Republic of Yemen

University of Saba Region

Faculty of IT&CS
Course: Communications Technology (1)

Communications Technology (1)

Lec.1

Dr. Abdullah Alamri

 Course content
week topics
1.2,3 Introduction to signal: Continuous and discrete time signals: Types of signals: unit impulse, unit step, ramp function. complex
exponential-sinusoidal signals. Square, rectangular, triangular signals.
Classification of Signals:(Periodic-aperiodic signals, even – odd signals, energy-power signals, Deterministic-random signals,
Continuous-discrete signals.)
Signals operations:(Addition, multiplication, Differentiation and integration, time scaling, time shifting, time reversal)
Signal Transformation: Fourier transformation of continuous and discrete time signals and their properties. Parseval’s
theorem.
4,5, 6,7 Analog modulation (AM,SSB,DSB,VSB, FM, PM)
8,9,10 Pulse modulation (Sampling Theory and applications, Pulse Analog Modulation PAM, PWM, PPM,
Time Division Multiplexing, pulse digital Modulation PCM, DPCM, DM,ADM)
11,12 Line code (unipolar, polar, bipolar, and Manchester code.)
13 exam

Text books ▪ Communication Systems by S. Haykin & B. V. Veen.

▪ Modern Digital and Analog Communications Systems - B P Lathi
▪ Digital Communications Fundamentals and Application by Bernard Sklar

2
Principles of Communication Systems

LEC-1
Outline
➢ Significance of Human Communication
➢ Communication Systems
➢ Types of Communication systems
➢ Modulation and Multiplexing
➢ The Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ Bandwidth
➢ Survey of Communication Applications
➢ Jobs in the Communication Industry
Significance of Human Communication
 Communication is the process of exchanging information.
 Methods of communication:

1. Face to face
2. Signals
3. Written word (letters)
4. Telegraph
5. Telephone
6. Radio
7. Television
8. Internet (computer)
Communication Systems
Basic components:
➢ Transmitter
➢ Channel or medium
➢ Receiver
 Communication Systems
Transmitter
The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits
designed to convert the electrical signal into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given communication medium.

Receiver
A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts
the transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form
understandable by humans.
 Communication Channel
The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent
from one place to another.
➢ coaxial cable-- that used to carry cable TV signals.
➢ twisted-pair cable-- that used in a local-urea network (LAN) for personal
computer.
➢ Waveguide
➢ Optical Media
➢ Free space
➢ Sonar
Transceivers
A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that
both send and receive signals.
Examples are:

➢ Telephones
➢ Fax machines
➢ Handheld radios
➢ Cell phones
➢ Computer modems
Attenuation
Signal attenuation or degradation exists in all media of transmission. It
is proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter
and receiver.

Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication
system via the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted
message.
Types of Electronic Communication
 Simplex

 Full Duplex

 Half Duplex
Simplex
The simplest method of electronic communication is
referred to as simplex. This type of communication is
one-way. Examples are:
➢ Radio
➢ TV broadcasting
Full Duplex
Most electronic communication is two-way and is
referred to as duplex. When people can talk and
listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex. The
telephone is an example of this type of
communication.
Half Duplex
The form of two-way communication in which only one
party transmits at a time is known as half duplex.
Examples are:
➢ Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
➢ Citizen band
Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying
voltage or current. Examples are:
➢ Sine wave
➢ Voice
➢ Video (TV)
Digital Signals
Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments. Most
digital signals use binary or two-state codes. Examples are:
➢ Telegraph (Morse code)
➢ Continuous wave (CW) code
➢ Serial binary code
Modulation and Multiplexing
Baseband Transmission

Broadband Transmission

Multiplexing
 Baseband Transmission
Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the
medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for transmission over the
medium. Examples are:

➢ In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and

transmitted.
➢ In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to
coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.
Modulation
Modulation is an electronic technique for transmitting information
By Definition…

➢ Multiplexing is an electronic technique that allows more than one

signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

➢ A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video,

or data.

➢ A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal which is

able to travel long distances through space.
Broadband Transmission
A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier
signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna
for transmission. Methods of modulation are:
➢ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
➢ Frequency Modulation (FM)
By Definition…
➢ Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is
converted to frequency varying tones.

➢ Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver when the

original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.

➢ Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the

data from digital to analog and back again.
Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more signals to share the same medium or
channel. Types of multiplexing are:
➢ Frequency division
➢ Time division
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all
frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.
➢ Frequency
➢ Wavelength
➢ Frequency range
➢ Optical spectrum
Frequency
Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time.
➢ A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.
➢ Frequency is measured in cycles per second.
➢ The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
 Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in
meters.
➢ Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of
one cycle.
➢ The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ).
Wavelength Formulas
Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Note: Speed of light = 3 x 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 x 108 / f Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
λ = 3 x 108 / 4 MHz = 75 meters (m)
Frequency Ranges
 Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) are in the 30 to 300 Hz
range.
 Voice Frequencies (VF) are in the range of 300 to 3000 Hz.
 Very Low Frequencies (VLF) include the higher end of the
human hearing range up to about 20 kHz.
 Low Frequencies (LF) are in the 30 to 300 kHz range.
 Medium Frequencies (MF) are in the 300 to 3000 kHz range
Frequency Ranges (Continued)
 High Frequencies (HF) are in the 3 to 30 MHz range.
 Very High Frequencies (VHF) encompass the 30 to 300 MHz
range.
 Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) encompass the 300 to 3000
MHz range.
 Microwaves and Super High Frequencies (SHF) exist between
1 GHz and 30 GHz.
 Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) extend from 30 GHz to
300 GHz.
Optical Spectrum
The optical spectrum exists directly above the millimeter wave
region. Three types of light waves are:
➢ Infrared
➢ Visible spectrum
➢ Ultraviolet
Bandwidth
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
occupied by a signal.
➢ Channel Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required
to transmit the desired information.
Survey of Communications Applications
 AM and FM broadcasting
 TV broadcasting
 Cable television
 Wireless remote control
 Paging services
 Navigation and direction-finding services
 Radio astronomy
 Mobile network (1G,2G,3G,4G,5G…..)
 Satellite Communications
Communications Applications (Continued)

 Music services
 Telephones
 Two-way radio
 Radar
 Sonar
 Citizens radio
 Data communication
 Local area networks (LANs)
Communication Industry

The electronics industry is comprised of the following

specializations:

➢ Computer

➢ Communication

➢ Industrial control

➢ Industrial instrumentation
Jobs in Electronic Communication
 Engineers design communication equipment and
systems.

 Technicians install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate,

and maintain equipment.

 Engineering Technicians assist in equipment design,

test, and assembly.
Jobs in Electronic Communication (Continued)

 Technical sales representatives determine customer needs and

related specifications, write proposals and sell equipment.
 Technical writers generate technical documentation for
equipment and systems.
 Trainers develop programs, generate training and presentation
materials, and conduct classroom training.