The maritime industry forms the backbone of international commerce, moving goods and people across seas and
waterways worldwide. Most vessels, terminals, and supply chain operations now depend heavily on digital
technologies for navigation, cargo management, communication, and administrative tasks. While these
technological advances have improved speed and efficiency in maritime operations, they've also introduced new
vulnerabilities to cyber threats.
Maritime cybersecurity focuses on protecting all digital infrastructures, networks, and information used in
shipping and port operations. These threats can include hacking, malware attacks, data breaches, GPS spoofing,
ransomware, and denial-of-service attacks [2]. Since modern vessels and ports rely on computer systems for
engine control, cargo monitoring, and navigation support, a successful cyber attack can have severe
consequences including ship collisions, cargo theft, financial losses, port shutdowns, and global supply chain
disruptions [5].
When cybercriminals compromise a vessel's navigation system, they could steer the ship into dangerous waters,
causing accidents. A ransomware attack on a port's digital logistics infrastructure might halt cargo operations for
days, affecting businesses worldwide [4]. Cyber threats in maritime operations aren't just technical problems -
they represent serious economic and security risks [1].
The maritime sector must adopt comprehensive cybersecurity measures to address these risks. Such measures
include deploying firewalls and encryption to secure communications, maintaining current software through
regular updates and patches, training staff to recognize phishing and social engineering attacks, and developing
international cybersecurity standards for ports and shipping companies [3]. Regular risk assessments and
incident response planning remain essential for staying prepared against potential cyber incidents [7].
This study analyzes cybersecurity in the maritime industry, highlighting major challenges and their effects while
examining effective countermeasures.
