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8,9, 10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The count is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The count is 10

Example 2: Using a predicate function

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1,2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8,9, 10)

28
 RxPY

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda x : x %2 == 0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The count of even numbers is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The count of even numbers is 5

max
This operator will give an observable with max value from the source observable.

Syntax
max(comparer_function=None)

Parameters
comparer_function: optional param. This function is used on source observables to
compare values.

Return value
It returns an observable with max value from the source observable.

Example 1
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(12,32,41,50,280,250)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Max value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Max value is 280

29
 RxPY

Example 2: comparer_function
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(12,32,41,50,280,250)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a, b : a - b)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Max value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Max value is 280

min
This operator will give an observable with min value from the source observable.

Syntax
min(comparer_function=None)

Parameters
comparer_function: optional param. This function is used on source observables to
compare values.

Return value
It returns an observable with min value from the source observable.

Example 1
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(12,32,41,50,280,250)

sub1 = [Link](

30
 RxPY

[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Min value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Min value is 12

Example 2: Using comparer_function

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(12,32,41,50,280,250)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a, b : a - b)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("Min value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Min value is 12

reduce
This operator takes in a function called accumulator function, that is used on the values
coming from the source observable, and it returns the accumulated values in the form of
an observable, with an optional seed value passed to the accumulator function.

Syntax
reduce(accumulator_func, seed=notset)

Parameters
accumulator_func: A function that is used on the values coming from the source
observable, and it returns the accumulated values in the form of an observable.

seed: optional. The default value is not set. It is the initial value, to be used inside the
accumulator function.

31
 RxPY

Return value
It returns an observable, with a single value as output from the accumulator function
applied on each value of the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda acc, x: acc + x)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 55

sum
This operator will return an observable with the sum of all the values from source
observables.

Syntax
sum(key_mapper=none)

Parameters
key_mapper: optional. This is the function, that is applied to the values coming from the
source observable.

Return value
It returns an observable with the sum of all the values from the source observable.

Example 1
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

32
 RxPY

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()

)
[Link](lambda x: print("The sum is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The sum is 55

Example 2: using key_mapper function

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a: a+1)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The sum is {0}".format(x)))

Using key_mapper function, we are adding all the values by 1 and getting the sum of it.

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The sum is 65

Transformation operators
The operators we are going to discuss in the Transformation operator category are
mentioned below:

Operator Category

buffer This operator will collect all the values from

the source observable, and emit them at
regular intervals once the given boundary
condition is satisfied.

ground_by This operator will group the values coming

from the source observable based on the
key_mapper function given.

33
 RxPY

map This operator will change each value from

the source observable into a new value
based on the output of the mapper_func
given.

scan This operator will apply an accumulator

function to the values coming from the
source observable and return an
observable with new values.

buffer
This operator will collect all the values, from the source observable and emit them at
regular intervals once the given boundary condition is satisfied.

Syntax
buffer(boundaries)

Parameters
boundaries: The input is observable that will decide when to stop so that the collected
values are emitted.

Return value
The return value is observable, that will have all the values collected from source
observable based and that is time duration is decided by the input observable taken.

Example
from rx import of, interval, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](interval(1.0))
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The elements are [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

34
 RxPY

ground_by
This operator will group the values coming from the source observable based on the
key_mapper function given.

Syntax
group_by(key_mapper)

Parameters
key_mapper: This function will take care of extracting keys from the source observable.

Return value
It returns an observable with values grouped based on the key_mapper function.

Example
from rx import from_, interval, operators as op

test = from_(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

sub1 = [Link](
op.group_by(lambda v: v[0])

)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

The element is <[Link] object

at
0x000000C99A2E6550>
The element is <[Link] object
at

0x000000C99A2E65C0>
The element is <[Link] object
at
0x000000C99A2E6588>
The element is <[Link] object
at

35
 RxPY

0x000000C99A2E6550>

map
This operator will change each value from the source observable into a new value based
on the output of the mapper_func given.

Syntax
map(mapper_func:None)

Parameters
mapper_func: (optional) It will change the values from the source observable based on
the output coming from this function.

Example
from rx import of, interval, operators as op
test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda x :x*x)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The element is 1
The element is 4
The element is 9
The element is 16
The element is 25

The element is 36
The element is 49
The element is 64

The element is 81
36
 RxPY

The element is 100

scan
This operator will apply an accumulator function to the values coming from the source
observable and return an observable with new values.

Syntax
scan(accumulator_func, seed=NotSet)

Parameters
accumulator_func: This function is applied to all the values from the source observable.

seed:(optional) The initial value to be used inside the accumular_func.

Return value
This operator will return an observable that will have new values based on the accumulator
function applied on each value of the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, interval, operators as op
test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda acc, a: acc + a, 0)

)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

The element is 1
The element is 3
The element is 6
The element is 10
The element is 15
The element is 21
The element is 28

37
 RxPY

The element is 36
The element is 45
The element is 55

Filtering operators
The operators we are going to discuss in Filtering operator category are given below:

Operator Category

debounce This operator will give the values from the

source observable, until the timespan
given and ignore the rest of the time
passes.

distinct This operator will give all the values that

are distinct from the source observable.

element_at This operator will give an element from the

source observable for the index given.

filter This operator will filter values from the

source observable based on the predicate
function given.

first This operator will give the first element

from the source observable.

ignore_elements This operator will ignore all the values from

the source observable and only execute
calls to complete or error callback
functions.

last This operator will give the last element

from the source observable.

skip This operator will give back an observable

that will skip the first occurrence of count
items taken as input.

skip_last This operator will give back an observable

that will skip the last occurrence of count
items taken as input.

take This operator will give a list of source

values in continuous order based on the
count given.

38
 RxPY

take_last This operator will give a list of source

values in continuous order from last based
on the count given.

debounce
This operator will give the values from the source observable, until the timespan given
and ignore the rest of the values if time passes.

Syntax
debounce(duetime)

Parameters
duetime: this will value in seconds or instances of time, the duration that will decide the
values to be returned from the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](2.0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 10

distinct
This operator will give all the values that are distinct from the source observable.

Syntax
distinct()

Return value
It will return an observable, where it will have distinct values from the source observable.

39
 RxPY

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The distinct value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The distinct value is 1

The distinct value is 6

The distinct value is 15
The distinct value is 10

The distinct value is 40

The distinct value is 58
The distinct value is 20

element_at
This operator will give an element from the source observable for the index given.

Syntax
element_at(index)

Parameters
index: the number starting from zero for which you need the element from the source
observable.

Return value
It will return an observable with the value from the source observable with the index given.

Example
40
 RxPY

from rx import of, operators as op

from datetime import date
test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
op.element_at(5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 6

filter
This operator will filter values from the source observable based on the predicate function
given.

Syntax
filter(predicate_func)

Parameters
predicate_func: This function will decide the values to be filtered from the source
observable.

Return value
It will return an observable that will have the filtered values from the source observable
based on predicate function.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda x : x %2==0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The filtered value is {0}".format(x)))

41
 RxPY

In the example, we have filtered all the even numbers.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The filtered value is 6
The filtered value is 10
The filtered value is 6
The filtered value is 40
The filtered value is 10
The filtered value is 58
The filtered value is 20
The filtered value is 40

first
This operator will give the first element from the source observable.

Syntax
first(predicate_func=None)

Parameters
predicate_func: (optional) This function will decide the first element to be picked based on
the condition if passed.

Return value
It will return an observable with the first value from the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date

test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The first element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

42
 RxPY

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The first element is 1

Example 2: using predicate_func

from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date

test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda x : x%2==0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The first element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The first element is 6

ignore_elements
This operator will ignore all the values from the source Observable, and only execute calls
to complete or error callback functions.

Syntax
ignore_elements()

Return value
It returns an observable that will call complete or error based on the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date

test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](

43
 RxPY

op.ignore_elements()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The first element is {0}".format(x)),
lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),
lambda: print("Job Done!"))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Job Done!

last
This operator will give the last element from the source observable.

Syntax
last(predicate_func=None)

Parameters
predicate_func: (optional) This function will decide the last element to be picked based on
the condition if passed.

Return value
It will return an observable with the last value from the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The last element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The last element is 40

Example 2: using predicate_func

44
 RxPY

from rx import of, operators as op

from datetime import date

test = of(1, 6, 15, 1, 10, 6, 40, 10, 58, 20, 40)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda x : x%2==0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The last element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The last element is 40

skip
This operator will give back an observable, that will skip the first occurrence of count items
taken as input.

Syntax
skip(count)

Parameters
count: The count is the number of times that the items will be skipped from the source
observable.

Return value
It will return an observable that skips values based on the count given.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

45
 RxPY

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The element is 6

The element is 7
The element is 8
The element is 9
The element is 10

skip_last
This operator will give back an observable, that will skip the last occurrence of count items
taken as input.

Syntax
skip_last(count)

Parameters
count: The count is the number of times, that the items will be skipped from the source
observable.

Return value
It will return an observable that skips values based on the count given from last.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
op.skip_last(5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The element is 1
The element is 2

46
 RxPY

The element is 3
The element is 4
The element is 5

take
This operator will give a list of source values in continuous order based on the count given.

Syntax
take(count)

Parameters
count: The count is the number of items, that will be given from the source observable.

Return value
It will return an observable that has the values in continuous order based on count given.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op

from datetime import date

test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

The element is 1
The element is 2
The element is 3
The element is 4
The element is 5

47
 RxPY

take_last
This operator will give a list of source values, in continuous order from last based on the
count given.

Syntax
take_last(count)

Parameters
count: The count is the number of items, that will be given from the source observable.

Return value
It will return an observable, that has the values in continuous order from last based on
count given.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op

from datetime import date

test = of(1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
op.take_last(5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The element is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

The element is 6
The element is 7
The element is 8
The element is 9
The element is 10

Error handling operators

The operators we are going to discuss in the Error handling operator category are: -

48
 RxPY

Operator Description

catch This operator will terminate the source

observable when there is an exception.

retry This operator will retry on the source

observable when there is an error and once
the retry count is done it will terminate.

catch
This operator will terminate the source observable when there is an exception.

Syntax
catch(handler)

Parameters
handler: This observable will be emitted, when the source observable has an error.

Return value
It will return an observable, that will have values from the source observable before the
error, followed by values from the handler observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date

test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)

handler = of(11,12,13,14)

def casetest(e):
if (e==4):
raise Exception('err')
else:

return e

sub1 = [Link](
49
 RxPY

[Link](lambda e : casetest(e)),
[Link](handler)

[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),

on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)))

In this example, we have created an exception, when the source value from the observable
is 4, so the first observable is terminated there and later followed by the values from the
handler.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 11
The value is 12
The value is 13
The value is 14

retry
This operator will retry on the source observable when there is an error and once the retry
count is done it will terminate.

Syntax
retry(count)

Parameters
count: the number of times to retry if there is an error from the source observable.

Return value
It will return an observable from the source observable in repeated sequence as per the
retry count given.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)
50
 RxPY

def casetest(e):
if (e==4):
raise Exception('There is error cannot proceed!')
else:

return e

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda e : casetest(e)),
[Link](2)
)

[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)),

on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
Error: There is error cannot proceed!

Utility operators
The following are the operators we are going to discuss in the Utility operator category.

Operator Description

delay This operator will delay the source

observable emission as per the time or
date is given.

materialize This operator will convert the values from

the source observable with the values

51
 RxPY

emitted in the form of explicit notification

values.

time_interval This operator will give the time elapsed

between the values from the source
observable.

timeout This operator will give all the values from

the source observable after the elapsed
time or else will trigger an error.

timestamp This operator will attach a timestamp to all

the values from the source observable.

delay
This operator will delay the source observable emission as per the time or date given.

Syntax
delay(timespan)

Parameters
timespan: this will be the time in seconds or date.

Return value
It will give back an observable with source values emitted after the timeout.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
import datetime

test1 = of(1,2,3,4,5)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](5.0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

input("Press any key to exit\n")

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

52
 RxPY

Press any key to exit

The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5

materialize
This operator will convert the values from the source observable with the values emitted
in the form of explicit notification values.

Syntax
materialize()

Return value
This will give back an observable with the values emitted in the form of explicit notification
values.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
import datetime

test1 = of(1,2,3,4,5)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is OnNext(1.0)
The value is OnNext(2.0)
The value is OnNext(3.0)
The value is OnNext(4.0)

53
 RxPY

The value is OnNext(5.0)

The value is OnCompleted()

time_interval
This operator will give the time elapsed between the values from the source observable.

Syntax
time_interval()

Return value
It will return an observable that will have the time elapsed, between the source value
emitted.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date

test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)

sub1 = [Link](

op.time_interval()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is TimeInterval(value=1,
interval=[Link](microseconds=1000
))
The value is TimeInterval(value=2, interval=[Link](0))
The value is TimeInterval(value=3, interval=[Link](0))
The value is TimeInterval(value=4,
interval=[Link](microseconds=1000
))
The value is TimeInterval(value=5, interval=[Link](0))
The value is TimeInterval(value=6, interval=[Link](0))

54
 RxPY

timeout
This operator will give all the values from the source observable, after the elapsed time or
else will trigger an error.

Syntax
timeout(duetime)

Parameters
duetime: the time given in seconds.

Return value
It will give back on observable with all values from the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](5.0)

)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6

timestamp
This operator will attach a timestamp to all the values from the source observable.

55
 RxPY

Syntax
timestamp()

Return value
It will give back an observable with all values from the source observable along with a
timestamp.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link]()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is Timestamp(value=1, timestamp=[Link](2019, 11, 4, 4, 57,
44, 667243))
The value is Timestamp(value=2, timestamp=[Link](2019, 11, 4, 4, 57,
44, 668243))
The value is Timestamp(value=3, timestamp=[Link](2019, 11, 4, 4, 57,
44, 668243))

The value is Timestamp(value=4, timestamp=[Link](2019, 11, 4, 4, 57,

44, 668243))

The value is Timestamp(value=5, timestamp=[Link](2019, 11, 4, 4, 57,

44, 669243))
The value is Timestamp(value=6, timestamp=[Link](2019, 11, 4, 4, 57,
44, 669243))

56
 RxPY

Conditional and Boolean Operators

The operators we are going to discuss in Conditional and Boolean Operator category are
as given below:

Operator Description

all This operator will check if all the values

from the source observable satisfy the
condition given.

contains This operator will return an observable

with the value true or false if the given
value is present and if it is the value of the
source observable.

default_if_empty This operator will return a default value if

the source observable is empty.

sequence_equal This operator will compare two sequences

of observables or an array of values and
return an observable with the value true or
false.

skip_until This operator will discard values from the

source observable until the second
observable emits a value.

skip_while This operator will return an observable

with values from the source observable
that satisfies the condition passed.

take_until This operator will discard values from the

source observable after the second
observable emits a value or is terminated.

take_while This operator will discard values from the

source observable when the condition fails.

all
This operator will check if all the values from the source observable satisfy the condition
given.

Syntax
all(predicate)

Parameters
predicate: boolean. This function will be applied to all the values, from the source
observable and will return true or false based on the condition given.

Return value
57
 RxPY

The return value is an observable, which will have the boolean value true or false, based
on the condition applied on all the values of the source observable.

Example 1
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a: a<10)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The result is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The result is False

Example 2
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a: a<10)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The result is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The result is True

contains
This operator will return an observable with the value true or false if the given value is
present is the values of the source observable.
58
 RxPY

Syntax
contains(value, comparer=None)

Parameters
value: The value to be checked if present in the source observable

comparer: optional. This is a comparer function to be applied to the values present in the
source observable for comparison.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(17, 25, 34, 56, 78)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](34)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is True

Example 2: Using comparer

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(17, 25, 34, 56, 78)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](34, lambda x, y: x == y)

)
[Link](lambda x: print("The valus is {0}".format(x)))

Output

59
 RxPY

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is True

default_if_empty
This operator will return a default value if the source observable is empty.

Syntax
default_if_empty(default_value=None)

Parameters
default_value: optional. It will give the output, as None is nothing is passed as
default_value, else it will give whatever value passed.

Return value
It will return an observable with a default value if the source observable is empty.

Example 1
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of()

sub1 = [Link](
op.default_if_empty()
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is None

Example 2: default_value passed

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of()

60
 RxPY

sub1 = [Link](

op.default_if_empty("Empty!")
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is Empty!

sequence_equal
This operator will compare two sequences of observables, or an array of values and return
an observable with the value true or false.

Syntax
sequence_equal(second_seq, comparer=None)

Parameters
second_seq: observable or array to be compared with the first observable.

comparer: optional. Comparer function to be applied to compare values in both sequences.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1,2,3)

test1 = of(1,2,3)

sub1 = [Link](
op.sequence_equal(test1)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is True

61
 RxPY

Example: using a comparer function

from rx import of, operators as op

test = of(1,2,3)
test1 = of(1,2,3)

sub1 = [Link](
op.sequence_equal(test1, lambda x, y : x == y)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is True

skip_until
This operator will discard values from the source observable until the second observable
emits a value.

Syntax
skip_until(observable)

Parameters
observable: the second observable which when emits a value will trigger the source
observable.

Return value
It will return an observable which will have values from the source observable until the
second observable emits a value.

Example
from rx import interval,range, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = interval(0)
test1 = range(10)

sub1 = [Link](

62
 RxPY

op.skip_until(test)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 0
The value is 1

The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6
The value is 7
The value is 8
The value is 9

skip_while
This operator will return an observable with values from the source observable that
satisfies the condition passed.

Syntax
skip_while(predicate_func)

Parameters
predicate_func: This function will be applied to all the values of the source observable,
and return the values which satisfy the condition.

Return value
It will return an observable with values from the source observable that satisfies the
condition passed.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date

test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
63
 RxPY

sub1 = [Link](
op.skip_while(lambda x : x<5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 5
The value is 6
The value is 7

The value is 8
The value is 9
The value is 10

take_until
This operator will discard values from the source observable after the second observable
emits a value or is terminated.

Syntax
take_until(observable)

Parameters
observable: the second observable which, when emits a value will terminate the source
observable.

Return value
It will return an observable, which will have values from the source observable only, when
the second observable used emits a value.

Example
from rx import timer,range, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = timer(0.01)
test1 = range(500)

sub1 = [Link](
64
 RxPY

op.take_until(test)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

In this example, you will get the values emitted from range. But, once the timer is done,
it will stop the source observable from emitting further.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 0

The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6
The value is 7

The value is 8
The value is 9
The value is 10
The value is 11
The value is 12
The value is 13

The value is 14
The value is 15
The value is 16
The value is 17
The value is 18
The value is 19
The value is 20
The value is 21
The value is 22
The value is 23
The value is 24
The value is 25
65
 RxPY

The value is 26

take_while
This operator will discard values from the source observable when the condition fails.

Syntax
take_while(predicate_func)

Parameters
predicate_func: this function will evaluate each value of the source observable.

Return value
It will return an observable with values till the predicate function satisfies.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

sub1 = [Link](
op.take_while(lambda a : a<5)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 1

The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4

Connectable Operators
The operators we are going to discuss in Connectable Operator category are:

Operator Description

66
 RxPY

publish This method will convert the observable

into a connectable observable.

ref_count This operator will make the observable a

normal observable.

replay This method works similar to the

replaySubject. This method will return the
same values, even if the observable has
already emitted and some of the
subscribers are late in subscribing.

publish
This method will convert the observable into a connectable observable.

Syntax
publish(mapper=None)

Parameters
mapper: optional. A function used to multicast source values multiple times, without
having to do multiple subscriptions.

Example
from rx import create, range, operators as op
import random

def test_observable(observer, scheduler):

observer.on_next([Link]())
observer.on_completed()

source = create(test_observable).pipe([Link]())
test1 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 1 -
{0}".format(i)))

test2 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 2 –

{0}".format(i)))
[Link]()

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
67
 RxPY

From subscriber 1 - 0.14751607273318490

From subscriber 2 - 0.1475160727331849

ref_count
This operator will make the observable a normal observable.

Syntax
ref_count()

Example
from rx import create, operators as op
import random

def test_observable(observer, scheduler):

observer.on_next([Link]())

source = create(test_observable).pipe([Link](),op.ref_count())
test1 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 1 -
{0}".format(i)))
test2 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 2 -
{0}".format(i)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From subscriber 1 - 0.8230640432381131

replay
This method works similar to the replaySubject. This method will return the same values,
even if the observable has already emitted, and some of the subscribers are late in
subscribing.

Syntax
replay()

Example
from rx import create, range, operators as op
import random
68
 RxPY

from threading import Timer

def test_observable(observer, scheduler):

observer.on_next([Link]())
observer.on_completed()

source = create(test_observable).pipe([Link]())
test1 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 1 -
{0}".format(i)))
test2 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 2 -
{0}".format(i)))

[Link]()

print("subscriber called after delay ")

def last_subscriber():
test3 = [Link](on_next = lambda i: print("From subscriber 3 -
{0}".format(i)))

t = Timer(5.0, last_subscriber)
[Link]()

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From subscriber 1 - 0.8340998157725388
From subscriber 2 - 0.8340998157725388
subscriber called after delay
From subscriber 3 - 0.8340998157725388

Combining Operators
The following are the operators we are going to discuss in the Combining operator
category.

Operator Description

combine_latest This operator will create a tuple for the

observable given as input.

69
 RxPY

merge This operator will merge given

observables.

start_with This operator will take in the given values

and add at the start of the source
observable return back the full sequence.

zip This operator returns an observable with

values in a tuple form which is formed by
taking the first value of the given
observable and so on.

combine_latest
This operator will create a tuple, for the observable given as input.

Syntax
combine_latest(observable1,observable2,.....)

Parameters
Observable: An observable.

Return value
It returns an observable with the values from the source observable converted to a tuple.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)
test2 = of(11,12,13,14,15,16)
test3 = of(111,112,113,114,115,116)

sub1 = [Link](
op.combine_latest(test2, test3)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is (6, 16, 111)

70
 RxPY

The value is (6, 16, 112)

The value is (6, 16, 113)

The value is (6, 16, 114)
The value is (6, 16, 115)
The value is (6, 16, 116)

merge
This operator will merge given observables.

Syntax
merge(observable)

Parameters
Observable: an observable.

Return value
It will return an observable with one sequence from the given observables.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)
test2 = of(11,12,13,14,15,16)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](test2)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is 1

The value is 2
The value is 3
71
 RxPY

The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6
The value is 11
The value is 12
The value is 13

The value is 14

The value is 15
The value is 16

start_with
This operator will take in the given values, and add at the start of the source observable
return back the full sequence.

Syntax
start_with(values)

Parameters
values: The values you want to prefix at the start.

Return value
It returns an observable with given values prefixed at the start followed by the values from
the source observable.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)

sub1 = [Link](
op.start_with(-2,-1,0)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

Output

72
 RxPY

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is -2
The value is -1

The value is 0
The value is 1
The value is 2
The value is 3
The value is 4
The value is 5
The value is 6

zip
This operator returns an observable with values in a tuple form, which is formed by taking
the first value of the given observable and so on.

Syntax
zip(observable1, observable2...)

Parameters
Observable: an observable

Return value
It returns an observable with values in tuple format.

Example
from rx import of, operators as op
from datetime import date
test = of(1,2,3,4,5,6)
test1 = of(4,8,12,16,20)
test2 = of(5,10,15,20,25)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](test1, test2)
)
[Link](lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x)))

73
 RxPY

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is (1, 4, 5)
The value is (2, 8, 10)
The value is (3, 12, 15)
The value is (4, 16, 20)
The value is (5, 20, 25)

74
 [Link] — Working with Subject RxPY

A subject is an observable sequence, as well as, an observer that can multicast, i.e. talk
to many observers that have subscribed.

We are going to discuss the following topics on subject:

 Create a subject
 Subscribe to a subject

 Passing data to subject

 BehaviorSubject
 ReplaySubject
 AsyncSubject

Create a subject
To work with a subject, we need to import Subject as shown below:

from [Link] import Subject

You can create a subject-object as follows:

subject_test = Subject()

The object is an observer that has three methods:

 on_next(value)
 on_error(error) and
 on_completed()

Subscribe to a Subject
You can create multiple subscription on the subject as shown below:

subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x))
)
subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x))
)

75
 RxPY

Passing Data to Subject

You can pass data to the subject created using the on_next(value) method as shown
below:

subject_test.on_next("A")
subject_test.on_next("B")

The data will be passed to all the subscription, added on the subject.

Here, is a working example of the subject.

Example
from [Link] import Subject

subject_test = Subject()

subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x))
)
subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x))
)

subject_test.on_next("A")
subject_test.on_next("B")

The subject_test object is created by calling a Subject(). The subject_test object has
reference to on_next(value), on_error(error) and on_completed() methods. The output of
the above example is shown below:

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is A
The value is A
The value is B
The value is B

We can use the on_completed() method, to stop the subject execution as shown below.

Example
76
 RxPY

from [Link] import Subject

subject_test = Subject()

subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x))
)
subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("The value is {0}".format(x))
)

subject_test.on_next("A")
subject_test.on_completed()
subject_test.on_next("B")

Once we call complete, the next method called later is not invoked.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
The value is A
The value is A

Let us now see, how to call on_error(error) method.

Example

from [Link] import Subject

subject_test = Subject()

subject_test.subscribe(
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e))
)
subject_test.subscribe(
on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e))
)

subject_test.on_error(Exception('There is an Error!'))

77
 RxPY

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

Error: There is an Error!

Error: There is an Error!

BehaviorSubject
BehaviorSubject will give you the latest value when called. You can create behavior subject
as shown below:

from [Link] import BehaviorSubject

behavior_subject = BehaviorSubject("Testing Behaviour Subject"); //

initialized the behaviour subject with value:Testing Behaviour Subject

Here, is a working example to use Behaviour Subject

Example

from [Link] import BehaviorSubject

behavior_subject = BehaviorSubject("Testing Behaviour Subject");

behavior_subject.subscribe(
lambda x: print("Observer A : {0}".format(x))
)

behavior_subject.on_next("Hello")

behavior_subject.subscribe(
lambda x: print("Observer B : {0}".format(x))
)
behavior_subject.on_next("Last call to Behaviour Subject")

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Observer A : Testing Behaviour Subject
Observer A : Hello
Observer B : Hello

78
 RxPY

Observer A : Last call to Behaviour Subject

Observer B : Last call to Behaviour Subject

Replay Subject
A replaysubject is similar to behavior subject, wherein, it can buffer the values and replay
the same to the new subscribers. Here, is a working example of replay subject.

Example

from [Link] import ReplaySubject

replay_subject = ReplaySubject(2)

replay_subject.subscribe(lambda x: print("Testing Replay Subject A:

{0}".format(x)))

replay_subject.on_next(1)
replay_subject.on_next(2)
replay_subject.on_next(3)

replay_subject.subscribe(lambda x: print("Testing Replay Subject B:

{0}".format(x)));

replay_subject.on_next(5)

The buffer value used is 2 on the replay subject. So, the last two values will be buffered
and used for the new subscribers called.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Testing Replay Subject A: 1
Testing Replay Subject A: 2
Testing Replay Subject A: 3
Testing Replay Subject B: 2
Testing Replay Subject B: 3
Testing Replay Subject A: 5
Testing Replay Subject B: 5

79
 RxPY

AsyncSubject
In the case of AsyncSubject, the last value called is passed to the subscriber, and it will
be done only after the complete() method is called.

Example

from [Link] import AsyncSubject

async_subject = AsyncSubject()

async_subject.subscribe(lambda x: print("Testing Async Subject A:

{0}".format(x)))

async_subject.on_next(1)
async_subject.on_next(2)
async_subject.on_completed()

async_subject.subscribe(lambda x: print("Testing Async Subject B:

{0}".format(x)))

Here, before complete is called, the last value passed to the subject is 2, and the same is
given to the subscribers.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Testing Async Subject A: 2
Testing Async Subject B: 2

80
 7. RxPY — Concurrency using Scheduler RxPY

One important feature of RxPy is concurrency, i.e. to allow the task to execute in parallel.
To make that happen, we have two operators subscribe_on() and observe_on() that will
work with a scheduler, that will decide the execution of the subscribed task.

Here, is a working example, that shows the need for subscibe_on(), observe_on() and
scheduler.

Example

import random
import time
import rx
from rx import operators as ops

def adding_delay(value):
[Link]([Link](5, 20) * 0.1)
return value

# Task 1
[Link](1,2,3,4,5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a))
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 1: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 1 complete")
)

# Task 2
[Link](1, 5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a))
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 2: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 2 complete")

)
81
 RxPY

input("Press any key to exit\n")

In the above example, I have 2 tasks: Task 1 and Task 2. The execution of the task is in
sequence. The second task starts only, when the first task is done.

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From Task 1: 1
From Task 1: 2
From Task 1: 3
From Task 1: 4
From Task 1: 5
Task 1 complete
From Task 2: 1
From Task 2: 2
From Task 2: 3
From Task 2: 4
Task 2 complete

RxPy supports many Scheduler, and here, we are going to make use of
ThreadPoolScheduler. ThreadPoolScheduler mainly will try to manage with the CPU
threads available.

In the example, we have seen earlier, we are going to make use of a multiprocessing
module that will give us the cpu_count. The count will be given to the ThreadPoolScheduler
that will manage to get the task working in parallel based on the threads available.

Here, is a working example:

import multiprocessing
import random
import time
from threading import current_thread
import rx
from [Link] import ThreadPoolScheduler
from rx import operators as ops

# calculate cpu count, using which will create a ThreadPoolScheduler

thread_count = multiprocessing.cpu_count()

82
 RxPY

thread_pool_scheduler = ThreadPoolScheduler(thread_count)

print("Cpu count is : {0}".format(thread_count))

def adding_delay(value):
[Link]([Link](5, 20) * 0.1)
return value

# Task 1
[Link](1,2,3,4,5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.subscribe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 1: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 1 complete")
)

# Task 2
[Link](1, 5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.subscribe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 2: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 2 complete")
)

input("Press any key to exit\n")

In the above example, I have 2 tasks and the cpu_count is 4. Since, the task is 2 and
threads available with us are 4, both the task can start in parallel.
Output:

E:\pyrx>python [Link]

Cpu count is : 4
83
 RxPY

Press any key to exit

From Task 1: 1
From Task 2: 1
From Task 1: 2
From Task 2: 2
From Task 2: 3
From Task 1: 3
From Task 2: 4
Task 2 complete
From Task 1: 4
From Task 1: 5
Task 1 complete

If you see the output, both the task has started in parallel.

Now, consider a scenario, where the task is more than the CPU count i.e. CPU count is 4
and tasks are 5. In this case, we would need to check if any thread has got free after task
completion, so that, it can be assigned to the new task available in the queue.

For this purpose, we can use the observe_on() operator which will observe the scheduler
if any threads are free. Here, is a working example using observe_on()

Example

import multiprocessing
import random
import time
from threading import current_thread
import rx
from [Link] import ThreadPoolScheduler
from rx import operators as ops

# calculate cpu count, using which will create a ThreadPoolScheduler

thread_count = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
thread_pool_scheduler = ThreadPoolScheduler(thread_count)

print("Cpu count is : {0}".format(thread_count))

84
 RxPY

def adding_delay(value):

[Link]([Link](5, 20) * 0.1)

return value

# Task 1
[Link](1,2,3,4,5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.subscribe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 1: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 1 complete")
)

# Task 2
[Link](1, 5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.subscribe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 2: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 2 complete")
)

#Task 3
[Link](1, 5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.subscribe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(

lambda s: print("From Task 3: {0}".format(s)),

lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 3 complete")
85
 RxPY

#Task 4
[Link](1, 5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.subscribe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 4: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 4 complete")
)

#Task 5
[Link](1, 5).pipe(
[Link](lambda a: adding_delay(a)),
ops.observe_on(thread_pool_scheduler)
).subscribe(
lambda s: print("From Task 5: {0}".format(s)),
lambda e: print(e),
lambda: print("Task 5 complete")
)

input("Press any key to exit\n")

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
Cpu count is : 4
From Task 4: 1
From Task 4: 2

From Task 1: 1
From Task 2: 1

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From Task 3: 1
From Task 1: 2
From Task 3: 2

From Task 4: 3
From Task 3: 3
From Task 2: 2

From Task 1: 3
From Task 4: 4
Task 4 complete
From Task 5: 1
From Task 5: 2
From Task 5: 3
From Task 3: 4
Task 3 complete
From Task 2: 3
Press any key to exit
From Task 5: 4
Task 5 complete
From Task 1: 4
From Task 2: 4
Task 2 complete
From Task 1: 5
Task 1 complete

If you see the output, the moment task 4 is complete, the thread is given to the next task
i.e., task 5 and the same starts executing.

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 8. RxPy — Examples RxPY

In this chapter, we will discuss the following topics in detail:

 Basic Example showing the working of observable, operators, and subscribing to

the observer.
 Difference between observable and subject.
 Understanding cold and hot observables.

Given below is a basic example showing the working of observable, operators, and
subscribing to the observer.

Example
[Link]

import requests
import rx
import json
from rx import operators as ops

def filternames(x):
if (x["name"].startswith("C")):
return x["name"]
else :
return ""

content = [Link]('[Link]
y = [Link]([Link])

source = rx.from_(y)

case1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda c: filternames(c)),
[Link](lambda a:a["name"])
)
[Link](

on_next = lambda i: print("Got - {0}".format(i)),

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 RxPY

on_error = lambda e: print("Error : {0}".format(e)),

on_completed = lambda: print("Job Done!"),
)

Here, is a very simple example, wherein, I am getting user data from this URL:
[Link]

Filtering the data, to give the names starting with "C", and later using the map to return
the names only. Here is the output for the same:

E:\pyrx\examples>python [Link]
Got - Clementine Bauch
Got - Chelsey Dietrich
Got - Clementina DuBuque
Job Done!

Difference between observable and subject

In this example, we will see the difference between an observable and a subject.

from rx import of, operators as op

import random

test1 = of(1,2,3,4,5)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a : a+[Link]())
)
print("From first subscriber")
subscriber1 = [Link](lambda i: print("From sub1 {0}".format(i)))
print("From second subscriber")
subscriber2 = [Link](lambda i: print("From sub2 {0}".format(i)))

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From first subscriber
From sub1 1.610450821095726

From sub1 2.9567564032037335

From sub1 3.933217537811936

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From sub1 4.82444905626622

From sub1 5.929414892567188
From second subscriber
From sub2 1.8573813517529874
From sub2 2.902433239469483
From sub2 3.2289868093016825
From sub2 4.050413890694411
From sub2 5.226515068012821

In the above example, every time you subscribe to the observable, it will give you new
values.

Subject Example

from rx import of, operators as op

import random
from [Link] import Subject

subject_test = Subject()
subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("From sub1 {0}".format(x))
)
subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("From sub2 {0}".format(x))
)

test1 = of(1,2,3,4,5)
sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a : a+[Link]())
)
subscriber = [Link](subject_test)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From sub1 1.1789422863284509
From sub2 1.1789422863284509

From sub1 2.5525627903260153

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 RxPY

From sub2 2.5525627903260153

From sub1 3.4191549324778325
From sub2 3.4191549324778325
From sub1 4.644042420199624
From sub2 4.644042420199624
From sub1 5.079896897489065
From sub2 5.079896897489065

If you see the values are shared, between both subscribers using the subject.

Understanding Cold and Hot Observables

An observable is classified as

 Cold Observables
 Hot Observables

The difference in observables will be noticed when multiple subscribers are subscribing.

Cold Observables
Cold observables, are observable that are executed, and renders data each time it is
subscribed. When it is subscribed, the observable is executed and the fresh values are
given.

The following example gives the understanding of cold observable.

from rx import of, operators as op

import random

test1 = of(1,2,3,4,5)

sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a : a+[Link]())
)
print("From first subscriber")
subscriber1 = [Link](lambda i: print("From sub1 {0}".format(i)))

print("From second subscriber")

subscriber2 = [Link](lambda i: print("From sub2 {0}".format(i)))

Output

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 RxPY

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From first subscriber
From sub1 1.610450821095726
From sub1 2.9567564032037335
From sub1 3.933217537811936
From sub1 4.82444905626622
From sub1 5.929414892567188
From second subscriber
From sub2 1.8573813517529874
From sub2 2.902433239469483
From sub2 3.2289868093016825
From sub2 4.050413890694411
From sub2 5.226515068012821

In the above example, every time you subscribe to the observable, it will execute the
observable and emit values. The values can also differ from subscriber to subscriber as
shown in the example above.

Hot Observables
In the case of hot observable, they will emit the values when they are ready and will not
always wait for a subscription. When the values are emitted, all the subscribers will get
the same value.

You can make use of hot observable when you want values to emitted when the observable
is ready, or you want to share the same values to all your subscribers.

An example of hot observable is Subject and connectable operators.

from rx import of, operators as op

import random
from [Link] import Subject

subject_test = Subject()
subject_test.subscribe(
lambda x: print("From sub1 {0}".format(x))

)
subject_test.subscribe(

lambda x: print("From sub2 {0}".format(x))

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test1 = of(1,2,3,4,5)
sub1 = [Link](
[Link](lambda a : a+[Link]())
)
subscriber = [Link](subject_test)

Output

E:\pyrx>python [Link]
From sub1 1.1789422863284509
From sub2 1.1789422863284509
From sub1 2.5525627903260153
From sub2 2.5525627903260153
From sub1 3.4191549324778325
From sub2 3.4191549324778325
From sub1 4.644042420199624
From sub2 4.644042420199624
From sub1 5.079896897489065
From sub2 5.079896897489065

If you see, the same value is shared between the subscribers. You can achieve the same
using publish () connectable observable operator.

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