THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
UNIT – X MODERN TRENDS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS – DETAILED
NOTES
1) Biomechanical Analysis
What it is: Application of mechanics to human movement to improve performance
and reduce injury.
Core concepts
• Kinematics: motion without forces (displacement, velocity, acceleration; joint
angles; temporal phases).
• Kinetics: forces causing motion (GRF, joint moments, impulse, torque,
power).
• Planes & axes: sagittal/mediolateral, frontal/anteroposterior,
transverse/longitudinal.
• Open vs closed kinetic chains, stretch–shortening cycle,
stiffness/compliance.
• Video/Instrumented tools: 2D/3D motion capture, IMUs, force plates,
pressure insoles, EMG.
Applications
• Technique optimization: e.g., sprint start angles, countermovement depth,
hockey drag-flick sequencing.
• Injury prevention: identify valgus collapse, asymmetries, load management.
• Equipment fit: footwear, racket/bat stiffness, bicycle fit, prosthetics.
• Return-to-play: objective criteria (jump asymmetry, rate of force
development).
Measurement
• Spatiotemporal metrics (contact time, stride length), GRF peaks & loading
rate, joint ROM, RFD, power.
• Software: Dartfish/Kinovea (2D), Qualisys/Vicon (3D), OpenSim (modeling).
Cautions
• Ecological validity (lab vs field), privacy of motion data, avoid over-
constraining “individual optimal technique.”
2) Stress Management Techniques (for PE & Sport)
What it is: Methods to regulate psychophysiological arousal and enhance coping.
THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
Core concepts
• Arousal–performance relationships (Inverted-U, IZOF).
• Cognitive vs somatic anxiety, state vs trait.
• Recovery–stress balance (loads, sleep, life stressors).
Techniques
• Breathing & HRV: 6–8 breaths/min; box breathing 4×4×4×4.
• Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR).
• Mindfulness/acceptance (attention to present cues; ACT-based).
• Cognitive restructuring & self-talk scripts.
• Imagery (outcome, process, kinesthetic).
• Pre-performance routines (cue words, anchors).
• Sleep hygiene (consistent schedule, light, caffeine).
• Time management & periodization (deload weeks).
Assessment
• Self-report: CSAI-2, POMS, RESTQ-Sport.
• Physio: HRV (RMSSD), resting HR, sleep metrics, salivary cortisol (where
available).
Cautions
• Individual differences; avoid pathologizing normal nerves; know referral
pathways for clinical issues.
3) Wearable Fitness Trackers
What they are: Body-worn sensors capturing physiological and movement data.
Common sensors & outputs
• Accelerometers/gyros: steps, activity counts, jump load, PlayerLoad™.
• Optical HR (PPG) / chest-strap ECG: HR, HRV.
• GPS/GNSS + UWB/LPS: speed, distance, high-speed running, positional
heat maps.
• Thermistors/skin temp, GSR: heat strain, stress proxies.
• EMG shorts/sleeves (advanced).
Uses in PE/sport
THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
• Monitor training load (internal: HR/TRIMP; external: distance, accelerations).
• Readiness (HRV, sleep).
• Skill learning (biofeedback on cadence, tempo).
• Inclusion: prompt-based feedback for CWSN participation (vibration cues).
Assessment & pitfalls
• Validate against gold standards; wrist PPG less accurate in sprints & cold;
GPS accuracy drops in indoor/urban canyons.
• Data ethics: informed consent, minimal data collection, secure storage.
4) Virtual Reality (VR) Training
What it is: Immersive simulation for skill acquisition, decision-making, and rehab.
Modalities
• Fully immersive (HMDs), AR/MR overlays, desktop VR.
• 360° video for tactical scanning; sensor-based bat/club tracking.
Benefits
• Perceptual-cognitive training: pattern recognition, anticipation, quiet eye.
• Safe repetition of high-risk scenarios.
• Motivational engagement in PE.
Design principles
• Representative learning design (match information–movement coupling).
• Progressive overload: field of view, stimulus speed, occlusion.
• Feedback: concurrent (visual/auditory) vs terminal KP/KR.
Assessment
• Transfer tests to real performance; sickness questionnaires (SSQ); time-to-
contact errors, reaction time, decision accuracy.
Cautions
• Cybersickness, cost, and ensuring transfer to on-field contexts.
5) Data Analytics for Performance Enhancement
What it is: Turning raw sport data into actionable decisions.
Pipeline
THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
1. Acquire: wearables, video, force plates, wellness surveys.
2. Clean/engineer: remove artifacts; create features (acute:chronic load ratio,
sprint momentum, asymmetry).
3. Model: dashboards, thresholds, clustering, forecasting (simple to ML).
4. Decide: interventions (tactics, load, technique changes).
5. Review: A/B or pre–post outcomes.
Key metrics
• Load: total distance, high-speed running, accelerations; HR/TRIMP; session-
RPE.
• Neuromuscular function: CMJ height, RFD, RSI.
• Injury risk proxies: spikes, asymmetry, monotony/strain.
Cautions
• Correlation ≠ causation; small samples; avoid “black box” prescriptions;
athlete data rights.
6) Technological Innovation in Equipment, Surfaces/Play Fields & Coaching
Equipment
• Lightweight composites, energy-return foams/plates, adjustable
stiffness implements.
• Smart balls/rackets with embedded IMUs.
Surfaces/fields
• Shock absorption vs energy return balance; surface hardness standards;
turf infill choices; humidity/temperature management.
Coaching tech
• Video tagging apps; live tracking; AI-assisted scouting; digital
whiteboards; remote coaching platforms.
Evaluation
• Lab: mechanical testing (force attenuation, coefficient of restitution).
• Field: injury surveillance, performance changes, athlete preference.
Ethics & regulation
• Maintain fairness (governing-body equipment rules), safety testing, access
equity in schools.
THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
7) Sports & Games for Children with Special Needs (CWSN)
Principles
• Inclusion & UDL (Universal Design for Learning).
• Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals; multidisciplinary team.
• Strength-based approaches and safe participation.
Adaptations
• Rules: fewer players, larger targets, extra bounces.
• Equipment: lighter/larger balls, tactile markers, auditory balls, ramps.
• Environment: clear boundaries, predictable routines, visual schedules.
• Instruction: task-analysis, prompting & fading, peer buddies.
• Communication: AAC tools, PECs, simple cueing.
Assessment
• Baseline functional motor tests (TGMD-3, BOT-2), participation logs, goal-
attainment scaling.
Cautions
• Medical clearance, seizure/behavior plans, sensory processing needs,
transport & accessibility.
8) Interdisciplinary Approaches
What & why: Integrates physiology, biomechanics, psychology, pedagogy, analytics,
and nutrition to solve performance/health problems.
Models
• Performance team: coach, S&C, physio, sports psych, analyst, nutritionist,
MD.
• School PE: cross-curricular links (STEM + PE: motion capture for kinematics;
geography + PE: GPS mapping runs).
Processes
• Shared KPIs, weekly case conferences, data-informed planning, single
“athlete plan.”
Cautions
• Role clarity, data governance, avoiding siloed software.
THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
9) Early Childhood Physical Literacy
Definition: Motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and
understanding to value and take responsibility for physical activity (typically ages 3–
8).
Focus areas
• Fundamental movement skills (FMS): locomotor, object control, stability.
• Play-based learning and free exploration.
• Environments: safe, varied, equipment-rich; short, frequent bouts.
Teaching strategies
• Constraints-led approach: tweak task, environment, organism constraints.
• Feedback: external → internal focus; lots of success experiences.
• Inclusion: varied stations, buddy systems, visual cues.
Assessment
• PLAYfun/PLAYbasic, TGMD-3 checklists, parent/teacher observations.
10) Thirumoolar Astanga Yoga (Thirumandiram perspective)
Context: Thirumoolar (Tamil Siddhar) outlines Ashtanga (eight-limbed) Yoga,
paralleling the classical path.
Eight limbs & relevance to PE/sport
1. Yama (ethics): non-violence, truth—sportspersonship.
2. Niyama (personal discipline): purity, contentment—routines, habit formation.
3. Asana (postures): mobility, stability, proprioception.
4. Pranayama (breath control): down-regulate arousal, improve CO₂ tolerance.
5. Pratyahara (withdrawal): reduce distraction → focus.
6. Dharana (concentration): single-point attention (targeting, aim).
7. Dhyana (meditation): sustained attention, calm mind.
8. Samadhi (absorptive flow): parallels “flow state” in sport.
Practice design
• Sequence: joint prep → asana series → pranayama (e.g., Nadi Shodhana,
Ujjayi) → brief meditation.
• Safety: contraindications (hypertension for certain breath holds), progressive
exposure.
THE MARKS ACADEMY TRB PHYICAL EDUCATION 2025
11) Sport Tourism
Definition: Travel to participate in, watch, or celebrate sport.
Types
• Event tourism: Olympics, World Cups, marathons.
• Active tourism: ski trips, surf camps, cycling tours.
• Nostalgia/heritage: stadium/museum visits.
• Adventure/ecotourism: trail runs, mountain biking.
Impacts
• Economic: jobs, local business, seasonality risks.
• Socio-cultural: community pride vs commodification, crowding.
• Environmental: travel emissions, habitat stress—mitigate via sustainable
practices.
Management
• Stakeholder planning, capacity & transport, security, volunteer programs.
• Sustainability: carbon accounting, green venues, waste plans, local
sourcing, legacy use.
Metrics
• Visitor spend, bed nights, satisfaction, media reach, environmental indicators.
