Bootstrap
Bssdfsdfsd CSS Framework
Lesson – 1: Introduction of Bootstrap CSS Framework
What is Twitter Bootstrap?
Bootstrap is a sleek, intuitive, and powerful, mobile first front-end framework for faster and easier
web development. It uses HTML, CSS and Javascript.
History
Bootstrap was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter. It was released as an open
source product in August 2011 on GitHub.
Why Use Bootstrap?
Mobile first approach − Bootstrap 3, framework consists of Mobile first styles throughout
the entire library instead them of in separate files.
Browser Support − It is supported by all popular browsers.
Easy to get started − With just the knowledge of HTML and CSS anyone can get started
with Bootstrap. Also the Bootstrap official site has a good documentation.
Responsive design − Bootstrap's responsive CSS adjusts to Desktops, Tablets and
Mobiles. More about the responsive design is in the chapter Bootstrap Responsive Design.
Provides a clean and uniform solution for building an interface for developers.
It contains beautiful and functional built-in components which are easy to customize.
It also provides web based customization.
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And best of all it is an open source.
What Bootstrap Package Includes?
Scaffolding − Bootstrap provides a basic structure with Grid System, link styles, and
background. This is is covered in detail in the section Bootstrap Basic Structure
CSS − Bootstrap comes with the feature of global CSS settings, fundamental HTML
elements styled and enhanced with extensible classes, and an advanced grid system. This
is covered in detail in the section Bootstrap with CSS.
Components − Bootstrap contains over a dozen reusable components built to provide
iconography, dropdowns, navigation, alerts, pop-overs, and much more. This is covered in
detail in the section Layout Components.
JavaScript Plugins − Bootstrap contains over a dozen custom jQuery plugins. You can
easily include them all, or one by one. This is covered in details in the section Bootstrap
Plugins.
Customize − You can customize Bootstrap's components, LESS variables, and jQuery
plugins to get your very own version.
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Bssdfsdfsd CSS Framework
Lesson – 2: Download Bootstrap
It is very easy to setup and start using Bootstrap. This chapter will explain how to download and
setup Bootstrap. We will also discuss the Bootstrap file structure, and demonstrate its usage with
an example.
Download Bootstrap
You can download the latest version of Bootstrap from https://getbootstrap.com/. When you
click on this link, you will get to see a screen as below −
Here you can see two buttons −
Download Bootstrap − Clicking this, you can download the precompiled and minified
versions of Bootstrap CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No documentation or original source
code files are included.
Download Source − Clicking this, you can get the latest Bootstrap LESS and JavaScript
source code directly from GitHub.
File structure
Precompiled Bootstrap
Once the compiled version Bootstrap is downloaded, extract the ZIP file, and you will see the
following file/directory structure −
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As you can see, there are compiled CSS and JS (bootstrap.*), as well as compiled and minified
CSS and JS (bootstrap.min.*). Fonts from Glyphicons are included, as it is the optional Bootstrap
theme.
HTML Template
A basic HTML template using Bootstrap would look like this −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bootstrap 101 Template</title>
<meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale
= 1.0">
<!-- Bootstrap -->
<link href = "css/bootstrap.min.css" rel = "stylesheet">
<!-- HTML5 Shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media
queries -->
<!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file://
-->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src =
"https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script>
<script src =
"https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) -->
<script src = "https://code.jquery.com/jquery.js"></script>
<!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files
as needed -->
<script src = "js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</body>
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Bssdfsdfsd CSS Framework
</html>
Here you can see the jquery.js, bootstrap.min.js and bootstrap.min.css files that are included
to make a normal HTM file to the Bootstrapped Template. Just make sure to include jQuery library
before you include Bootstrap library.
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Lesson – 3: Bootstrap Grid System
What is Bootstrap Grid System?
As put by the official documentation of Bootstrap for grid system −
Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales up to 12 columns as
the device or viewport size increases. It includes predefined classes for easy layout options, as well as
powerful mixins for generating more semantic layouts.
Let us understand the above statement. Bootstrap 3 is mobile first in the sense that the code for
Bootstrap now starts by targeting smaller screens like mobile devices, tablets, and then “expands”
components and grids for larger screens such as laptops, desktops.
Mobile First Strategy
Content
o Determine what is most important.
Layout
o Design to smaller widths first.
o Base CSS address mobile device first; media queries address for tablet, desktops.
Progressive Enhancement
o Add elements as screen size increases.
Working of Bootstrap Grid System
Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that house
your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works −
Rows must be placed within a .container class for proper alignment and padding.
Use rows to create horizontal groups of columns.
Content should be placed within the columns, and only columns may be the immediate
children of rows.
Predefined grid classes like .row and .col-xs-4 are available for quickly making grid
layouts. LESS mixins can also be used for more semantic layouts.
Columns create gutters (gaps between column content) via padding. That padding is offset
in rows for the first and the last column via negative margin on .rows.
Grid columns are created by specifying the number of twelve available columns you wish to
span. For example, three equal columns would use three .col-xs-4.
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Bssdfsdfsd CSS Framework
Media Queries
Media query is a really fancy term for "conditional CSS rule". It simply applies some CSS, based
on certain conditions set forth. If those conditions are met, the style is applied.
Media Queries in Bootstrap allow you to move, show and hide content based on the viewport size.
Following media queries are used in LESS files to create the key breakpoints in the Bootstrap grid
system.
/* Extra small devices (phones, less than 768px) */
/* No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap */
/* Small devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) { ... }
/* Medium devices (desktops, 992px and up) */
@media (min-width: @screen-md-min) { ... }
/* Large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */
@media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... }
Occasionally these are expanded to include a max-width to limit CSS to a narrower set of
devices.
@media (max-width: @screen-xs-max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) and (max-width: @screen-sm-
max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-md-min) and (max-width: @screen-md-
max) { ... }
@media (min-width: @screen-lg-min) { ... }
Media queries have two parts, a device specification and then a size rule. In the above case, the
following rule is set −
Let us consider this line −
@media (min-width: @screen-sm-min) and (max-width: @screen-sm-max) { ... }
For all devices no matter what kind with min-width: @screen-sm-min if the width of the screen
gets smaller than @screen-sm-max, then do something.
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Grid options
The following table summarizes aspects of how Bootstrap grid system works across multiple
devices −
Extra small Small devices Medium devices Large devices
devices Phones Tablets (≥768px) Desktops (≥992px) Desktops
(<768px) (≥1200px)
Collapsed to start, Collapsed to start, Collapsed to start,
Grid Horizontal at all
horizontal above horizontal above horizontal above
behavior times
breakpoints breakpoints breakpoints
Max None (auto) 750px 970px 1170px
container
width
Class prefix .col-xs- .col-sm- .col-md- .col-lg-
# of 12 12 12 12
columns
Max Auto 60px 78px 95px
column
width
30px 30px 30px 30px
Gutter
width (15px on each (15px on each (15px on each (15px on each
side of a side of a column) side of a column) side of a column)
column)
Nestable Yes Yes Yes Yes
Offsets Yes Yes Yes Yes
Column Yes Yes Yes Yes
ordering
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12 Colums
6 Colums
4x3 = 12 Colums
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Bssdfsdfsd CSS Framework
Lesson – 4: Bootstrap CSS & HTML Layout
HTML5 doctype
Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use of the
HTML5 doctype. Hence include the below piece of code for HTML5 doctype at the beginning of all
your projects using Bootstrap.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
....
</html>
Mobile First
Since Bootstrap 3 has been launched, Bootstrap has become mobile first. It means 'mobile first'
styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of them in separate files. You need to
add the viewport meta tag to the <head> element, to ensure proper rendering and touch
zooming on mobile devices.
<meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale =
1.0">
width property controls the width of the device. Setting it to device-width will make sure that
it is rendered across various devices (mobiles, desktops, tablets...) properly.
initial-scale = 1.0 ensures that when loaded, your web page will be rendered at a 1:1 scale,
and no zooming will be applied out of the box.
Add user-scalable = no to the content attribute to disable zooming capabilities on mobile
devices as shown below. Users are only able to scroll and not zoom with this change, and results
in your site feeling a bit more like a native application.
<meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale =
1.0, maximum-scale = 1.0, user-scalable = no">
Normally maximum-scale = 1.0 is used along with user-scalable = no. As mentioned above user-
scalable = no may give users an experience more like a native app, hence Bootstrap doesn't
recommend using this attribute.
Responsive Images
Bootstrap 3 allows you to make the images responsive by adding a class .img-responsive to
the <img> tag. This class applies max-width: 100%; and height: auto; to the image so that it
scales nicely to the parent element.
<img src = "..." class = "img-responsive" alt = "Responsive image">
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Typography and Links
Bootstrap sets a basic global display (background), typography, and link styles −
Basic Global display − Sets background-color: #fff; on the <body> element.
Typography − Uses the @font-family-base, @font-size-base, and @line-height-
base attributes as the typographic base.
Link styles − Sets the global link color via attribute @link-color and apply link underlines
only on :hover.
If you intend to use LESS code, you may find all these within scaffolding.less.
Containers
Use class .container to wrap a page's content and easily center the content's as shown below.
<div class = "container">
...
</div>
Take a look at the .container class in bootstrap.css file −
.container {
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 15px;
margin-right: auto;
margin-left: auto;
}
Note that, due to padding and fixed widths, containers are not nestable by default.
Take a look at bootstrap.css file −
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.container {
width: 750px;
}
}
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Lesson – 5: Bootstrap Typography
Bootstrap uses Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, and sans-serif in its default font stack. Using
typography feature of Bootstrap you can create headings, paragraphs, lists and other inline
elements. Let see learn each one of these in the following sections.
Headings
All HTML headings (h1 to h6) are styled in Bootstrap. An example is shown below −
<h1>I'm Heading1 h1</h1>
<h2>I'm Heading2 h2</h2>
<h3>I'm Heading3 h3</h3>
<h4>I'm Heading4 h4</h4>
<h5>I'm Heading5 h5</h5>
<h6>I'm Heading6 h6</h6>
The above code segment with Bootstrap will produce following result −
Inline Subheadings
To add an inline subheading to any of the headings, simply add <small> around any of the
elements or add .small class and you will get smaller text in a lighter color as shown in the
example below −
<h1>I'm Heading1 h1. <small>I'm secondary Heading1 h1</small></h1>
<h2>I'm Heading2 h2. <small>I'm secondary Heading2 h2</small></h2>
<h3>I'm Heading3 h3. <small>I'm secondary Heading3 h3</small></h3>
<h4>I'm Heading4 h4. <small>I'm secondary Heading4 h4</small></h4>
<h5>I'm Heading5 h5. <small>I'm secondary Heading5 h5</small></h5>
<h6>I'm Heading6 h6. <small>I'm secondary Heading1 h6</small></h6>
The above code segment with Bootstrap will produce following result −
Lead Body Copy
To add some emphasis to a paragraph, add class = "lead". This will give you a larger font size,
lighter weight, and a taller line height as in the following example −
<h2>Lead Example</h2>
<p class = "lead">This is an example paragraph demonstrating
the use of lead body copy. This is an example paragraph
demonstrating the use of lead body copy.This is an example
paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.This is an
example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.
This is an example paragraph demonstrating the use of lead body copy.</p>
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Emphasis
HTML's default emphasis tags such as <small> sets text at 85% the size of the parent, <strong>
emphasizes a text with heavier font-weight, and <em> emphasizes a text in italics.
Bootstrap offers a few classes that can be used to provide emphasis on texts as seen in the
following example −
<small>This content is within tag</small><br>
<strong>This content is within tag</strong><br>
<em>This content is within tag and is rendered as italics</em><br>
<p class = "text-left">Left aligned text.</p>
<p class = "text-center">Center aligned text.</p>
<p class = "text-right">Right aligned text.</p>
<p class = "text-muted">This content is muted</p>
<p class = "text-primary">This content carries a primary class</p>
<p class = "text-success">This content carries a success class</p>
<p class = "text-info">This content carries a info class</p>
<p class = "text-warning">This content carries a warning class</p>
<p class = "text-danger">This content carries a danger class</p>
Abbreviations
The HTML <abbr> element provides markup for abbreviations or acronyms, like WWW or HTTP.
Bootstrap styles <abbr> elements with a light dotted border along the bottom and reveals the full
text on hover (as long as you add that text to the <abbr> title attribute). To get a a slightly smaller
font size add .initialism to <abbr>.
<abbr title = "World Wide Web">WWW</abbr><br>
<abbr title = "Real Simple Syndication" class = "initialism">RSS</abbr>
Addresses
Using <address> tag you can display the contact information on your web page. Since the
<address> defaults to display: block; you’ll need to use
Tags to add line breaks to the enclosed address text.
<address>
<strong>Some Company, Inc.</strong><br>
007 street<br>
Some City, State XXXXX<br>
<abbr title = "Phone">P:</abbr> (123) 456-7890
</address>
<address>
<strong>Full Name</strong><br>
<a href = "mailto:#">[email protected]</a>
</address>
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Blockquotes
You can use the default <blockquote> around any HTML text. Other options include, adding a
<small> tag for identifying the source of the quote and right-aligning the blockquote using
class .pull-right. The following example demonstrates all these features −
<blockquote>
<p>This is a default blockquote example. This is a default
blockquote example. This is a default blockquote
example.This is a default blockquote example. This is a
default blockquote example.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
This is a blockquote with a source title.
<small>Someone famous in <cite title = "Source Title">Source
Title</cite></small>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class = "pull-right">This is a blockquote aligned to the right.
<small>Someone famous in <cite title = "Source Title">Source
Title</cite></small>
</blockquote>
Lists
Bootstrap supports ordered lists, unordered lists, and definition lists.
Ordered lists − An ordered list is a list that falls in some sort of sequential order and is
prefaced by numbers.
Unordered lists − An unordered list is a list that doesn’t have any particular order and is
traditionally styled with bullets. If you do not want the bullets to appear, then you can
remove the styling by using the class .list-unstyled. You can also place all list items on a
single line using the class .list-inline.
Definition lists − In this type of list, each list item can consist of both the <dt> and the
<dd> elements. <dt> stands for definition term, and like a dictionary, this is the term (or
phrase) that is being defined. Subsequently, the <dd> is the definition of the <dt>. You can
make terms and descriptions in <dl> line up side-by-side using class dl-horizontal.
The following example demonstrates each of these types −
<h4>Example of Ordered List</h4>
<ol>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
<li>Item 4</li>
</ol>
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<h4>Example of UnOrdered List</h4>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
<li>Item 4</li>
</ul>
<h4>Example of Unstyled List</h4>
<ul class = "list-unstyled">
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
<li>Item 4</li>
</ul>
<h4>Example of Inline List</h4>
<ul class = "list-inline">
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
<li>Item 4</li>
</ul>
<h4>Example of Definition List</h4>
<dl>
<dt>Description 1</dt>
<dd>Item 1</dd>
<dt>Description 2</dt>
<dd>Item 2</dd>
</dl>
<h4>Example of Horizontal Definition List</h4>
<dl class = "dl-horizontal">
<dt>Description 1</dt>
<dd>Item 1</dd>
<dt>Description 2</dt>
<dd>Item 2</dd>
</dl>
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