CALCULUS II

Jazan University, Faculty of Science, Mathematics Department

Lecture Notes 2019

MATH219–MATH228
E NGINEERING C OLLEGE , JAZAN U NIVERSITY

GITHUB . COM /L AURETH T E X/C LUSTERING

This note was done under the supervision of Dr. Akram NEMRI within a total of 14 weeks, from
January 6th to April 11th of 2019.

First release, August 2016

 Contents

1 Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 The area problem 5
1.2 The definite integral 6
1.2.1 The fundamental theorem of calculus (F.T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 The indefinite integrals 8
1.3.1 Table of indefinite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 The substitution rule for indefinite integral 11
1.5 The substitution rule for definite integral 12
1.6 Exercises 13

2 Techniques of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Integration by parts 17
2.2 Trigonometric Integrals 19
2.2.1 Evaluation of trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.2 Trigonometric Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Integration of rational function by partial fraction 24
2.4 Excercises 29

3 Applications of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 Area between curves 33
3.2 Volumes 36
4

3.3 Volumes by cylindrical shells 40

3.4 Arc length 42
3.5 Area of a surface of revolution 44
3.6 Excercises 45

4 Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1 Type I: Infinite intervals 47
4.2 Type II: Discontinuous Integrands 49
4.3 Excercises 50

6 Appendix. Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

 1. Integrals

1.1 The area problem

We begin by attempting to solve the area problem: Find the area of

the region that lies under the curve from to y = f (x). This means
that, illustrated in Figure 1 is bounded by the graph of a continuous
function f [where f (x) ≥ 0], the vertical lines x = a and x = b,
and the x-axis.

We try to approximate the region by rectangles and then we take the limit of the areas of these
rectangles as we increase the number of rectangles. The following example illustrates the procedure.
 Example 1.1 Use rectangles to estimate the area under the parabola from 0 to 1 (the parabolic
region S illustrated in the figure 2). 

Figure 1.1:

Suppose we divide S into four strips.We see that the area A of S is less than A+ and larger than
A− ,
A− ≤ A ≤ A+

where
 6 Chapter 1. Integrals

Figure 1.2:

A+ = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 1/4.(1/4)2 + 1/4.(1/2)2 + 1/4.(3/4)2 + 1/4.12 = 15/32

A− = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 1/4.02 + 1/4.(1/4)2 + 1/4.(1/2)2 + 1/4.(3/4)2 = 7/32.

We can repeat this procedure with a larger number of strips, when we divide the region S into n=
5,6,... strips of equal width.

Figure 1.3:

1.2 The definite integral

Definition 1.2.1 If f is a function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b, we divide the interval [a, b] into n
subintervals of equal width ∆x = b − a/n. Then the definite integral of f from a to b is
n n
b−a n
Z b
b−a
f (x)dx = lim∑ f (xk )∆x = n→∞
lim ∑ f (a + k∆x)∆x = lim ∑ f (a + k n )
a n→∞
k=1 k=1
n→∞ n k=1

provided that this limit exists. If it does exist, we say that is integrable on [a, b].
n
The sum ∑ f (a + k∆x)∆x is called the Riemann sum of f .
k=1
n
 Example 1.2 Express lim
n→∞
∑ (xk3 + xk sin xk )∆x as an integral on the interval [0, π]. 
k=1
1.2 The definite integral 7

Comparing the given limit with the limit in the definition, we see that they will be identical if we
choose f (x) = x3 + x sin x and respectively
π −0 π π
∆x = = , xk = 0 + k∆x = k
n n n
then
π n
Z π
lim ∑ (xk3 + xk sin xk ) = (x3 + x sin x)dx.
n→∞ n 0
k=1

n
 Example 1.3 Express lim
n→∞
∑ (xk3 + 6xk )∆x as an integral on the interval [1, 3]. 
k=1
Comparing the given limit with the limit in the definition, we see that they will be identical if we
choose f (x) = x3 + 6x and respectively
3−1 2 2k
∆x = = , xk = 1 + k∆x = 1 +
n n n
then
2 n 3
Z 3
lim ∑ (xk + 6xk ) = (x3 + x)dx.
n→∞ n 1
k=1
Z 5
 Example 1.4 Set up an expression for ex dx as a limit of sums. 
2
5−2 3
Here a = 2, b = 5, f (x) = ex then ∆x = = and xk = 2 + k 3n
n n
and then
Z 5 n n
3 3k
ex dx = lim lim ∑ e2+
∑ f (xk )∆x = n→∞ n
2 n→∞
k=1 n k=1
Z a
Proposition 1.2.1 1. f (x)dx = 0
Z b a

2. cdx = c(b − a), where c is any constant

Za b Z b
3. c f (x)dx = c f (x)dx
Za b Z aa
4. f (x)dx = − f (x)dx
Za b b Z b Z b
5. [ f (x) ± g(x)]dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx
Za c Z b a Z c a

6. f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx

a a b
Z 1 Z 5
 Example 1.5 1. cos xdx = 0, ex dx = 0.
Z 10 1 Z 8 5 Z 10
2. If f (x)dx = 17 and f (x)dx = 12, Find f (x)dx
0 0 8

Z 10 Z 8 Z 10 Z 10
we have f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx, then 17 = 12 + f (x)dx
Z 10 0 0 8 8

so f (x)dx = 17 − 12 = 5
8
 8 Chapter 1. Integrals

1.2.1 The fundamental theorem of calculus (F.T)

Z x
Theorem 1.2.2 1. If f is continuous on [a,b] then: the function g(x) = f (t)dt is continuous
a
0 d
and differentiable on (a,b) and g (x) = (g(x)) = f (x)
dx
2. If f is continuous on [a,b] then:
Z b
f (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
a
0
where F is that F = f .
Z xp
 Example 1.6 Find the derivative of the function g(x) = 1 + t 2 dt 
0
√ 0 √
Since f (t) = 1 + t 2 is continuous the by F.T g (x) = 1 + x2
Z x
 Example 1.7 Find the derivative of the function sin(πt 2 /2)dt 
0
0
Solution. The function f (x) = sin(πx2 /2) is continuous then by F.T g (x) = sin(πx2 /2)
Z 3
 Example 1.8 Evaluate ex dx using F.T 
1
Solution. The function f (x) = ex is continuous everywhere then by F.T
Z 3
ex dx = F(3) − F(1) = e3 − e1
1
0
where for F(x) = ex , F (x) = ex
 Example 1.9 Find the area A under y = x2 from 0 to 1. 
0
Solution. Let F(x) = 1/3x3 , so F (x) = 3.1/3.x3−1 = x2 . Then by F.T
Z 1
A = x2 dx = F(1) − F(0) = 1/3(13 ) − 1/3(03 ) = 1/3
0
Z 6
dx
 Example 1.10 Evaluate . 
3 x
0
Solution. For x ∈ [3, 6], let F(x) = ln x so F (x) = 1/x and then
Z 6
dx
= F(6) − F(3) = ln 6 − ln 3 = ln(6/3) = ln 2.
3 x

1.3 The indefinite integrals

Z Z
0
The notation f (x)dx is called indefinite integral. Thus f (x)dx = F(x) means F (x) = f (x)

x3 d
Z
 Example 1.11 x2 dx =
because (x3 /3 +C) = x2 
3 dx
d
Z
 Example 1.12 sec2 xdx = tan x because (tan x +C) = sec2 x. 
dx
1.3 The indefinite integrals 9

Figure 1.4:
 10 Chapter 1. Integrals

1.3.1 Table of indefinite integrals

Figure 1.5:

where respectively the hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic sine are given by
ex + e−x
cosh x =
2
ex − e−x
sinh x =
2
Z
 Example 1.13 Find (10x4 − 2 sec2 x)dx 

Solution. Using F.T and the table, we have

Z Z Z
(10x4 − 2 sec2 x)dx = 10 x4 dx − 2 sec2 xdx = 10x5 /5 − 2 tan x +C.
 1.4 The substitution rule for indefinite integral 11
Z 3
 Example 1.14 Evaluate (x3 − 6x)dx 
0
Solution. Using F.T and the table, we have
Z
(x3 − 6x)dx = F(3) − F(0) = (34 /4 − 3.32 ) − (1/4.04 − 3.02 ) = 81/4 − 27,

where F(x) = x4 /4 − 6x2 /2.

Z 2
3
 Example 1.15 Find (2x3 − 6x + )dx 
0 x2 + 1
Solution. Using F.T and the table, we have
Z 2
3 2
(2x3 − 6x + )dx = 2x4 /4 − 6x2 /2 + 3 tan−1 x 0 = 1/224 − 3.22 + 3 tan−1 2 − 0,

0 x2 + 1

(tan−1 0 = 0).
Z 9 2 √
2t + t 2 t − 1
 Example 1.16 Evaluate dt 
1 t2
Solution.
√
Z 9 2
2t + t 2 t − 1
Z 9 √ 1
dt = (2 + t − 2 )dt
1 t2 1 t
" #9
t 1/2+1 t −2+1
= 2t + −
1/2 + 1 −2 + 1
1
3/2 1
= [2t + 2/3t + ]91 .
t

1.4 The substitution rule for indefinite integral

Theorem 1.4.1 If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and is continu-
ous on T, then Z Z
0
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du
Z
 Example 1.17 Find x3 cos(x4 + 2)dx 

Solution. We make the substitution u = x4 + 2 then du = 4x3 dx thus x3 dx = 1/4du and by the table
1 1 1 1
Z Z Z
x3 cos(x4 + 2)dx = cos udu = cos udu = sin u +C = sin(x4 + 2) +C.
4 4 4 4
Z √
 Example 1.18 Evaluate 2x + 1dx 

Solution. Let u = 2x + 1, so du = 2dx. Thus

Z √
u1/2+1
Z
2x + 1dx = u1/2 du = 1/2 +C
1/2 + 1
.
 12 Chapter 1. Integrals
x
Z
 Example 1.19 Find √ dx 
1 − 4x2
Solution. Let u = 1 − 4x2 , then du = −8xdx so
x 1 1 1 1 u−1/2+1 1 √ 1p
Z Z Z
√ dx = − √ du = − u−1/2 du = − +C = − .2 u +C = − 1 − 4x2 +C.
1 − 4x 2 8 u 8 8 −1/2 + 1 8 4
Z
 Example 1.20 Calculate e5x dx 

Solution. Let u = 5x then du = 5dx. Thus

1 1 1
Z Z
e5x dx = eu du = eu +C = e5x +C.
5 2 5
Z
 Example 1.21 Calculate tan xdx 

sin x
Z
Solution. First tan xdx = dx. Let u = cos x then du = − sin xdx and so
cos x
du
Z Z
tan xdx = − = − ln | u | +C = − ln | cos x | +C = ln | sec x | +C
u

1.5 The substitution rule for definite integral

0
Theorem 1.5.1 If u = g(x) and g is continuous on [a,b] then
Z b Z g(b)
0
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du
a g(a)

Z 4√
 Example 1.22 Evaluate 2x + 1dx. 
0
Solution. Let u = 2x + 1 then du = 2dx and when x = 0 → u = 2.0 + 1 = 1, x = 4 → u = 2.4 + 1 = 9.
Therefore
Z 4√
" #9
√ 1 u1/2+1
Z 9
2x + 1dx = u. du = 1/2 = 1/2.2/3(93/2 − 13/2 )
0 1 2 1/ + 1
1
Z 2
dx
 Example 1.23 Evaluate 2
. 
1 (3 − 5x)
Solution. Let u = 3 − 5x then du = −5dx and when x = 1 → u = 3 − 5.1 = −2, x = 2 → u =
3 − 5.2 = −7. Therefore
Z 2 Z −7 Z −2  −2+1 −2
dx du du u
2
dx = −1/5 2 = 1/5 2
= 1/5 = 1/5(−1/7 + 1/2).
1 (3 − 5x) −2 u −7 u −2 + 1 −7
Z e
ln x
 Example 1.24 Calculate dx. 
1 x
Solution. Let u = ln x then du = 1x dx and when x = 1 → u = ln 1 = 0, x = e → u = ln e = 1. Therefore
Z e Z 1  2 1
ln x u
dx = udu = = 1/2
1 x 0 2 0
 1.6 Exercises 13

1.6 Exercises

Exercise 1.1 Choose the correct answer from the given choices

!
1 n k

1. The lim
n→∞
∑ ln 1 + n =
n k=1
Z 1 Z 1
1
(a) 0 (b) ln(1 + x) dx (c) dx
0 0 1+x
!
1 n 1
2. the limit lim ∑
n→∞ n k=1 1 + k22
n Z 1 Z 1
1 1
(a) 0 (b) dx (c) dx 
0 1 + x2 0 1+x

Z 1
2
Exercise 1.2 1. Express the integral xex dx in term of infinit sum
0
Z 3
2. Same question for the integral ex dx 
1

Z p
Exercise 1.3 Find 1 + x2 x5 dx 

Z
Exercise 1.4 Calculate tan xdx 

Z
Exercise 1.5 Evaluate cos3 x sin xdx 

Z
Exercise 1.6 Calculate x sin(x2 )dx 

dx
Z
Exercise 1.7 Find 
5 − 3x

x
Z
Exercise 1.8 Calculate dx 
x2 + 1
14 Chapter 1. Integrals

sin(ln x)
Z
Exercise 1.9 Find dx 
x

Z
Exercise 1.10 Calculate ecost sintdt 

cos x
Z
Exercise 1.11 Evaluate dx 
sin2 x

Z
Exercise 1.12 Find x cos(x2 )dx 

Z 2 1
ex
Exercise 1.13 Calculate dx 
1 x2

Z e4
dx
Exercise 1.14 Evaluate √ 
e x ln x

Z 1 z
e +1
Exercise 1.15 Calculate dz 
0 ez + z

Z 1
2
Exercise 1.16 Find xex dx 
0

Exercise 1.17Z Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivative of the function.
x t2
1. F(x) =
0 1 + t3
Z x4
2. G(x) = cos(t 2 )dt
√ 0
Z x et
3. Y = dt
x t


Exercise 1.18 Evaluate the integrals, if it exists

Z 2
1. (8x2 + 3x2 + 7)dx
1
1.6 Exercises 15
Z 9√
u − 2u2
2. du
Z1 u
3. tan x ln(cos x)dx
cos(ln x)
Z
4. dx
x
1−x 2
Z
5. ( ) dx
x
x+2
Z
6. √ dx
Z x2 + 4x
7. sin x cos(cos x)dx
√
e x
Z
8. √ dx
x
Z π
4
9. (1 + tant)3 sec2 tdt
0

 2. Techniques of Integration

2.1 Integration by parts

The rule that corresponds to the product rule for differentiation is called the rule for Integration by
parts (I.p)

Theorem 2.1.1 If u = f (x) and v = g(x), then

Z Z
0
uv dx = uv − u0 v dx (2.1)

Z
 Example 2.1 Find x sin x dx. 

Solution. Let u = x then u0 = 1, v0 = sin x then v = − cos x

By using the formula (1), we have
Z Z Z
x sin x dx = x(− cos x) − 1 · (− cos x)dx = −x cos x + cos x dx = −x cos x + sin x +C

Z
 Example 2.2 Evaluate ln x dx. 

1
Solution. Let u = ln x then u0 = , v0 = 1 then v = x
x
By using the formula (1), we have

1
Z Z Z Z
ln x dx = ln x · 1 dx = x ln x − x · dx = x ln x − 1 dx = x ln x − x +C
x
Z
 Example 2.3 Evaluate t 2 et dt. 

Solution. Let u = t 2 then u0 = 2t, v0 = et then v = et .

18 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration

By using the formula (1), we have

Z Z
t 2 et dt = t 2 et − 2 t et dt (2.2)

Again using formula (1), we have

u = t =⇒ u0 = 1, v0 = et =⇒ v = et .
Therefore from (2)
Z Z Z
2 t 2 t 2 t
t e dt = t e − 2(te − t t
1 · e dt) = t e − 2te + 2 t
et dt = t 2 et − 2tet + 2et +C

Z
 Example 2.4 Evaluate ex sin x dx. 

Solution. Let u = ex then u0 = ex , v0 = sin x then v = − cos x.

By using the formula (1), we have
Z Z
ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex cos x dx (2.3)

Again using formula (1)

u = ex =⇒ u0 = ex , v0 = cos x =⇒ v = sin x.
Therefore from (3)
Z Z
ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + (ex sin x − ex sin x dx)

Z
2 ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex sin x

ex cos x ex sin x
Z
ex sin x dx = − + +C
2 2
Z 1
 Example 2.5 Evaluate tan−1 x dx. 
0

Solution. Let u = tan−1 x then u0 = 1

1+x2
, v0 = 1 then v = x.
By using the formula (1), we have

x
Z Z Z
−1 −1 −1
tan x dx = tan x · 1 dx = x tan x− dx
1 + x2

1 2x 1
Z
= x tan−1 x − 2
dx = x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 ) +C
2 1+x 2
Z 1
1
tan−1 x dx = [x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 )]10
0 2
1 1
= [1 · tan−1 1 − ln(1 + 12 )] − [0 · tan−1 0 − ln(1 + 02 )]
2 2
π 1 π
= − ln 2 (using tan−1 1 = , ln 1 = 0)
4 2 4
 2.2 Trigonometric Integrals 19

2.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In this Section we use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of trigonometric
functions. We start with powers of sine and cosine

Z
 Example 2.6 Evaluate cos3 x dx. 

Solution. We write
Z Z Z
cos3 x dx = cos2 x · cos x dx = (1 − sin2 x) cos x dx (using cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x) (2.4)

Taking sin x = u =⇒ cos x dx = du. Therefore from (4), we have

1 1
Z Z
cos3 x dx = (1 − u2 )du = u − u3 +C = sin x − sin3 x +C
3 3
Z
 Example 2.7 Evaluate sin5 x cos2 x dx. 
20 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration

Solution. We write
Z Z Z
sin5 x cos2 x dx = sin4 x sin x cos2 x dx = (sin2 x)2 sin x cos2 x dx

Z
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx (using sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x) (2.5)

Taking cos x = u =⇒ sin x dx = −du. Therefore from (5), we have

Z Z Z
sin5 x cos2 x dx = (1 − u2 )2 u2 (−du) = − (1 + u4 − 2u2 ) u2 du

[using the formula (A−B)2 = A2 +B2 −

2AB]

u3 u7 u5 cos3 x cos7 x cos5 x

Z
=− (u2 + u6 − 2u4 ) du = −[ + − 2 ] +C = −[ + −2 ] +C
3 7 5 3 7 5

Z π
 Example 2.8 Evaluate sin2 x dx. 
0

Solution. We write

1 − cos 2x 1 1 − cos 2x
Z π Z π Z π
sin2 x dx = dx = (1 − cos 2x) dx (using sin2 x = )
0 0 2 2 0 2

π
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= [x − sin 2x] = [π − sin 2π] − [0 − sin 0] = π (where sin 0 = sin 2π = 0)
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2
Z
 Example 2.9 Evaluate sin4 x dx. 

Solution. We write

1 − cos 2x 2 1 − cos 2x
Z Z Z
sin4 x dx = sin2 x · sin2 x dx = ( ) dx (using sin2 x = )
2 2

1 1 1 + cos 4x 1 + cos 4x
Z Z
2
= (1+cos 2x−2 cos 2x)dx = (1+ −2 cos 2x)dx (using cos2 2x = )
4 4 2 2

1 3 cos 4x 1 3 sin 4x sin 2x 1 3 sin 4x

Z
= ( + −2 cos 2x)dx = [ x+ −2 ]+C = [ x+ −sin 2x]+C
4 2 2 4 2 2·8 2 4 2 8
 2.2 Trigonometric Integrals 21

Z
 Example 2.10 Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx. 

Solution. For m=6 and n=4, we use u = tan x then du = sec2 xdx and from sec2 x = tan2 x + 1
we have
u7 u9 tan7 x tan9 x
Z Z
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx = u6 (1 + u2 )du = + +C = + +C.
7 9 7 9
Z
 Example 2.11 Evaluate tan5 x sec7 x dx. 

Solution. For m=5 and n=7, we use u = sec x then du = sec x tan xdx and from tan2 x = sec2 x + 1
we have
Z Z Z Z
tan5 x sec7 x dx = tan4 x sec6 x tan x sec x dx = (u2 − 1)2 u6 dx = (u10 − 2u8 + u6 )du
u11 u9 u7
= − 2 + +C
11 9 7
sec11 x sec9 x sec7 x
= −2 + +C.
11 9 7

2.2.1 Evaluation of trigonometric Integrals

To evaluate the integrals of type
Z Z Z
(a) sin mx cos nx dx (b) sin mx sin nx dx(c) cos mx cos nx dx,
 22 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration

we use the following identities:

1
(a) sin A cos B = [sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)]
2

1
(b) sin A sin B = [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
2

1
(c) cos A cos B = [cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]
2
Z
 Example 2.12 Evaluate sin 4x cos 5x dx. 

Solution. By using the identity in equation 2.2 (a), we have

1
Z Z
sin 4x cos 5x dx = [sin(4x − 5x) + sin(4x + 5x)] dx
2

1
Z
= [sin(−x) + sin(9x)] dx
2

1
Z
= [− sin x + sin 9x] dx (using sin(−x) = − sin x)
2

1 cos 9x
= (cos x − ) +C
2 9
Z
 Example 2.13 Evaluate sin 3x sin 6x dx. 

Solution. By using the identity in equation 2.2 (b), we have

1
Z Z
sin 3x sin 6x dx = [cos(3x − 6x) − cos(3x + 6x)] dx
2

1
Z
= [cos(−3x) − cos(9x)] dx
2

1
Z
= [cos 3x − cos 9x] dx (using cos(−x) = cos x)
2

1 sin 3x sin 9x
= ( − ) +C
2 3 9

2.2.2 Trigonometric Substitution

In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given radical
expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities.
2.2 Trigonometric Integrals 23

Figure 2.1:
Z √
9 − x2
 Example 2.14 Evaluate dx. 
x2
Solution. Taking x = 3 sin θ =⇒ dx = 3 cos θ dθ
√ p √
and 9 − x2 = 9 − 9 sin2 θ = 9 cos2 θ = |3 cos θ | (Since cos θ ≥ 0 f or − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 )

Therefore we have
Z √
9 − x2 3 cos θ
Z Z Z
2
dx = 2
· 3 cos θ dθ = cot dθ = (csc2 θ − 1)dθ = − cot θ − θ +C
x2 9 sin θ
2 y2
 Example 2.15 find the area enclosed by the ellipse ax2 + b2 = 1. 

Figure 2.2:

Solution. The total area A is four times the area in the first quadrant. Solving the equation of the
ellipse for y

y2 x2 a2 − x2
= 1 − =
b2 a2 a2
 24 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration
r √
y a2 − x 2 a2 − x2
=⇒ = ± =
b a2 a
b p
=⇒ y = a2 − x 2
a

Z a p
b
A=4 a2 − x2 dx (2.6)
0 a
Taking x = a sin θ =⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ
For x = 0 =⇒ a sin θ = 0 or sin θ = 0 =⇒ θ = 0

π
For x = a =⇒ a sin θ = a or sin θ = 1 =⇒ θ = 2

Therefore from (6), we have

π π π
b b (1 + cos2θ )
Z Z Z
2 2 2
A=4 a cos θ · a cos θ dθ = 4 · a2 2
cos θ dθ = 4ab dθ
a 0 a 0 0 2
π π
sin 2θ 2 π sin π 0 sin 0
Z
2
= 2ab (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ = 2ab [θ + ] = 2ab [ + ] − 2ab [ + ]
0 2 0 2 2 2 2
π
= 2ab · = πab (since sin 0 = sin π = 0)
2

2.3 Integration of rational function by partial fraction

P(x)
Let us consider a rational function f (x) = Q(x) , where P and Q are polynomials.

Definition 2.3.1 If f is improper, that is, deg(P) ≥ deg(Q), then

R(x)
f (x) = S(x) +
Q(x)
where R(x) is the remainder of the division of Q into P and S and R are also polynomials.
x3 + x
Z
 Example 2.16 find dx. 
x−1
P(x)
Solution. Since f (x) = Q(x) , where deg(P) = 3 ≥ deg(Q) = 1. Then by dividing P by Q, we obtain
x3 +x 2
f (x) = x−1 = x2 + x + 2 + x−1

x3 + x 2 x3 x2
Z Z
Therefore, dx = (x2 − x + 2 + ) dx = − + 2x + 2 ln|x − 1| +C
x−1 x−1 3 2

Definition 2.3.2 If the denominator Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors. This mean that
we can write

Q(x) = (a1 x + b1 )(a2 x + b2 ) · · · · · · (ak x + bk ).

2.3 Integration of rational function by partial fraction 25

In this case there exist a1 , a2 , · · · ak such that

P(x) A1 A2 Ak
f (x) = = + ······+
Q(x) a1 x + b1 a2 x + b2 ak x + bk
x2 + 2x − 1
Z
 Example 2.17 Evaluate dx. 
2x3 + 3x2 − 2x
Solution. Since Q(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 2x = x(2x2 + 3x − 2) = x(2x − 1)(x + 2). Therefore

x2 + 2x − 1 x2 + 2x − 1 A1 A2 A3
3 2
= = + + . (2.7)
2x + 3x − 2x x(2x − 1)(x + 2) x 2x − 1 x + 2

Now we have to calculate A1 A2 and A3 . We multiply both sides by x

x2 + 2x − 1
|x=0 = A1 (2.8)
(2x − 1)(x + 2)

Same, we multiply both sides by (2x − 1)

x2 + 2x − 1
| 1 = A2 (2.9)
x(x + 2) x= 2

and, we multiply both sides by (x + 2)

x2 + 2x − 1
|x=−2 = A3 (2.10)
x(2x − 1)

From equations (8), (9) and (10), we get

02 + 2 · 0 − 1 −1 1
A1 = = =
(2 · 0 − 1)(0 + 2) −2 2

( 12 )2 + 2 · 12 − 1 1
4 +1−1 1
4 1
A2 = 1 1
= 1 5
= 5
=
2(2 + 2) 2 · 2 4
5

(−2)2 + 2(−2) − 1 4 − 4 − 1 −1 1
A3 = = = =
−2(2(−2) − 1) −2 · −5 −10 10
Putting the values of A1 , A2 and A3 in (8) and then integrating, we have

x2 + 2x − 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z Z
dx = ( · + · − · )dx
2x3 + 3x2 − 2x 2 x 5 2x − 1 10 x + 2

1 1 1 1
= ln |x| + · ln |2x − 1| − ln |x + 2| +C
2 5 2 10
1 1 1
= ln |x| + ln |2x − 1| − ln |x + 2| +C
2 10 10
dx
Z
 Example 2.18 Evaluate , where a 6= 0. 
x2 − a2
26 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration

Solution. We can write

1 1 A1 A2
= = + (2.11)
x2 − a2 (x − a)(x + a) (x − a) (x + a)

We multiply both sides by (x − a)

1 1
A1 = |x=a =
x+a 2a
Similarly, we multiply both sides by (x + a)
1 1 1
A2 = |x=−a = =− .
x−a −a − a 2a
Putting the values of A1 and A2 in (11) and then integrating, we have
dx 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z Z Z
= dx − dx = ln |x − a| − ln |x + a| +C
x2 − a2 2a (x − a) 2a (x + a) 2a 2a

Definition 2.3.3 If the denominator Q(x) is a product of linear factors, some of which are
repeated. Suppose the first linear factor (a1 x + b1 ) is repeated times; that is, (a1 x + b1 )r occurs in
the factorization of Q(x). We use
A1 A2 A3 Ar
+ 2
+ 3
+ ... +
a1 x + b1 (a1 x + b1 ) (a1 x + b1 ) (a1 x + b1 )r

where A1 , A2 , A3 , ..., Ar are constants to be determined.

x+1
Z
 Example 2.19 Evaluate dx. 
(x − 1)2 (x + 4)
Solution. We can write
x+1 A1 A2 B
2
= + 2
+
(x − 1) (x + 4) x − 1 (x − 1) x+4
x+1 2 x+1 −3
A2 = |x=1 = , B= 2
|x=−4 =
x+4 5 (x − 1) 25
1 2 −3 1 3
For x = 0, = −A1 + + ( ) then A1 =
4 5 25 4 25
So
x+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z Z Z Z
dx = dx + dx − dx ln |x| + ln |2x − 1| − 1 ln |x + 2| +C.
(x − 1)2 (x + 4) 2 x 5 2x − 1 10 x+2 2 10 10
x2 + 2
Z
 Example 2.20 Find dx. 
(x − 2)2 (x + 1)3
Solution. We can write

x2 + 2 A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
2 3
= + 2
+ + 2
+
(x − 2) (x + 1) x − 2 (x − 2) x + 1 (x + 1) (x + 1)3
2.3 Integration of rational function by partial fraction 27

where A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 and B3 are constants to be determined.

x2 + 2 6 x2 + 2 3
A2 = 3
|x=2 = , B3 = 2
|x=−1 = .
(x + 1) 8 (x − 2) 9
Now if multiply both sides by x and make x → ∞, we obtain 0 = A1 + B1 then A1 = −B1 .
Moreover, if we reduce to the same denominator, we obtain the following system
Definition 2.3.4 If the denominator Q(x) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is
repeated. If Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where b2 − 4ac < 0 then, in addition to the partial fractions the
R(x)
expression for will have a term of the form
Q(x)

Ax + B
ax2 + bx + c
where A and B are constants to be determined.
x+1
Z
 Example 2.21 Evaluate dx. 
(x − 1)2 (x + 4)
Solution. We can write
x+1 A1 A2 B
= + +
(x − 1)2 (x + 4) x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 4

x+1 2 x+1 −3
A2 = |x=1 = , B= 2
|x=−4 =
x+4 5 (x − 1) 25
1 2 −3 1 3
For x = 0, = −A1 + + ( ) then A1 =
4 5 25 4 25
So
x+1 3 1 2 1 3 1
Z Z Z Z
dx = dx + dx − dx
(x − 1)2 (x + 4) 25 x − 1 5 (x − 1) 2 25 x + 4
3 2 (x − 1)−2+1 3
= ln |x − 1| + − ln |x + 4| +C.
25 5 −2 + 1 25
x2 + 2
Z
 Example 2.22 Find dx. 
(x − 2)2 (x + 1)3
Solution. We can write

x2 + 2 A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
2 3
= + 2
+ + 2
+
(x − 2) (x + 1) x − 2 (x − 2) x + 1 (x + 1) (x + 1)3

where A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 and B3 are constants to be determined.

x2 + 2 6 x2 + 2 3
A2 = |x=2 = , B3 = |x=−1 = .
(x + 1)3 8 (x − 2)2 9
Now if multiply both sides by x and make x → ∞, we obtain 0 = A1 + B1 then B1 = −A1 .
Moreover, if take respectively x = 0 and x = 1, we obtain the following system
28 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration

1 3 3 1
= − A1 + + B2 +
2 2 16 3
3 3 3 1 1
= − + + B2 +
8 2 4 4 24
19 79 79
solving this system we obtain, B2 = 36 A1 = 216 and B1 = − 216 and then

x2 + 2 79 1 6 1 79 1 19 1 3 1
Z Z Z Z Z Z
2 3
dx = dx+ 2
dx− dx+ 2
dx+ dx
(x − 2) (x + 1) 216 x−2 8 (x − 2) 216 x+1 36 (x + 1) 9 (x + 1)3
79 6 (x − 2)−2+1 79 19 (x + 1)−2+1 3 (x + 1)−3+1
= ln | x − 2 | + − ln | x + 1 | + + +C
216 8 −2 + 1 216 36 −2 + 1 9 −3 + 1

Definition 2.3.5 If the denominator Q(x) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is
repeated. If Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where b2 − 4ac < 0 then, in addition to the partial fractions the
R(x)
expression for will have a term of the form
Q(x)

Ax + B
ax2 + bx + c
where A and B are constants to be determined.
2x2 − x + 4
Z
 Example 2.23 Evaluate dx. 
x3 + 4x
Solution. We can write
2x2 − x + 4 2x2 − x + 4 A Bx +C
= = + 2
x3 + 4x x(x2 + 4) x x +4
2x2 − x + 4 A(x2 + 4) + (Bx +C)x
=
x(x2 + 4) x(x2 + 4)
We multiply both sides by x(x2 + 4), we have
2x2 − x + 4 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx +C)x
2x2 − x + 4 = Ax2 + 4A + Bx2 +Cx = (A + B)x2 +Cx + 4A
Thus we have
A + B = 2, C = −1, 4A = 4
=⇒ A = 1, B = 1 and C = −1
and then integrating, we have
2x2 − x + 4 1 x−1 1 x 1
Z Z Z
dx = ( + 2 ) dx = ( + 2 − ) dx
x3 + 4x x x +4 x x + 4 x2 + 4
1 1 2·x 1
Z
= ( + · 2 − 2 ) dx
x 2 x +4 x +4
1 1 x 1 1 x
Z
= ln |x| + ln |x2 + 4| − tan−1 +C (using 2 2
dx = tan−1 )
2 2 2 x +a a a
 2.4 Excercises 29

 Example 2.24 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the function. Do not
determine the numerical values of the coefficients.
2x04
1.
(x + 3)(3x + 1)
3x − 2
2. 2
x +x−2
x4 + 1
3. 5
x + 4x3
x+1
4. 2
x + 4x + 3
2x + 1
5.
(x − 1)(x − 3)4 (x2 + 4)2
x
6. 6
x − x3
x3 + 1
7.
(x − 1)3 (x + 2)2 (x2 + 1)2


2.4 Excercises
Exercise
Z 2.1 Evaluate the integral using integration by parts
1. x2 ln xdx
Z
2. x cos xdx
Z
3. arctan xdx
Z
4. ln(2x + 1)dx
Z 9
ln x
5. √ dx
4 x
Z π
2
6. sin2 x cos2 xdx
Z0 1
7. (x2 + 1)ex dx
Z0
8. cos x ln(sin x)dx


Exercise 2.2 First make a substitution and then use integration by parts to evaluate the integral.
√
1. cos(
Z x)dx
2. ex sin(2x)dx
Z
3. x ln(x + 1)dx
Z
5. sin(ln x)dx
Z π
2
6. sin2 x cos2 xdx
0
30 Chapter 2. Techniques of Integration
Z 1
7. (x2 + 1)ex dx
Z0
8. cos x ln(sin x)dx


Exercise
Z 2.3 Evaluate the integral.
1. sin3 x cos2 xdx
Z
2. sin6 x cos3 xdx
Z
3. cos6 xdx
Z
4. cos x cos5 (sin x)dx
Z π
5. π
sin5 x cos3 xdx
2
Z π
2
6. sin2 x cos2 xdx
Z0
7. sec2 x tan xdx
Z
8. tan2 xdx
Z
9. tan5 x sec4 xdx
Z
10. tan3 x sec5 xdx
Z
11. sin(8x) cos(5x)dx
Z
12. cos(πx) cos(4πx)dx
Z
13. sin(5x) sin(3x)dx
Z
14. sin(5x) cos(2x)dx


Exercise 2.4 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the function. Do not
determine the numerical values of the coefficients.
2x
1.
(x + 3)(3x + 1)
x
2. 2
x +x−2
x4 + 1
3. 5
x + 4x3
x3
4. 2
x + 4x + 3
2x + 1
5.
(x + 1)3 (x2 + 4)2
2.4 Excercises 31
1
6.
x6 − x3


Exercise
Z 2.5 Evaluate the integral.
x
7. dx
Z (x − 6)
x−9
8. dx
(x + 5)(x − 2)
Z 3
1
9. 2
dx
Z2 x − 1
1
10. dx
(x − 1)(x + 5)2
Z 3
x + x2 + 2x + 1
11. 2 2 2
dx
Z (x − 1)(x + 5)
x+4
12. 2 + 2x + 5
dx
x
1
Z
13. dx
x3 + 1

 3. Applications of Integration

3.1 Area between curves

Definition 3.1.1 The area S of the region bounded by the curves y = f (x), y = g(x) and the lines
x = a, x = b where f and g are continuous and f (x) ≥ g(x) for all x in [a,b] is
Z b
S= [ f (x) − g(x)] dx
a

Figure 3.1:

and more general, the area A between the curves y = f (x), y = g(x) and the lines x = a, x = b
Z b
A= | f (x) − g(x) | dx
a
34 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

Figure 3.2:
 Example 3.1 Find the area of the region bounded above by y = ex , bounded below by y = x, and
bounded on the sides by x = 0 and x = 1. 

Solution.

Figure 3.3:

h i1
x − x2
R1 x
A= 0 (e − x)dx = e 2 = e − 32 .
0

 Example 3.2 Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas y = x2 and y = 2x − x2 . 

Solution.

Figure 3.4:

We first find the points of intersection of the parabolas by solving x2 = 2x − x2 then 2x2 − 2x =
3.1 Area between curves 35

2x(x − 1) = 0 so x = 0 or x = 1. The points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1). So the total area is

1
x2 x3
Z 1 Z 1 
2 2 2 1 1
A= (2x − x − x )dx = (2x − 2x )dx = 2 − = 2( − )
0 0 2 3 0 2 3

 Example 3.3 Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x and y = cos x, x = 0,
x = π/2.

Figure 3.5:

Solution.
First, for all x ∈ [0, π2 ] sin x = cos x if and only if x = π
4 and then

for all x ∈ [0, π4 ], sin x ≥ cos x so | cos x − sin x |= cos x − sin x

and for all x ∈ [ π4 , π2 ], sin x ≤ cos x so | cos x − sin x |= −(cos x − sin x).

Therefore

Z π/2
A = | cos x − sin x | dx
0
Z π/4 Z π/2
= | cos x − sin x | dx + | cos x − sin x | dx
0 π/4
Z π/4 Z π/2
= (cos x − sin x)dx + −(cos x − sin x)dx
0 π/4
π π
= [sin x + cos x]04 + [− cos x − sin x] π2
4
1 1 1 1 √
= ( √ + √ − 0 − 1) + (−0 − 1 + √ + √ ) = 2 2 − 2.
2 2 2 2

 Example 3.4 Find the area enclosed by the line y = x − 1 and the parabola y2 = 2x + 6.
 36 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

Figure 3.6:

Solution.
we have to find the points of intersections for y2 = 2x + 6 and x = y + 1. Thus y2 = 2x + 6 =
2(y + 1) + 6 = 2y + 2 + 6, this imply that y2 − 2y − 8 = 0 then y = 2−6 2+6
2 = −2 and y = 2 = 4; and
the intersection point are (−1, −2) and (5, 4).

We must now integrate between y = −2 and y = 4. Thus

Z 4 Z 4
A= | f (y) − g(y) | dy = xR − xL dy
−2 −2

y2 −6
where xR = y + 1 and xL = 2

then

4
1 y3 y2
Z 4 Z 4 
1 1 2
A= [(y + 1) − (y2 − 6)]dy = (− y + y + 4)dy = − + + 4y = 18.
−2 2 −2 2 23 2 −2

3.2 Volumes

For a solid S, we start by intersecting S with a plane and obtaining a plane region that is called a
cross-section of S. Let A(x) be the area of the cross-section of in a plane Px perpendicular to the
x-axis and passing through the point x, where a ≤ x ≤ b.
3.2 Volumes 37

Figure 3.7:

Definition 3.2.1 Let S be a solid that lies between x = a and x = b. If the cross-sectional area
of s in the plane Px , through x and perpendicular to the x-axis, is A(x), where A is a continuous
function, then the volume of S is Z b
V= A(x)dx.
a

 Example 3.5 Show that the volume of a sphere of radius is V = 34 πr3 .

Figure 3.8:

√
Solution. the plane Px intersects the sphere in a circle whose radius is y = r2 − x2 . So the
cross-sectional area is

A(x) = πy2 = π(r2 − x2 )

38 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

Using the definition of volume with a = −r and b = r, we have

Z r Z r Z r
V = A(x)dx = π(r − x )dx = 2 π(r2 − x2 )dx
2 2
−r −r 0
 3
r 3
x r 4
= 2π r2 x − = 2π(r3 − ) = πr3 .
3 0 3 3

 Example 3.6 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region under
√
the curve y = x from 0 to 1.

Figure 3.9:

√
Solution. If we rotate about the x-axis, we get a disk with radius x. The area of this cross-section is

√
A(x) = π( x)2 = πx.

So, the volume is

Z 1 Z 1  2 1
x π
V= A(x)dx = πxdx = π = .
0 0 2 0 2

 Example 3.7 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y = x3 ,
y = 8, and x = 0 about the y-axis.
3.2 Volumes 39

Figure 3.10:


1
Solution. The area of this cross-section is a disk with radius x = y . So
3

1
A(y) = πx2 = π(y 3 )2

and
3 5/3 1 96
Z 8 Z 8  
2
V= A(y)dy = πy dy = π y
3 = π.
0 0 5 0 5
 Example 3.8 The region R enclosed by the curves y = x and y = x2 is rotated about the x-axis.
Find the volume of the resulting solid.

Figure 3.11:

Solution. In this example

A(x) = πx2 − π(x2 )2 = π(x2 − x4 ).
 40 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

So

 3 1
x5
Z 1 Z 1
2 4 x 2π
V= A(x)dx = π(x − x )dx = π − =
0 0 3 5 0 15

3.3 Volumes by cylindrical shells

Definition 3.3.1 The volume of a solid, obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region under
the curve y = f (x) from a to b (0 ≤ a ≤ b), is
Z b
V= 2πx f (x)dx.
a

Figure 3.12:

The best way to remember this is to think of a typical shell, cut and flattened as in the figure,
with radius x, circumference 2πx, height f (x), and thickness dx:

Z b
( 2πx ) [ f (x) ] dx .
a | {z } | {z } |{z}
circum f erence height thickness
3.3 Volumes by cylindrical shells 41

Figure 3.13:

 Example 3.9 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded

by y = 2x2 − x3 and y = 0.

Figure 3.14:

Solution. From the sketch in figure, we see that a typical shell has radius x, circumference 2πx,
and height f (x) = 2x2 − x3 . So, by the shell method, the volume is

Z 2 Z 2  2
1 1 16π
V= 2πx f (x)dx = 2π (2x − x )dx = 2π x4 − x5
3 4
= .
0 0 2 5 0 5

 Example 3.10 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region
between y = x and y = x2 .
 42 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

Figure 3.15:

Solution. The volume is

1
x3 x4
Z 1 Z 1 
2 2π
V= 2πx f (x)dx = 2π x(x − x )dx = 2π − =
0 0 3 4 0 12

3.4 Arc length

0
Definition 3.4.1 If is f is continuous on [a,b], then the length of the curve y = f (x), a ≤ f (x) ≤ b
is
Z br Z bq
dy 2 0
L= 1+( ) dx = 1 + ( f (x))2 dx
a dx a

 Example 3.11 Find the length of the arc of the semicubical parabola y2 = x3 between the points
(1,1) and (4,8).

Figure 3.16:
3.4 Arc length 43

Solution. For the top half of the curve we have

dy 3 1/2
y = x3/2 = x
dx 2
and so the arc length formula gives
Z r 4 Z 4r
dy 9
L= 1 + ( )2 dx = L = 1 + x dx
1 dx 1 4
If we substitute u = 1 + 94 x then du = 94 dx. For x = 1 → u = 1 + 94 .1 = 13 9
4 , x = 4 → u = 1 + 4 .4 = 10.
So
Z 4r
9 9 10 √ 9 2 h 3/2 i10 8 13
Z
L= 1 + x dx = u dx = . u = (1010 − ( )3/2 ).
1 4 4 13
4
4 3 13
4 27 4

0
Definition 3.4.2 If a curve has the equation x = g(y), c ≤ y ≤ d and g is continuous, then
s
Z d Z dq
dx 2 0
L= 1+( ) dy = 1 + (g (y))2 dy
c dy c

 Example 3.12 Find the length of the arc of the parabola x = y2 between the points (0,0) and (1,1).

Figure 3.17:

dx
Solution. Since x = y2 , we have = 2y and then
dy
Z 1q Z 1p
L= 1 + (2y)2 dy = 1 + 4y2 dy
0 0

We make the trigonometric substitution

1 1 p p
y = tan θ , dy = sec2 θ dθ and 1 + 4y2 = 1 + tan2 θ = sec θ . When y = 0, tan θ = 0 → θ = 0
2 2
 44 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

and when y = 1, tan θ = 2 → θ = tan−1 2. Thus

Z tan−1 2 Z tan−1 2
1 1
L= sec θ . sec2 θ dθ = sec3 θ dθ (m = 0, n = 1)
0 2 2 0
0
we use the integration by part rule u = sec θ → du = sec θ tan θ dθ and v = sec2 θ → v = tan θ then
Z Z
sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − sec θ tan2 θ dθ
Z
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ (sec2 θ − 1)dθ
Z Z
= sec θ tan θ − sec3 θ dθ + sec θ dθ
Z
= sec θ tan θ − sec3 θ dθ + ln | sec θ + tan θ |

then Z
2 sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ |.
−1 2
Thus L = 12 21 [sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ |]tan
0 = 14 sec(tan−1 2) tan(tan−1 2) + ln | sec(tan−1 2) +
tan tan−1 2|.

3.5 Area of a surface of revolution

Definition 3.5.1 The surface area or the area of a surface of revolution obtained by rotating
the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b about the x-axis is defined by
Z b Z b r
dy
q
0 2
S= 2π f (x) 1 + [ f (x)] dx = 2πy 1 + [ ]2 dx
a a dx
For rotation about the y-axis, the surface area formula becomes
r
Z q b Z b dy 2
0
S= 2πx 1 + [ f (x)]2 dx = 2πx 1+[ ] dx
a a dx

Figure 3.18:
 3.6 Excercises 45

 Example 3.13 The arc of the parabola y = x2 from (1,1) to (2,4) is rotated about the y-axis. Find
the area of the resulting surface.

Figure 3.19:

dy
Solution. Using y = x2 then = 2x then
dx
Z 2 q Z 2 p
S= 2πx 1 + (2x)2 dx = 2π x 1 + 4x2 dx
1 1

Substituting u = 1 + 4x2 , du = 8xdx then

√ π 2 3/2 7 π h √ √ i
Z 17  
π
S= udu = u = 17 17 − 5 5 .
4 5 4 3 5 6

3.6 Excercises
Exercise 3.1 Find the area of the shaded region.
46 Chapter 3. Applications of Integration

Exercise 3.2 Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given
curves about the specified line.
1
1. y = 2 − x, y = 0, x = 1, x = 2; about the x-axis.
2
2. y = 1 − x2 , y = 0; about the x-axis.
3. y = ln x, y = 1, y = 2, x = 0; about the y-axis.
4. y = x3 , y = x, x ≥ 0; about the x-axis.


Exercise 3.3 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume generated by rotating the
region bounded by the given curves about the y-axis. Sketch the region and a typical shell.
1
1. y = , y = 0, x = 1
x
2. y = x2 , y = 0, x = 1


Exercise 3.4 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid obtained by
rotating the region bounded by the given curves about the x-axis. Sketch the region and a typical
shell.
1. x = 1 + y2 , x = 0, y = 1, y = 2
2. y = x3 , x = 0, y = 1

 4. Improper Integrals

4.1 Type I: Infinite intervals

Definition 4.1.1 (Improper integral of type I)
Z t
(a) If f (x)dx exists for every number t ≥ a, then
a
Z ∞ Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→∞ a

provided this limit exists (as a finite number).

Z a
(b) If f (x)dx exists for every number t ≤ b, then
t
Z a Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
−∞ t→−∞ t

provided this limit exists (as a finite number).

Z ∞ Z b
The improper integrals f (x)dx and f (x)dx are called convergent if the correspond-
a −∞
ing limitZ exists and divergent if the limit does not exist.
∞ Z a
(c) If both f (x)dx and f (x)dx are convergent, then we define
a −∞
Z ∞ Z a Z ∞
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
−∞ −∞ a

Any of the improper integrals in the definition, can be interpreted as an area provided
Z that f is a ∞
positive function. For instance, in case (a) we define the area of the region S by A = f (x)dx
a
48 Chapter 4. Improper Integrals

Figure 4.1:

1
Z ∞
 Example 4.1 Determine whether the integral dx is convergent or divergent. 
x 1
Solution. According to part (a) of the definition, we have
Z t
1 1
Z ∞
dx = lim dx = lim [ln |x|]t1
1 x t→∞ a x t→∞
= lim (lnt − ln 1).
t→∞

1
Z ∞
The limit does not exist as a finite number and so the improper integral dx is divergent.
1 x
Z 0
 Example 4.2 Evaluate xex dx. 
−∞
Solution. Using part (b) of the definition, we have
Z 0 Z 0
x
x e dx = lim x ex dx
−∞ t→−∞ t

0
We integrate by parts with u = x and v = ex so that
Z 0 Z 0
x
x e dx = [xex ]t0 − ex dx = −tet − 1 + et
t t

thus by Hospital’s Rule we have

t 1
lim −tet = lim = lim = lim −et = 0
t→−∞ t→−∞ e−t t→−∞ −e−t t→−∞
then
∈0−∞ x ex dx = lim (−tet − 1 + et ) = −0 − 1 + 0 = −1
t→−∞
Z 0
Therefore, xex dx converge.
−∞
1
Z ∞
 Example 4.3 Evaluate 2
dx. 
−∞ 1 + x
Solution. Using (c) for a = 0,
Z 0
1 1 1
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
dx = 2
dx + dx
−∞ 1 + x −∞ 1 + x 0 1 + x2
 4.2 Type II: Discontinuous Integrands 49
π π
or using the fact that tan−1 (∞) = , tan−1 (−∞) = − and tan−1 0 = 0
2 2
Z t
1 1
Z ∞ t π
dx = lim tan−1 x 0 = tan−1 (∞) =

dx = lim
0 1 + x2 t→∞ 0 1+x 2 t→∞ 2
and Z 0 Z 0
1 1  −1 0 π
2
dx = lim 2
dx = lim tan x t = − tan−1 (−∞) = .
−∞ 1 + x t→−∞ t 1+x t→−∞ 2
Thus
1
Z ∞
π π
2
dx = + = π
−∞ 1 + x 2 2
1
Z ∞
 Example 4.4 For what values of p is the integral dx convergent. 
p
1 x
Solution. we have
Z t  −p+1 t
1 1 x 1 1
Z ∞
p
dx = lim p
dx = lim = lim ( p−1 )
1 x t→∞ 1 x t→∞ −p + 1 1 t→∞ 1− p t
1
or if p > 1 then p − 1 > 0 so t p−1 → ∞ when t → ∞ and p−1 → 0 when t → ∞.
t
Therefore
1 1
Z ∞
p
dx = converge
1 x p−1
1
same for p < 1 then p − 1 < 0 and so p−1 → ∞ when t → ∞, and
t
1
Z ∞
dx = ∞ diverge
1 xp

1
Z ∞
Theorem 4.1.1 The integral dx converge for all p > 1 and diverge for all p ≤ 1.
1 xp
 Example 4.5
1 1 1
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
1. The integrals 2
dx, dx, dx, ... converges
Z1 ∞ x 1Z x3/2 1Z x4
1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
2. The integrals dx, dx, dx, ... diverges
1 x1/2 1 x1/3 1 x2/5


4.2 Type II: Discontinuous Integrands

Definition 4.2.1 (Improper integral of type II)

(a) If f is continuous on [a,b) and is discontinuous at b, then

Z b Z t
f (x) dx = lim− f (x) dx
a t→b a

if this limit exists (as a finite number).

 50 Chapter 4. Improper Integrals

(b) If is f continuous on [a,b) and is discontinuous at a, then

Z b Z b
f (x) dx = lim+ f (x) dx
a t→a t

if this limit exists (as a finite number).

Z b
The improper integral f (x) dx is called convergent if the corresponding limit exists and
a
divergent if the limit does not exist.
Z 5
1
 Example 4.6 Find √ dx. 
2 x−2
1
Solution. We note first that the given integral is improper because the function f (x) = √ is
x−2
discontinuous at x = 2. From part (b) of the definition
" #5
Z 5
1
Z 5
1 (x − 2)−1/2+1 √ √ √ √ √
√ dx = lim+ √ dx = lim+ = 2 lim+ ( 3− t − 2) = 2( 3− 0+ ) = 2 3
2 x−2 t→2 t x−2 t→2 −1/2 + 1 t→2
t
Z 5
1
Thus the given improper integral √ dx is convergent.
2 x−2
Z 1
1
 Example 4.7 Evaluate dx if possible. 
0 x−1
1
Solution. We note first that the given integral is improper because the function f (x) = is
x−1
discontinuous at x = 1. From part (a) of the definition
Z 1 Z t
1 1
dx = lim− dx = lim− [ln | x − 1 |]t0 = lim− (ln | t −1 | − ln | −1 |) = ln(0+ −ln 1) = −∞
0 x−1 t→1 0 x−1 t→1 t→1
Z 1
1
Thus the given improper integral dx is divergent.
0 x−1

4.3 Excercises
Exercise 4.1 Which of the following integrals are improper? Why?
Z 2
1
1. dx
Z1 1 2x − 1
1
2. dx
Z0 ∞ 2x − 1
sin x
3. dx
Z−∞
1 + x2
2
4. ln(x − 1)dx
1

4.3 Excercises 51

Exercise 4.2 Determine whether each integral is convergent or divergent. Evaluate those that
are convergent.
1
Z ∞
1. dx
(3x + 1)2
Z1 0
1
2. dx
−∞
Z −1
2x − 1
1
3. √ dx
Z−∞ 2 − x
∞
4. cos(πx)dx
Z−∞
ln x
∞
5. dx
Z1 3 x
1
6. √ dx
2 3−x

 6. Appendix. Hyperbolic functions

Certain even and odd combinations of the exponential functions ex and e−x arise so frequently in
mathematics and its applications that they deserve to be given special names called hyperbolic
functions

The hyperbolic functions satisfy a number of identities that are similar to well-known trigono-
metric identities. We list some of them here and leave most of the proofs to the exercises.
70 Chapter 6. Appendix. Hyperbolic functions

 Example 6.1 Prove (a) cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 (b) 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x 

Solution.(a)

2 2
ex + e−x ex − e−x e2x + 2 + e−2x e2x − 2 + e−2x 4
 
2 2
cosh x − sinh x = − = − = = 1.
2 2 4 4 4

(b) The derivatives of the hyperbolic functions are easily computed. We list here the differentiation
formulas for the hyperbolic functions

 Example 6.2 Any of these differentiation rules can be combined with the Chain Rule. For
instance,

d √ d √ √
(cosh x) = ( x). sinh x
dx dx

You can see from Figures 1 and 3 that sinh and tanh are one-to-one functions and so they have
inverse functions denoted by sinh−1 and tanh−1 . Figure 2 shows that cosh is not one-to-one, but
when restricted to the domain [0, ∞) it becomes one-to-one. The inverse hyperbolic cosine function
is cosh−1 defined as the inverse of this restricted function.
 71

Since the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, it’s not surprising
to learn that the inverse hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms of logarithms. In particular,
we have:

p
 Example 6.3 Show that sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) 

−1
Solution. Let y = sinh x then

ey − e−y
x = sinh y =
2
so
ey − e−y − 2x = 0
or multiplying by ey
e2y − 2xey − 1 = 0
This is really a quadratic equation in T = ey ,

e2y − 2xey − 1 = (ey )2 − 2xey − 1 = T 2 − 2xT − 1 = 0

Solving by the quadratic formula, we get

√
2x ± 4x2 + 4
y
p
T =e = = x ± x2 + 1
2
p √
Note that ey > 0, but x − x2 + 1(because x < x2 + 1). Thus the minus sign is inadmissible and
we have p
ey = x + x 2 + 1
72 Chapter 6. Appendix. Hyperbolic functions

Therefore p
y = ln(ey ) = ln(x + x2 + 1)
The inverse hyperbolic functions are all differentiable because the hyperbolic functions are
differentiable. These formulas can be proved either by the method for inverse functions