MOTION IN A PLANE

Vectors Vectors p
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,
1 p ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
p3 are collinear vectors.
Physical quantities which are described ⃗⃗
F1 and F2 are collinear vectors.
----------------------------------------------------------------
completely by their magnitude and direction and
Parallel vectors
follow vector addition are known as vectors.
Two vectors of same type or different types are
Eg: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration etc
called as parallel vectors if the angle between them
Scalars is 00.
Physical quantities which are described
𝒑𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒑𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
completely by their magnitude alone and follow
algebraic addition are known as scalars. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏
𝑭

Eg: Distance, speed, energy, time, temperature etc. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐

𝑭
----------------------------------------------------------------
Representation of a vector Vectors p⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
p3 are parallel vectors.
⃗⃗1 and F2 are parallel vectors.
F
A vector is represented by a line with an arrow
--------------------------------------------------------
head. Anti parallel vectors
𝑄 Two vectors of same type or different types are
𝒂
⃗⃗ called as anti parallel vectors if the angle between
𝑃 them is 1800.

 Arrow PQ represents vector a – 𝑎⃗ 𝒑𝟏

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒑𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

 Magnitude of the vector is given by its length ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏

𝑭
 Direction of the arrow gives the direction of the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐
𝑭
vector
 Tail and head of a vector are significant in the Vectors p⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
p3 are anti parallel vectors.
case of fixed vectors like, position vector and ⃗⃗1 and F2 are anti parallel vectors.
F
displacement vectors. -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit Vector
----------------------------------------------------------------
It is a vector having unit magnitude. It is used to
Collinear vectors: Vectors which are either lying denote the direction of a given vector.
(acting) in the same line or parallel lines. They can Any vector ⃗𝑭⃗ can be written in terms of its unit
vector 𝑭 ̂ as follows
either have same direction or opposite directions.
⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝐹 𝑭
̂
𝒑𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒑𝟐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ is read as ‘F cap’ or ‘F hat’ or ‘F caret’.
𝑭

𝒑𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ If a vector is divided by its magnitude, then we get its unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏
𝑭 vector.
⃗𝑭⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑭
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐
𝑭 ̂=
𝑭 or 𝑭̂=
𝐹 ⃗⃗|
|𝑭
Where |𝑭 ⃗⃗| is the magnitude of ⃗𝑭⃗

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Orthogonal triad of unit vectors Zero vector is a vector with zero magnitude and

𝑌 arbitrary direction.

𝒋̂
𝒗𝟏 = −𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝒊̂
̂
𝒌 𝑋

𝑍
In the above diagram sum of 𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 is a null
vector.
Unit vectors 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂ and ̂
𝒌 along 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍 axes
 Sum of negative vectors is zero vector
respectively are known as orthogonal unit vectors.
 Position vector of origin of a frame of
 Unit vector does not have any unit.
reference is zero vector.
----------------------------------------------------------------
 Net force acting on an object in uniform
Equal vectors
motion is zero vector.
Two vectors are said to be equal if they are of same
----------------------------------------------------------------
type and have same magnitude and same direction.
Multiplication of a vector with real number
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
When a vector is multiplied with a real number
𝝀, we get a collinear vector of same type with a
⃗⃗1 = 𝒗
𝐼𝑓 𝒗 ⃗⃗2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
magnitude 𝝀 times the magnitude of the given
they have same direction , 𝑖𝑒. 𝑣̂1 = 𝑣̂2
vector.
and same magnitude, 𝑖. 𝑒. |𝒗
⃗⃗1| = | 𝒗
⃗⃗2|
(a) When a vector is multiplied by a positive
Equal vectors are collinear vectors
number, we get a parallel vector of same type.
----------------------------------------------------------------
⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 = 𝟓 𝑵
Negative vectors
A vector is said to be negative of a given vector, if ⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑵
⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = 2 × ⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 ⟹
its magnitude is the same as that of the given ⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 = 𝟓 𝑵
vector but direction is reversed. ̂ 𝟏 is a unit vector in the direction of 𝑭
Since 𝑭 ⃗⃗ 𝟏,
we can write
𝒗𝟏 = −𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 ̂ )
⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = 10𝑁 (𝑭
𝟏
(b) When a vector is multiplied by a negative
⃗⃗1 is negative vector of 𝒗
𝐼𝑓 𝒗 ⃗⃗2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 number we get an anti parallel vector of same
⃗𝒗⃗1 = − 𝒗
⃗⃗2, type.
they have opposite direction , 𝑖𝑒. 𝑣̂1 = −𝑣̂2 ⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 = 𝟓 𝑵
𝑏𝑢𝑡 they have same magnitude, 𝑖. 𝑒. |𝒗
⃗⃗1| = | ⃗𝒗⃗2|
⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎 𝑵
Negative vectors are collinear vectors ⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = −2 × ⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 ⟹
----------------------------------------------------------------
Zero vector or Null vector

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̂ 𝟏 is a unit vector in the direction of ⃗𝑭⃗ 𝟏,

Since 𝑭
we can write 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)

̂ )
⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = −10𝑁 (𝑭 ⃗⃗
𝒓
𝟏
 When a vector is multiplied by a −1 we get
negative vector of the given vector. 𝑂

⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 = 𝟓 𝑵 Position vector of the object at P is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑶𝑷 = 𝒓 ⃗⃗

⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = −𝟓 𝑵 Position vector is a fixed vector, i.e. its tail (O) is

⃗𝑭⃗𝟐 = −1 × ⃗𝑭⃗𝟏 ⟹
fixed at origin and head is fixed at position of the

 ⃗𝒗⃗ = 5𝑚/𝑠 𝒊̂ ; means, velocity of the object is 5 object (P).

m/s along +ve X axis Position vector gives the displacement of the object

 ⃗⃗ = −3𝑁 𝒋̂ ; means, the force acting on the

𝑭 from the origin.

object is 3N along –ve Y axis.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 𝑷 (𝑥, 𝑦)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂
𝑶𝑩
Multiplication of a vector with scalar
⃗⃗
𝒓 𝑩𝑷 = 𝑦𝒊̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar quantity λ, 𝑦 𝐣̂
we get a collinear vector of different dimensions 𝜽
with a magnitude λ times the magnitude of the 𝑶 𝑩
𝑥𝒊̂
given vector.
Position vector of an object which is at a point
𝑚 = 10𝑘𝑔
(x, y) in x-y plane can be written as
⃗⃗ = 20 𝑁
𝑭 ⃗⃗ = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝒂
⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂
𝒓
⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝑚𝒂
⃗⃗ From the figure,
Distance between Object and origin is = OP
⃗⃗ and 𝒂
Here 𝑭 ⃗⃗ are parallel vectors with different
𝑂𝑃 = √𝑂𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝑃 2
dimensions.
𝑂𝑃 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
--------------------------------------------------------------
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Position vector (2 Dimension)
Position vector gives the direction of the object with
A vector which gives position (direction and
respect to the axes.
distance) of the object with reference to the origin
From the figure,
of the co ordinate system is called position vector. 𝐵𝑃
tan 𝜃 =
Position vector of an object which is at a point 𝑂𝐵
𝑦
(x, y) in x-y plane can be written as tan 𝜃 =
𝑥
⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂
𝒓 𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
 This says, object is lying at 𝑥 unit along X –axis
---------------------------------------------------------------
and 𝑦 unit along Y- axis.
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Position vector (3 Dimension) Triangle law of vector addition

Position vector of an object which is at a point If two vectors can be represented both in
P(x, y, z) in three dimensional co ordinate system magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
can be written as triangle taken in the same order, then the resultant
𝒓 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂ + 𝑧𝐤 is represented completely, both in magnitude and

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 direction, by the third side of the triangle taken in

the opposite order.

𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
𝑦 𝐣̂ 𝑃( 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
𝑥𝒊̂ 𝐵
𝑂
̂
𝑧𝐤 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑸
Resultant of 𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ is 𝑹
⃗⃗⃗

𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑹=𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑹
⃗⃗⃗
𝐶
----------------------------------------------------------------
Magnitude of Resultant Vector
In the figure,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ , 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑦 𝐣̂ = 𝐶𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐴 ̂ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑧𝐤 𝐶
𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗
𝑹 𝛽
𝑂𝐶 = √𝑂𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑀
⃗⃗⃗
𝑸
𝑂𝑃 = √𝑂𝐶 2 + 𝑃𝐶 2 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝜃
𝛼
Vector Addition 𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 𝐵 𝑁
Resultant of vector of two or more vectors is a
Angle between the vectors ⃗P⃗ and Q
⃗⃗ = θ
single vector which produces the same effect as
⃗⃗| = AB, |Q
|P ⃗⃗| = BC and |R
⃗⃗| = AC ---------(1)
the individual vectors together produce.
--------------------------------------------------------------- Draw a perpendicular CN on the line of action of

Laws of vector addition ⃗⃗ as shown in the figure.

P

There are three laws of vector addition In the right-angled triangle ∆ANC,

(i) Triangle law of vector addition

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝑁 2 + 𝐶𝑁 2
(ii) Parallel law of vector addition
𝐴𝐶 2 = (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝑁)2 + 𝐶𝑁 2
(iii) Polygon law of vector addition
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁 2 + 𝐶𝑁 2 --------(2)
---------------------------------------------------------------
In the right-angled triangle ∆BNC,
𝐵𝑁
cos 𝜃 = ⟹ 𝐵𝑁 = 𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃 − − − (3)
𝐵𝐶
And 𝐵𝑁 2 + 𝐶𝑁 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2 − − − (4)

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Using equs (3) and (4) in equ(2), we get Similarly

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵𝐶 2 − − − (5) 𝑷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝜷 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
Using equ(1) in equ (5), we get 𝑸 + 𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Law of Sines
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝑃 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 + 𝑄 2
In triangle ANC
𝑅 2 = 𝑃 2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝐶𝑁
𝑅 = √𝑃 2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝐶𝑁 = 𝐴𝐶 sin 𝛼
𝐴𝐶
𝑪𝑵 = 𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 − − − (9)
This equation is also known as Law of cosines In triangle BNC
---------------------------------------------------------------- 𝐶𝑁
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝐶𝑁 = 𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃
Note: Law of Cosines 𝐵𝐶
𝑪𝑵 = 𝑸 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − − − (10)
Comparing (9) and (10) we get
𝐵 𝑹 𝑸
𝑎
𝑐 = − − − (11)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶
𝐶 𝐴 In triangle AMB
𝑏 𝑀𝐵
sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝛼
𝐴𝐵
𝑎 2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑴𝑩 = 𝑷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 − − − (12)
𝑏2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
In triangle CMB
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 𝑀𝐵
sin 𝛽 = ⇒ 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐶𝐵 sin 𝛽
---------------------------------------------------------------- 𝐶𝐵
Direction of resultant vector 𝑴𝑩 = 𝑸 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 − − − (13)
In triangle ANC, Comparing (12) and (13), we get
𝐶𝑁 𝑷 𝑸
tan 𝛼 = − − − (6) = − − − (14)
𝐴𝑁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶
𝑪𝑵 Comparing (11) and (14), we get
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 = − − − (7)
𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑵 𝑷 𝑸 𝑹
In triangle BNC = =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐶𝑁 ---------------------------------------------------------------
sin 𝜃 =
𝐵𝐶
𝑪𝑵 = 𝑩𝑪 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − − − (8)
Using (8) and (3) in equ (7), we get
𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛼 =
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃

𝑸 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝑷 + 𝑸 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

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Special cases 𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 90

𝑅 = √𝑃 2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃 𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
Case – 1: 𝑄
𝛼 = tan−1 ( )
If ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 and ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ are parallel to each other, i.e; 𝜃 = 00 𝑃
Case – 4:
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸
⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑸
If 𝑷 ⃗⃗ and are perpendicular to each other,
ie: 𝜃 = 900
⃗⃗⃗
𝑹

𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 0

⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
𝑅 = √(𝑃 + 𝑄)2 = 𝑃 + 𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸
450
𝑅 =𝑃+𝑄
Angle between resultant and vector P and Q = 0. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
Case – 2: 𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 90
⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑸
If 𝑷 ⃗⃗ are anti parallel to each other, i.e;
𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
𝜃 = 1800
𝑅 = √2 𝑃 𝑜𝑟 √2 𝑄 [ 𝑃 = 𝑄]
⃗𝑷
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 𝑄 𝑃
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) = tan −1 ( ) = 450
𝑃 𝑃
Case – 5:
⃗⃗⃗
𝑹
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑸
If 𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝜃 = 1200
𝑅= √𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 180
𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 120
𝑅= √𝑃2 + 𝑄2 − 2𝑃𝑄
1
cos 120 = cos(90 + 30) = − sin 30 = −
𝑅 = √(𝑃 − 𝑄)2 = 𝑃 − 𝑄 2
𝑅 =𝑃−𝑄 𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑃 2 − 𝑃 2 = 𝑃
If P > Q, then, angle between R and vector P = 0 . 𝑄 sin 120 𝑃 cos 30
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 120 𝑃 − 𝑃 sin 30
If P < Q, then, angle between R and vector P = 1800.
𝛼 = 600
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Case – 3:
(𝑃 − 𝑄) ≤ 𝑅 ≤ (𝑃 + 𝑄)
⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑸
If 𝑷 ⃗⃗ are perpendicular to each other, ie:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
𝜃= 900  𝑅 ≤ (𝑃 + 𝑄) , Length of any side of a triangle is
always less than the sum of the two sides of that
triangle.
⃗𝑹
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸
 (𝑃 − 𝑄) ≤ 𝑅, Length of any side of a triangle is
always greater than the difference between two
⃗𝑷
⃗⃗ sides of that triangle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
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Parallelogram law of vector Addition 𝐷

⃗𝑺⃗
If two vectors, acting simultaneously at a point, can 𝐸
⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
be represented both in magnitude and direction by
⃗𝑻⃗ 𝐶
the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn
from a point, then the resultant is represented ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
𝐴 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
completely, both in magnitude and direction, by
the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through Using triangle law in ΔABC
that point. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩𝑪
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑷
𝑨𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 − − − (1)
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
Using triangle law in ΔACD,
⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑫 𝑨𝑪 + 𝑪𝑫 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − − − (2)
Using equ (1) in equ (2), we get
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑷
𝑨𝑫 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗ − − − (3)
Resultant of ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ is 𝑹
𝑷 and 𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗ Using triangle law in ΔADE,
⃗⃗⃗
𝑹=𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑹
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑫
𝑨𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑫𝑬 − − − (4)
----------------------------------------------------------------- Using equ (3) in equ (4), we get
Polygon law of vector Addition ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑷
𝑨𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑺
𝑸 + 𝑹 ⃗⃗ − − − (5)
If a number of vectors can be represented both in ⃗⃗ = 𝑷
𝑻 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 + ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑹 + 𝑺
magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon, ---------------------------------------------------------------
taken in the same order, then the resultant is  If a number of vectors are represented both in
represented completely, both in magnitude and magnitude and direction by the sides of a
direction, by the closing side of the polygon, taken closed polygon, taken in the same order, then
in the opposite order. their resultant is zero.
𝐷
⃗𝑺⃗
Number of forces acting on an object are shown 𝐸
⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
below.

⃗𝑺⃗ ⃗𝑼
⃗⃗ 𝐶

⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 𝑷
⃗⃗⃗
𝑹
⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑹
𝑷 + 𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑺
⃗⃗ = −𝑼
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑼
−𝑼 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎
These forces are arranged as sides of a polygon in
order as shown in the following vector diagram, ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑹
𝑷 + 𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑺
⃗⃗ + 𝑼
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎

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 MOTION IN A PLANE

𝐷 Using equ (1) and (2), we get

⃗𝑺⃗
𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑸
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑸 + 𝑷⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
---------------------------------------------------------------
⃗𝑼
⃗⃗ 𝐶
Associative Property
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
𝐴 𝐵
According to associative property
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝒀
(𝑿 ⃗⃗ ) + ⃗𝒁⃗ = 𝑿
⃗⃗⃗ + ( 𝒀
⃗⃗ + 𝒁
⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑺
𝑸 + 𝑹 ⃗⃗ + 𝑼
⃗⃗⃗ += ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 𝐷
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 = 𝟐𝑷 ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑺
𝑸 + 𝑹 ⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑼 = 𝟐𝑷 𝐶
⃗𝑺⃗
------------------------------------------------------------
Properties of Vector Addition ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
All vector quantities must satisfy the following
properties. 𝐴 ⃗𝑷
⃗⃗ 𝐵

1. Commutative property. Using triangle law in ΔABC,

2. Distributive property ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶
3. Associative property. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 𝑄 − − − (1)
Commutative Property
Using triangle law in ΔACD
According to commutative property of vector
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 − − − (2)
addition,
Using equ (1) in (2), we get
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑸
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑸
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 𝑃
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) + 𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷 ⃗𝑷
⃗⃗ 𝐶
𝑆⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − − − (3)
𝑄 ) + 𝑅

⃗𝑹
⃗⃗ Using triangle law in ΔBCD,
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 𝑄 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅 − − − (4)
𝐴 ⃗𝑷
⃗⃗ 𝐵
Using triangle law in ΔABD,
Using triangle law in ΔABC, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 − − − (5)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 Using equ (4) in (5), we get
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄 + 𝑅⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃
𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − − − (1)
𝑆⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅 ) − − − (6)
Using triangle law in ΔADC, Using equ (3) and (6), we get
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄 ) + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 + (𝑄 𝑅)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 𝑄 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 ---------------------------------------------------------------
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑄
𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − − − (2)

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 MOTION IN A PLANE

Distributive property ⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to ⃗𝑩

 If 𝑨 ⃗⃗ , then
According to distributive property of vector ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗| = | ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ |
addition,
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝒀
𝑚( 𝑿 ⃗⃗ ) = 𝑚 𝑿
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑚 ⃗𝒀⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 𝑩
----------------------------------------------------------------
⃗𝑩
⃗⃗
Vector Subtraction
⃗𝑨⃗
Vector subtraction is equivalent to the vector
addition of negative vector of the vector to be ⃗⃗⃗
−𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 𝑩
subtracted.
⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗)
𝑨 + (−𝑩
 If angle between ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ is less than 900, then
𝑨 and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| > | ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨− 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩

⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ ⃗𝑨⃗
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑸 𝑷
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑸
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷

 Vector subtraction is not commutative

⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑩
 If angle between 𝑨 ⃗⃗ is greater than 900,
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ ≠ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗
then
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑷
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| < | ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ − 𝑷
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 𝑩
𝑷
⃗⃗⃗
𝑩
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑸
⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑸 𝑷 ⃗⃗
𝑨
⃗⃗⃗
−𝑸
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗
−𝑩

----------------------------------------------------------------
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑩
 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = −( ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩−𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑩
 |𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = | ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ − 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ |

Jojesh- Physics Page 9 of 14

 MOTION IN A PLANE

Resolution of a vector Rectangular components of a vector

The process of splitting of vector into its The components of a vector which are
components is called resolution of a vector. perpendicular to each other are known as
rectangular components of the vector

⃗⃗⃗
𝑹
⃗𝑸
⃗⃗ 𝑷 (𝑥, 𝑦)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂
𝑶𝑩
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷 ⃗⃗
𝒓 𝑩𝑷 = 𝑦𝒊̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦 𝐣̂
⃗⃗⃗ can be expressed as the
In the above diagram, 𝑹
𝜽
sum of two vectors in the direction of ⃗𝑷
⃗⃗ and 𝑸
⃗⃗⃗ as 𝑶 𝑩
𝑥𝒊̂
shown below.
Position vector of an object which is at a point
(x, y) in x-y plane can be written as
⃗𝑹
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂ − − − (𝟏)
𝒓
⃗⃗⃗
𝑚𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑸
In ∆𝑂𝐵𝑃
𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗
𝑛𝑷
cos 𝜃 =
𝑂𝑃
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝑃 cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗
𝑷
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
According to triangle law of vector addition,
𝑥𝒊̂ = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝒊̂ − − − (2)
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑛𝑷
𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑚𝑸
⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑃
 Here 𝑛 and 𝑚 are any real numbers. sin 𝜃 =
𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑚𝑸
 𝑛𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗ are known as components of 𝑹
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐵𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃 sin 𝜃

 The values of 𝑛 and 𝑚 are fixed for the given ⃗⃗⃗

𝑹. 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑦 𝐣̂ = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝐣̂ − − − (3)
 There is one and only one way to resolve ⃗⃗⃗
𝑹
⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗ Using (3) and (2) in (1), we get
along 𝑷 𝑸.
⃗⃗ = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝒊̂ + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝐣̂
𝒓
 A vector can have infinite number of
Here, 𝑥𝒊̂ = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝒊̂ and 𝑦 𝐣̂ = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝐣̂ are
components
rectangular components of 𝒓
⃗⃗ along X – axis and Y–
 Component of a vector is another vector.
axis respectively.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: It is not possible to resolve a given vector into two
rectangular components such that one vector is either
perpendicular or parallel to the vector itself.

Jojesh- Physics Page 10 of 14

 MOTION IN A PLANE

𝑌 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝒋̂
𝑩
𝐶
⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐶𝑦𝒋̂
𝑪
⃗𝑭⃗
𝐹𝑦𝐣̂ Therefore (1) becomes
𝜃
𝐶𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐶𝑦𝒋̂ = 𝐴𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋̂ + 𝐵𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝒋̂
𝐴 𝐵
𝐹𝑥 𝒊̂
𝐶𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐶𝑦𝒋̂ = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 )𝒊̂ + (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 )𝒋̂
𝑋
Comparing both sides, we get
𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥
sin 𝜃 =
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃
-----------------------------------------------------------------
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃
Displacement vector
𝐹𝑦 𝐣̂ = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝐣̂ − − − (3)
Consider that an object is displaced from point
Using (3) and (2) in (1), we get
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to point 𝑄(𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) as shown in the figure.
⃗⃗ = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 𝒊̂ + 𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝐣̂
𝑭
𝑄
𝐹 = √𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑦2 ̂𝒋 − 𝑦1 𝒋̂
𝐹 = √(𝐹 cos 𝜃)2 + (𝐹 sin 𝜃)2

2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = √𝐹 2 ( cos2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) 𝑦2 𝒋̂ ∆𝒓
𝒓𝟐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

∆𝒚
𝐹=𝐹 𝑃

---------------------------------------------------------------- 𝑦1 𝒋̂
𝒓𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥2 𝒊̂ − 𝑥1 𝒊̂
∆𝒙
Vector Addition using rectangular components

𝑂 𝑥1 𝒊̂
𝑥2 𝒊̂

𝐵𝑦 𝐣̂ ⃗⃗1 = 𝑥1 𝒊̂ + 𝑦1 𝐣̂
Position vector of point P = 𝒓
𝐶𝑦𝐣̂ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗
⃗𝑪⃗
Position vector of point Q = 𝒓
⃗⃗2 = 𝑥 2𝒊̂ + 𝑦2 𝐣̂
𝐵𝑥 𝒊̂
⃗𝑨⃗ Using triangle law of vector addition
𝐴𝑦 𝐣̂
𝒓
⃗⃗ 2 = 𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗1 + ∆𝒓
𝐴𝑥 𝒊̂
𝐶𝑥 𝒊̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒓 = 𝒓⃗⃗2 − 𝒓
⃗⃗1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒓 = (𝑥 2 𝒊̂ + 𝑦2 𝐣̂) − (𝑥1 𝒊̂ + 𝑦1 𝐣̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥 2 𝒊̂ − 𝑥1𝒊̂ ) + (𝑦2 𝐣̂ − 𝑦1 𝐣̂ )
∆𝒓
According to triangle law of vector addition,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒓 = ∆𝑥𝒊̂ + ∆𝑦 𝐣̂
⃗⃗ = 𝑨
𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ − − − −(1)
⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑪⃗ Δ𝑟 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
We can write 𝑨 in terms of their
-----------------------------------------------------------------
components as follows
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 = 𝐴𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋̂
Jojesh- Physics Page 11 of 14
 MOTION IN A PLANE

Velocity Equation of Uniform Motion in 2 D

The average velocity ⃗𝒗⃗𝑎𝑣 of an object is the ratio of Consider an object is displaced from point
the displacement and the corresponding time 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) to point 𝑄(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) as shown in the figure.
interval.
𝑄

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒓 ∆𝑥𝒊̂ + ∆𝑦 𝐣̂
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 =
𝒗 =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑣𝑦 𝑡
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 𝑦 𝒋̂ 𝒗
⃗⃗𝑡
𝒗
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 = 𝒊̂ + 𝐣̂ ⃗⃗⃗
𝒓
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑃
⃗𝒗⃗𝑎𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂
𝑦0 𝒋̂
𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 are average velocity along X – axis and 𝒓𝟎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑥 𝑡

Y – axis respectively.
𝑂 𝑥0 𝒊̂
 Direction of average velocity is in the
𝑥 𝒊̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
direction of ∆𝒓
If Δ𝑡 → 0, then 𝒗
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 becomes instantaneous velocity If the object is in uniform motion, then

𝒗
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒓 ⃗⃗ − 𝒓
𝒓 ⃗⃗0
⃗⃗ =
𝒗 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∆𝑡 𝑡−0
∆𝒓
⃗⃗ = lim
𝒗 Where ⃗𝒓⃗ is the final position vector at time ‘t’, and
Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 𝒓
⃗⃗0 is the initial position vector .
𝒗
⃗⃗ = lim ( 𝒊̂ + 𝐣̂)
Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ⃗𝒓⃗ = ⃗𝒓⃗0 + 𝒗
⃗⃗𝑡 − − − (1)
⃗𝒗⃗ = lim ( 𝒊̂) + lim ( 𝐣̂)
Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
We know that
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝒗
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝐣̂ ⃗𝒓⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⃗𝒓⃗0 = 𝑥0 𝒊̂ + 𝑦0 𝐣̂
⃗⃗ = 𝑣𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦𝐣̂
𝒗
𝒗
⃗⃗ = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂
Magnitude of instantaneous velocity = 𝑣
Therefore (1) becomes
𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2
𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂ = 𝑥0 𝒊̂ + 𝑦0 𝐣̂ + (𝑣𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂ )𝑡
Angle made by velocity with X- axis is = 𝜃
𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂ = (𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑡) 𝒊̂ + (𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑦𝑡) 𝐣̂
𝑣𝑦
tan 𝜃 = Comparing both sides, we get
𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑡
𝑣𝑥
---------------------------------------------------------------- i.e. Uniform two dimensional motion can be treated as
two separate simultaneous one dimensional motions
along two perpendicular axes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Jojesh- Physics Page 12 of 14

 MOTION IN A PLANE

Acceleration 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝒂
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝐣̂
Velocity of an object changes from 𝒗
⃗⃗1 to 𝒗
⃗⃗2during 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒂
⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣̂
time interval Δ𝑡 .
Magnitude of instantaneous acceleration = 𝑎
𝑄 𝑎 = √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2
Angle made by the acceleration with X- axis is = 𝜃
𝑎𝑦
Δ𝑣𝑦 tan 𝜃 =
𝑣2𝑦 𝒋̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝚫𝒗 𝑎𝑥
𝒗𝟐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑦
𝑃 𝜃 = tan −1 ( )
𝑎𝑥
𝑣1𝑦 𝒋̂ ----------------------------------------------------------------
𝒗𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Δ𝑣𝑥
Velocity –time relation in 2D
𝑂 𝒗𝟏𝒙 𝒊̂ If the object is in uniformly accelerated motion,
𝑣2𝑥 𝒊̂ then
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒗 ⃗𝒗⃗ − 𝒗
⃗⃗0
⃗⃗1 = 𝑣1𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣1𝑦 𝐣̂
𝒗 ⃗𝒂⃗ = =
∆𝑡 𝑡−0
𝒗
⃗⃗2 = 𝑣2𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣2𝑦 𝐣̂
Where 𝒗
⃗⃗ is the final velocity at time ‘t’, and ⃗𝒗⃗0 is
Using triangle law of vector addition
the initial velocity .
⃗𝒗⃗2 = 𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗1 + ∆𝒗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒗 = 𝒗 ⃗⃗2 − 𝒗
⃗⃗1 𝒗
⃗⃗ = 𝒗
⃗⃗0 + 𝒂
⃗⃗𝑡 − − − (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒗 = (𝑣2𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣2𝑦 𝐣̂) − (𝑣1𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣1𝑦 𝐣̂) We know that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑣2𝑥 𝒊̂ − 𝑣1𝑥 𝒊̂) + (𝑣2𝑦 𝐣̂ − 𝑣1𝑦 𝐣̂ )
∆𝒗 ⃗𝒗⃗ = 𝑣𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒗 = ∆𝑣𝑥𝒊̂ + ∆𝒗𝑦 𝐣̂ ⃗𝒗⃗0 = 𝑣𝑥0𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦0𝐣̂

Rate of change of velocity during time Δ𝑡 is known ⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣̂

𝒂

as average acceleration Therefore (1) becomes

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒗 ∆𝑣𝑥𝒊̂ + ∆𝒗𝑦 𝐣̂ 𝑣𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂ = 𝑣𝑥0𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦0𝐣̂ + (𝑎𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣̂)𝑡
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 =
𝒂 =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑣𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂ = (𝑣𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡) 𝒊̂ + (𝑣𝑦0 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡) 𝐣̂
∆𝑣𝑥 ∆𝒗𝑦
𝒂
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 = 𝒊̂ + 𝐣̂ Comparing both sides, we get
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
If Δ𝑡 → 0, then 𝒂
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 becomes instantaneous velocity 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
⃗⃗
𝒂 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦0 + 𝑎𝑦𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒗 i.e. Uniformly accelerated two-dimensional motion can
𝒂
⃗⃗ = lim
Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 be treated as two separate simultaneous one-
∆𝑣𝑥 ∆𝒗𝑦 dimensional motions along two perpendicular axes.
⃗⃗ = lim (
𝒂 𝒊̂ + 𝐣̂)
Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
-----------------------------------------------------------------
∆𝑣𝑥 ∆𝒗𝑦
𝒂
⃗⃗ = lim ( 𝒊̂) + lim ( 𝐣̂)
Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 Δ𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Jojesh- Physics Page 13 of 14
 MOTION IN A PLANE

Position – time relation in 2D

𝑄
Let ⃗𝒓⃗0 and 𝒓
⃗⃗ be the position vectors of the particle
at time 0 and 𝑡 and let the velocities at these
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗0 and 𝒗
instants be 𝑣 ⃗⃗. 1
1 2 a 𝑡2
𝑣𝑦 𝑡 𝐚⃗⃗ 𝑡 2 𝑦
If motion is uniformly accelerated motion, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗 2
Average velocity = 𝒗
⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 𝑃

𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑣⃗0 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 1
⃗𝒗⃗𝑎𝑣 = − − − (1) 𝒗𝟎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a 𝑡2
2 2 𝑥
We know that
𝑂 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡̂
𝒓
⃗⃗ − ⃗𝒓⃗0
⃗𝒗⃗𝑎𝑣 = 1 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
𝑡−0 a 𝑡2
2 𝑥
⃗⃗0 = 𝒗
⃗𝒓⃗ − 𝒓 ⃗⃗𝑎𝑣 𝑡 i.e. Uniformly accelerated two-dimensional motion can
Using (1) in the above equation, we get be treated as two separate simultaneous one-
𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑣
⃗⃗0 dimensional motions along two perpendicular axes.
⃗𝒓⃗ − ⃗𝒓⃗0 = ( ) 𝑡 − − − (2)
2 -----------------------------------------------------------------
But we know that, ***************************************************
𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒗
⃗⃗0 + 𝒂
⃗⃗𝑡
Using this equation in equ(2), we get
𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 + 𝑣
⃗⃗0 + 𝒂 ⃗⃗0
⃗𝒓⃗ − ⃗𝒓⃗0 = ( )𝑡
2
1 2
⃗⃗0 = 𝒗
⃗𝒓⃗ − 𝒓 ⃗⃗0 𝑡 + 𝒂
⃗⃗⃗𝑡
2
If initial position is at origin, 𝒓⃗⃗0 = 0 , then
1
⃗⃗ = 𝒗
𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗𝑡2 − − − (3)
⃗⃗0 𝑡 + 𝒂
2
We know that
⃗𝒓⃗ = 𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂
⃗𝒗⃗0 = 𝑣𝑥0𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦0𝐣̂
𝒂
⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣̂
∴ (3) ⇒
1
𝑥𝒊̂ + 𝑦 𝐣̂ = (𝑣𝑥0 𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑦0 𝐣̂ )𝑡 + (𝑎𝑥 𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣̂)t 2
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡2
2
1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡2
2

Jojesh- Physics Page 14 of 14